新型表面活性剂的研制
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摘要
石油是重要的非再生性战略资源。实施经济高效地强化采油，是一项势在必行的紧迫工作，其中一个重要的途径就是大力研制和采用有效适用的新型表面活性剂。
本文首先对低聚表面活性剂和高分子表面活性剂进行了较全面的综述，提出了本文的选题思想和研究技术路线。
论文的主要研究工作与结果如下：
1．表面活性剂使用对象的物理、化学性质研究。利用多种分析手段揭示青海出露油砂的特殊有机物化学组成、分布及其物理性质，为化学采油用剂的分子设计与研制提供了基础信息。
2．新型两性Gemini表面活性剂的合成及其性能测定。利用十二烷基二甲胺、十二烷基二甲胺盐酸盐、环氧氯丙烷合成联接基团中含有羟基的阳离子Gemini表面活性剂，然后利用羟基与三氯氧磷、氯磺酸反应生成两性Gemini表面活性剂。采用IR、~1HNMR、FAB—MS等手段对化合物进行鉴定和表征。用电导法测定了它们的临界胶束浓度CMC，其数值远小于普通表面活性剂，表明比普通表面活性剂具有更好的胶柬生成能力，而且其耐盐性有所提高，适合作为油田开发用化学用剂。
3．长链烷基二甲基烯丙基氯化铵低聚物的合成与性能研究。利用长链烷基二甲基烯丙基氯化铵(自制)只能聚合形成低聚物的特点，使用不同的引发剂进行自由基聚合。用最大气泡法、乌氏粘度计分析研究了低聚物的表面活性和水溶液粘度行为，结果表明所合成的低聚物具有较高的表面活性和增稠性。
4．新型高分子表面活性剂的合成及其性能测定。采用不同的自由基引发剂引发不同配比的二甲基十二烷基烯丙基氯化铵(DDAAC)与丙烯酰胺(AM)共聚，并研究了共聚物的分子量、阳离子度与粘度及表面张力的关系，结果表明共聚物在低阳离子度时就具有较高的表面活性和增稠性。
总之，本论文成功研制了几种新型表面活性剂，并探讨了其结构组成与性能的关系，为寻求廉价高效的强化采油用剂提供了新的思路和合成方法。
Petroleum is important strategic resource. How to enhance oil recovery efficiently and economically is an urgent work. An important solution is striving for researching and using novel surfactants.
This thesis reviewed Oligomers surfactants and Polymer surfactants, showing an extensive applied prospect for their excellent properties. We also put forward the ideas and routes for study.
The thesis includes four contents of study:
1 .The physical and chemical property of organic compounds in Qinghai exposed oil sands. The particular physical property, chemical composition and distribution of organic compounds in Qinghai outerop oil sand have been revealed by different analytical methods.This information has great help to the design of oil displacement agents.
2.Synthesis and characteristics of novel Zwitterionic Gemini surfactants. An easy synthesis method of new type of Gemini cationic surfactant from long-chain alkyldimethylamine, its hydrochloride and epichlorohydrin has been introduced. The spacer of this Gemini surfactant has hydroxy group. We get two novel Zwitterionic Gemini surfactants after hydroxy react respectively with phosphorus oxychloride and chlorosulfonic acid. The Zwitterionic Gemini surfactants were characterized by IR , 'HNMR and FAB-MS. Gemini surfactants were also investigated by conductivity mesurement. The result showed that the critical micelle concentration(CMC) of the Zwitterionic Gemini surfactants has much less value compared with that of the corresponding monomer. So the Zwitterionic Gemini surfactants are fit for oil displacement agent.
3.Synthesis and characteristics of long-chain-alkyldimethylallylamrnonium chloride Oligomers. Oligomers of long-chain-alkyldimethylallylammonium chloride have been prepared in aqueous solution with different redox initiator. The viscosity and
surface tension of Oligomers have also been studied. The results show that Oligomers have high surface activity and high viscosity.
4.Synthesis and characteristics of novel polymer surfactants. Copolymers of acrylamide (AM) and dimethyldodecylallylammonium chloride(DDAAC) have been prepared in aqueous solution with different radical initiators and composition of reaction mixture. Molecular weight and cationic degree of copolymer has some relationships with its intrinsic viscosity and surface tension. The result shows that polymer surfactants have high surface activity and high viscosity.
