论我国海上保险法律中保证制度的构建
摘要
海上保险中的保证制度作为最大诚信原则的体现,是保险人借以控制承保风险的重要手段。该制度在英国1906年海上保险法中被首次确立为一项法律制度。但那时的保证制度,以被保险人履行义务的严格性和违反义务后果的严厉性而为人所知,充分体现着维护保险人利益的立法宗旨。因而在此制度下,尽管保险人的利益得到了较为充分的保护,但却严重损害了被保险人的正当利益——这一苛刻的法律制度很容易使被保险人动辄得咎,并进而丧失保险保障。现如今,保证似乎已渐渐演变成保险人逃避责任的工具,其带来的负面效应甚至超过了该制度应有的积极作用。为此,世界范围内掀起了一股扬弃、修正保证制度的热潮。
我国的海上保险法律体系主要由《保险法》和《海商法》构成。其中,只有《海商法》的第235条提及保证。而这仅有的一条法律规定不仅不够完备,还有失严谨。可以说,我国目前尚不存在完备的保证制度。但是,另一方面,不论是从司法解释有关保证条款的规定来看,还是就保证制度本身的价值讲,都可以肯定,我国不仅在事实上已承认了保证条款在实践中的应用,更有意在海上保险法律领域全面引入这一制度。
众所周知,各国在完善本国保证制度的过程中,存在着不同的做法。我国也同样面临着如何构建与完善保证制度这一问题。就目前看,各国对保证制度争议的焦点主要集中以下几个方面,例如:保证事项是否应当与风险相关,违反保证与损失之间是否应当有因果关系,被保险人违反保证应承担何法律后果,保证是否应当在保险合同中明确约定。本文的主体部分将以这些焦点问题为讨论对象,立足我国自身的法律环境,对它们逐一地展开分析,以期从中探索保证制度在我国的应然模式。同时,在讨论中,笔者还比较分析了我国现有的与保证制度相关的其他制度,力求在构建保证制度时既使各制度相衔接又能体现出各自的特点和功能。更重要的是,在此过程中,笔者还一并剖析了我国现有法律规定中存在的诟病,并就此提出了改革方案。此外,在文章的结尾部分,笔者还提出了一套较为完整的保证制度法律规则的建议条款,期望能起抛砖引玉之效。
Warranty system in marine insurance, being as a reflection of the principle of utmost good faith, is an important method for the insurer to control the risks covered by insurance. The English Marine Insurance Act 1906 firstly established this system in legislation. Whereas, the provisions of the early system were extraordinary severe to the insured, that completely accorded with the system's original intention of protecting the interests of the insurer. It is a pity that the early system over considered the insurer's interests. Under the provisions, the insured could easily be considered at fault and consequently lost his protection of insurance, that would as a result encourage the insurer to abuse the system. A reform aiming at improving the warranty system is now outspreading around the World.
Marine insurance in China is regulated by the Insurance Law and the Maritime Code. Warranty is only referred to in Article 235 of Maritime Code. Generally speaking, the existing provisions in the Maritime Code are incomplete and defective, which seems suggesting that we have not yet established a sound warranty system. However, considering the provisions contained in the judicial interpretation in relation to the issues concerning warranty and the function of this system, it could be concluded that this system has already been introduced into our legislation on marine insurance and in practice the so-call warranty clause has been widely used.
As known, various approaches have been adopted by different nations towards the improvement of the warranty system. China now is also facing the problem that how this system can be constructed and improved. At present, it seems that the key issues with respect to the improvement of this system may be summarized as follows: whether or not warranty should be material to the risk, whether or not warranty should be expressly stated in a policy, whether or not there should exist a causation between a breach of warranty and the losses, what responsibility the insured should take when he is in breach of a warranty, etc. The main body of this thesis by focusing on these key issues, standing in the Chinese legal contest, analyzes these issues one by one, with a hope to explore the possibility of constructing a sound system of warranty in the Chinese law. Meanwhile, during the discussion, the author also analyzed by way of comparison the warranty system with some other related legal systems, so as to ensure the construction of the warranty system may keep the interrelationship among the different systems and reflect the features and varied functions of the different systems as well. What is more important is that the author while conducting discussion dissected the defects of the relevant provisions of the current Chinese law, and put forward a reform scheme. In addition, at the end of the thesis, the author proposed a complete set of rules in relation to warranty as suggested articles for future legislation, with a hope to stimulate that some better proposals will be put forward.
