海上人身伤亡损害赔偿相关制度研究
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摘要
尽管海上货物运输业的发展水平随着国力的强盛及经济的进步而日益提高,海上人身伤亡案件却仍频繁发生。海上人身伤亡的侵害的客体是自然人的生命健康权,具有一定的特殊性:此类人身权是民事主体的固有权利,与主体不可分割。现代立法逐渐重视对人身权的保护和侵害人身权的救济方法。海上人身伤亡损害赔偿就是侵害人身权的救济方法之一。
作为民法之侵权行为法和海商法的重要组成部分的海上人身伤亡损害赔偿,其基础理论在民法学界尚未引起足够的重视。目前,我国法律对海上人身伤亡损害赔偿的规定并不完善,存在着一些问题。本文将针对现有的海上人身伤亡损害赔偿责任制度中存在的问题做出阐述。笔者并未局限于对《海商法》的研究,而是对可能涉及到该问题的所有法律、法规、规章和司法解释都作以分析和评价,并与我国《民法》的相关原理进行比较,从海上人身伤亡损害赔偿的基本法律理论、法律依据和责任基础、赔偿责任限制、赔偿的主体以及精神损害赔偿等方面着手,对海上人身伤亡损害赔偿这一法律问题进行完整而系统的论述,以期能对此有一个清晰而明确的认识。
本文共五个章节。第一章简要介绍了海上人身伤亡损害的基本法律理论。第二章对海上人身伤亡损害赔偿的法律依据和责任基础进行了详细分析,分为侵权和违约两大块归责原则来研究,并着重阐释了最高院《关于审理人身损害赔偿案件适用法律若干问题的解释》的主要争议点,提出了笔者的建议。第三章是关于海上人身伤亡损害赔偿责任限制的论述,对《海商法》、部门规章及最高院《关于审理涉外海上人身伤亡案件损害赔偿的具体规定》的法律适用展开讨论。第四章围绕海上人身伤亡损害赔偿的主体问题进行研究,同时结合实践中出现的两个相关问题进行了探讨。第五章阐述了海上人身伤亡的精神损害赔偿问题。最后一部分为文章的结论,主要是对完善我国海上人身伤亡损害赔偿法律的若干建议。
笔者运用一般的民法理论和比较分析的方法来解决实践中的法律问题,力图使实践中的问题能有理论的支持,同时结合案例及我国国情,提出了一些拙见。完善我国关于海上人身伤亡损害赔偿责任制度是法律发展的必然,也是海事司法实践的需要。
Along with the improvement of economy and the enhancement of China's national strength, the transportation and operation at sea have developed fast. However, cases of loss of life or personal injury at sea keep cropping up. The object which loss of life or personal injury trespass on is the right to life and health. This kind of right has its own specialty: it's the inherent right to civil subjects and indivisible to it. Modern legislation lays more emphasis on the protection of personal rights and the remedy to infringement of personal rights. Compensation for loss of life or personal injury at sea is one type of remedy to infringement of personal rights.
As an essential component of the law of torts and maritome law, compensation for loss of life or personal injury at sea hasn't been paid enough attention to by the civil law academic circle in respect of the theoretical area. Thus there is much drawback in current situation of legislation, showing in that the laws of compensation to loss of life or personal injury at sea are not perfect and have some problems.This essay will point to the problems existing in the subject system and present my own point of view. Instead of being confined to the research of maritime law, the article makes a comprehensive analysis on the rules and regulations relevant to the problem. Meanwhile, in order to show a clear and explicit recognition to the problem, the dissertation presents an integrated and systematic discourse upon this legal problem from aspects of the basic legal question, different circumstances under the doctrine of liability fixation of compensation, the limitation of liability for loss of life or personal injury at sea, both parties of compensation, spiritual damages when comparing to the correlative principle of civil law.