Above all, this thesis has studied some novel surfactants and the relationship between their structure and function .The study provided a new idea and synthesis method for cheap and high efficiency oil displacement agent.
本文首先对低聚表面活性剂和高分子表面活性剂进行了较全面的综述，提出了本文的选题思想和研究技术路线。
论文的主要研究工作与结果如下：
1．表面活性剂使用对象的物理、化学性质研究。利用多种分析手段揭示青海出露油砂的特殊有机物化学组成、分布及其物理性质，为化学采油用剂的分子设计与研制提供了基础信息。
2．新型两性Gemini表面活性剂的合成及其性能测定。利用十二烷基二甲胺、十二烷基二甲胺盐酸盐、环氧氯丙烷合成联接基团中含有羟基的阳离子Gemini表面活性剂，然后利用羟基与三氯氧磷、氯磺酸反应生成两性Gemini表面活性剂。采用IR、~1HNMR、FAB—MS等手段对化合物进行鉴定和表征。用电导法测定了它们的临界胶束浓度CMC，其数值远小于普通表面活性剂，表明比普通表面活性剂具有更好的胶柬生成能力，而且其耐盐性有所提高，适合作为油田开发用化学用剂。
3．长链烷基二甲基烯丙基氯化铵低聚物的合成与性能研究。利用长链烷基二甲基烯丙基氯化铵(自制)只能聚合形成低聚物的特点，使用不同的引发剂进行自由基聚合。用最大气泡法、乌氏粘度计分析研究了低聚物的表面活性和水溶液粘度行为，结果表明所合成的低聚物具有较高的表面活性和增稠性。
4．新型高分子表面活性剂的合成及其性能测定。采用不同的自由基引发剂引发不同配比的二甲基十二烷基烯丙基氯化铵(DDAAC)与丙烯酰胺(AM)共聚，并研究了共聚物的分子量、阳离子度与粘度及表面张力的关系，结果表明共聚物在低阳离子度时就具有较高的表面活性和增稠性。
总之，本论文成功研制了几种新型表面活性剂，并探讨了其结构组成与性能的关系，为寻求廉价高效的强化采油用剂提供了新的思路和合成方法。
Petroleum is important strategic resource. How to enhance oil recovery efficiently and economically is an urgent work. An important solution is striving for researching and using novel surfactants.
This thesis reviewed Oligomers surfactants and Polymer surfactants, showing an extensive applied prospect for their excellent properties. We also put forward the ideas and routes for study.
The thesis includes four contents of study:
1 .The physical and chemical property of organic compounds in Qinghai exposed oil sands. The particular physical property, chemical composition and distribution of organic compounds in Qinghai outerop oil sand have been revealed by different analytical methods.This information has great help to the design of oil displacement agents.
2.Synthesis and characteristics of novel Zwitterionic Gemini surfactants. An easy synthesis method of new type of Gemini cationic surfactant from long-chain alkyldimethylamine, its hydrochloride and epichlorohydrin has been introduced. The spacer of this Gemini surfactant has hydroxy group. We get two novel Zwitterionic Gemini surfactants after hydroxy react respectively with phosphorus oxychloride and chlorosulfonic acid. The Zwitterionic Gemini surfactants were characterized by IR , 'HNMR and FAB-MS. Gemini surfactants were also investigated by conductivity mesurement. The result showed that the critical micelle concentration(CMC) of the Zwitterionic Gemini surfactants has much less value compared with that of the corresponding monomer. So the Zwitterionic Gemini surfactants are fit for oil displacement agent.
3.Synthesis and characteristics of long-chain-alkyldimethylallylamrnonium chloride Oligomers. Oligomers of long-chain-alkyldimethylallylammonium chloride have been prepared in aqueous solution with different redox initiator. The viscosity and
surface tension of Oligomers have also been studied. The results show that Oligomers have high surface activity and high viscosity.
4.Synthesis and characteristics of novel polymer surfactants. Copolymers of acrylamide (AM) and dimethyldodecylallylammonium chloride(DDAAC) have been prepared in aqueous solution with different radical initiators and composition of reaction mixture. Molecular weight and cationic degree of copolymer has some relationships with its intrinsic viscosity and surface tension. The result shows that polymer surfactants have high surface activity and high viscosity.
Above all, this thesis has studied some novel surfactants and the relationship between their structure and function .The study provided a new idea and synthesis method for cheap and high efficiency oil displacement agent.
引文
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