我国的海上保险法律体系主要由《保险法》和《海商法》构成。其中,只有《海商法》的第235条提及保证。而这仅有的一条法律规定不仅不够完备,还有失严谨。可以说,我国目前尚不存在完备的保证制度。但是,另一方面,不论是从司法解释有关保证条款的规定来看,还是就保证制度本身的价值讲,都可以肯定,我国不仅在事实上已承认了保证条款在实践中的应用,更有意在海上保险法律领域全面引入这一制度。
众所周知,各国在完善本国保证制度的过程中,存在着不同的做法。我国也同样面临着如何构建与完善保证制度这一问题。就目前看,各国对保证制度争议的焦点主要集中以下几个方面,例如:保证事项是否应当与风险相关,违反保证与损失之间是否应当有因果关系,被保险人违反保证应承担何法律后果,保证是否应当在保险合同中明确约定。本文的主体部分将以这些焦点问题为讨论对象,立足我国自身的法律环境,对它们逐一地展开分析,以期从中探索保证制度在我国的应然模式。同时,在讨论中,笔者还比较分析了我国现有的与保证制度相关的其他制度,力求在构建保证制度时既使各制度相衔接又能体现出各自的特点和功能。更重要的是,在此过程中,笔者还一并剖析了我国现有法律规定中存在的诟病,并就此提出了改革方案。此外,在文章的结尾部分,笔者还提出了一套较为完整的保证制度法律规则的建议条款,期望能起抛砖引玉之效。
Warranty system in marine insurance, being as a reflection of the principle of utmost good faith, is an important method for the insurer to control the risks covered by insurance. The English Marine Insurance Act 1906 firstly established this system in legislation. Whereas, the provisions of the early system were extraordinary severe to the insured, that completely accorded with the system's original intention of protecting the interests of the insurer. It is a pity that the early system over considered the insurer's interests. Under the provisions, the insured could easily be considered at fault and consequently lost his protection of insurance, that would as a result encourage the insurer to abuse the system. A reform aiming at improving the warranty system is now outspreading around the World.
Marine insurance in China is regulated by the Insurance Law and the Maritime Code. Warranty is only referred to in Article 235 of Maritime Code. Generally speaking, the existing provisions in the Maritime Code are incomplete and defective, which seems suggesting that we have not yet established a sound warranty system. However, considering the provisions contained in the judicial interpretation in relation to the issues concerning warranty and the function of this system, it could be concluded that this system has already been introduced into our legislation on marine insurance and in practice the so-call warranty clause has been widely used.
As known, various approaches have been adopted by different nations towards the improvement of the warranty system. China now is also facing the problem that how this system can be constructed and improved. At present, it seems that the key issues with respect to the improvement of this system may be summarized as follows: whether or not warranty should be material to the risk, whether or not warranty should be expressly stated in a policy, whether or not there should exist a causation between a breach of warranty and the losses, what responsibility the insured should take when he is in breach of a warranty, etc. The main body of this thesis by focusing on these key issues, standing in the Chinese legal contest, analyzes these issues one by one, with a hope to explore the possibility of constructing a sound system of warranty in the Chinese law. Meanwhile, during the discussion, the author also analyzed by way of comparison the warranty system with some other related legal systems, so as to ensure the construction of the warranty system may keep the interrelationship among the different systems and reflect the features and varied functions of the different systems as well. What is more important is that the author while conducting discussion dissected the defects of the relevant provisions of the current Chinese law, and put forward a reform scheme. In addition, at the end of the thesis, the author proposed a complete set of rules in relation to warranty as suggested articles for future legislation, with a hope to stimulate that some better proposals will be put forward.
引文
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2杨良宜,汪鹏南.英国海上保险条款详论.大连:大连海事大学出版社,1996:638.
3邢海宝.海上保险的保证.中外法学.2005,2:248.
4De Hahn v.Hartley,1 T.R.323(1786)
5魏润泉,陈欣.海上保险的法律与实务.北京:中国金融出版社,2001:72.
6李春彦,李之彦.保险法告知义务及其法律规制.北京:法律出版社,2007:5.
7张文显.法理学.北京:法律出版社,2004:117.
8李春彦,李之彦.保险法告知义务及其法律规制.北京:法律出版社,2007:7.
9[1991]2 Lloyd's Rep 191 HL
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11李玉泉.论海上保险法中的保证制度.中国海商法年刊.2005,15:8.
12曹兴权.保险缔约信息义务制度研究.北京:中国检察出版社,2004:46.
13曹兴权.保险缔约信息义务制度研究.北京:中国检察出版社,2004:48.
14李玉泉.论海上保险法中的保证制度.中国海商法年刊.2005,15:16.
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2杨良宜,汪鹏南.英国海上保险条款详论.大连:大连海事大学出版社,1996:638.
3邢海宝.海上保险的保证.中外法学.2005,2:248.
4De Hahn v.Hartley,1 T.R.323(1786)
5魏润泉,陈欣.海上保险的法律与实务.北京:中国金融出版社,2001:72.
6李春彦,李之彦.保险法告知义务及其法律规制.北京:法律出版社,2007:5.
7张文显.法理学.北京:法律出版社,2004:117.
8李春彦,李之彦.保险法告知义务及其法律规制.北京:法律出版社,2007:7.
9[1991]2 Lloyd's Rep 191 HL
10李春彦,李之彦.保险法告知义务及其法律规制.北京:法律出版社,2007:37.
11李玉泉.论海上保险法中的保证制度.中国海商法年刊.2005,15:8.
12曹兴权.保险缔约信息义务制度研究.北京:中国检察出版社,2004:46.
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