The article has 5 chapters. The first chapter introduces the basic legal question concerning the loss of life or personal injury at sea. Chapter 2 presents detailedly the legislative authority and doctrine of liability fixation of compensation for loss of life or personal injury at sea and divides the doctrine of liability fixation into two groups: tort and breach of contract, focusing on the main disputes of Judicial Interpretation by the Supreme People's Court in 2003 occurred in practice and pose my ideas. Chapter 3 mainly emphasizes on the limitation of liability for loss of life or personal injury at sea and discuss the applications of maritme law、department rules and regulations and Rules of the Supreme People's Court on Trying Cases of Compensation for Damages for Marine Personal Casualties Concerning Foreign Interests.Chapter 4 concentrates on the two parties involved in a case of compensation for the loss of life or personal injury at sea in the process of discussing two relevant issues arised from practice. Chapter 5 focuses on the spiritual damages for loss of life or personal injury at sea. The last part is a conclusion, mainly providing several suggestions for perfecting the system of compensation for loss of life or personal injury at sea.
The article resolves the practical legal problems by applying general theory of civil law as well as comparative analytical method, and present my points through the analysis of some hot cases together with our national state. To perfect the liability regime of compensation for the loss of life or personal injury at sea in China is essential both to the development of law and to marine judicial practice.
作为民法之侵权行为法和海商法的重要组成部分的海上人身伤亡损害赔偿,其基础理论在民法学界尚未引起足够的重视。目前,我国法律对海上人身伤亡损害赔偿的规定并不完善,存在着一些问题。本文将针对现有的海上人身伤亡损害赔偿责任制度中存在的问题做出阐述。笔者并未局限于对《海商法》的研究,而是对可能涉及到该问题的所有法律、法规、规章和司法解释都作以分析和评价,并与我国《民法》的相关原理进行比较,从海上人身伤亡损害赔偿的基本法律理论、法律依据和责任基础、赔偿责任限制、赔偿的主体以及精神损害赔偿等方面着手,对海上人身伤亡损害赔偿这一法律问题进行完整而系统的论述,以期能对此有一个清晰而明确的认识。
本文共五个章节。第一章简要介绍了海上人身伤亡损害的基本法律理论。第二章对海上人身伤亡损害赔偿的法律依据和责任基础进行了详细分析,分为侵权和违约两大块归责原则来研究,并着重阐释了最高院《关于审理人身损害赔偿案件适用法律若干问题的解释》的主要争议点,提出了笔者的建议。第三章是关于海上人身伤亡损害赔偿责任限制的论述,对《海商法》、部门规章及最高院《关于审理涉外海上人身伤亡案件损害赔偿的具体规定》的法律适用展开讨论。第四章围绕海上人身伤亡损害赔偿的主体问题进行研究,同时结合实践中出现的两个相关问题进行了探讨。第五章阐述了海上人身伤亡的精神损害赔偿问题。最后一部分为文章的结论,主要是对完善我国海上人身伤亡损害赔偿法律的若干建议。
笔者运用一般的民法理论和比较分析的方法来解决实践中的法律问题,力图使实践中的问题能有理论的支持,同时结合案例及我国国情,提出了一些拙见。完善我国关于海上人身伤亡损害赔偿责任制度是法律发展的必然,也是海事司法实践的需要。
Along with the improvement of economy and the enhancement of China's national strength, the transportation and operation at sea have developed fast. However, cases of loss of life or personal injury at sea keep cropping up. The object which loss of life or personal injury trespass on is the right to life and health. This kind of right has its own specialty: it's the inherent right to civil subjects and indivisible to it. Modern legislation lays more emphasis on the protection of personal rights and the remedy to infringement of personal rights. Compensation for loss of life or personal injury at sea is one type of remedy to infringement of personal rights.
As an essential component of the law of torts and maritome law, compensation for loss of life or personal injury at sea hasn't been paid enough attention to by the civil law academic circle in respect of the theoretical area. Thus there is much drawback in current situation of legislation, showing in that the laws of compensation to loss of life or personal injury at sea are not perfect and have some problems.This essay will point to the problems existing in the subject system and present my own point of view. Instead of being confined to the research of maritime law, the article makes a comprehensive analysis on the rules and regulations relevant to the problem. Meanwhile, in order to show a clear and explicit recognition to the problem, the dissertation presents an integrated and systematic discourse upon this legal problem from aspects of the basic legal question, different circumstances under the doctrine of liability fixation of compensation, the limitation of liability for loss of life or personal injury at sea, both parties of compensation, spiritual damages when comparing to the correlative principle of civil law.
The article has 5 chapters. The first chapter introduces the basic legal question concerning the loss of life or personal injury at sea. Chapter 2 presents detailedly the legislative authority and doctrine of liability fixation of compensation for loss of life or personal injury at sea and divides the doctrine of liability fixation into two groups: tort and breach of contract, focusing on the main disputes of Judicial Interpretation by the Supreme People's Court in 2003 occurred in practice and pose my ideas. Chapter 3 mainly emphasizes on the limitation of liability for loss of life or personal injury at sea and discuss the applications of maritme law、department rules and regulations and Rules of the Supreme People's Court on Trying Cases of Compensation for Damages for Marine Personal Casualties Concerning Foreign Interests.Chapter 4 concentrates on the two parties involved in a case of compensation for the loss of life or personal injury at sea in the process of discussing two relevant issues arised from practice. Chapter 5 focuses on the spiritual damages for loss of life or personal injury at sea. The last part is a conclusion, mainly providing several suggestions for perfecting the system of compensation for loss of life or personal injury at sea.
The article resolves the practical legal problems by applying general theory of civil law as well as comparative analytical method, and present my points through the analysis of some hot cases together with our national state. To perfect the liability regime of compensation for the loss of life or personal injury at sea in China is essential both to the development of law and to marine judicial practice.
引文
1司玉琢,《海商法专题研究》,大连:大连海事大学出版社,2002年,第347页。
2Sisson v.Ruby,497 U.S.358,364,1990 AMC 1801.1805-1805-6(1990)
1杨立新等著.侵权赔偿实务.北京:法律出版社,1997年.77
1李守芹著.略论海事审判中国际公约适用的相关问题.http://www.law-star.com/txtcac/Iwk/017/lwk017s543.txt.htm
1杜鹃,王琼书.《人身损害赔偿司法解释》不适用于医疗纠纷诉讼.http://www.law-lib.com/lw/lw_view.asp?no=5839.
2郭萍,马德懿.试析我国海上人身伤亡损害赔偿法律救济有关问题.中国海商法年刊.大连:大连海事大学,2002.
1崔德海诉进洋海运有限公司港口作业人身伤害赔偿纠纷案.法律咨询网.http://law.u258.net/Article/alpl/hspl/15649_9.html
1司玉琢.海商法大辞典.北京:人民交通出版社,1998.
1覃有土,晏宇桥.论侵权的间接损失认定.http://www.eworkclub.com/bbs/bbs_view.asp?MbID=4027
1孙妍.海上人身伤亡损害赔偿法律问题研究:[学位论文].大连:大连海事大学,2006.
1司玉琢,胡正良,傅廷中等.新编海商法学.大连:大连海事大学出版社,1999年.第432页
1张文显.法理学.北京:法律出版社,1997年.第91页
1李守芹,李洪积.中国的海事审判.法律出版社,2002.523-524
1许俊强.一起船舶碰撞损害赔偿案.北大法律信息网.http://article.chinalawinfo.com/article/user/article_display.asp?ArticleID=35552
2根据我国《海商法》第31条的规定,船员包括船长.
3鉴于我国海商法并不承认对物诉讼,此处的“两船”其实是指两船的船舶所有人、经营人或光船承租人.
4即当事船舶所有人、经营人或光船承租人.
5沈爱萍.海上人身伤亡中的“第三人”应包括船员.珠江水运,2005(6):33-35
1王洋.船员人身伤亡损害的法律救济.海事司法论坛,2006(2):25-31
1陈丹.海上人身伤害案件船员雇佣关系的认定.中国涉外商事海事审判网,http://www.ccmt.org.cn/ss/explore/exploreDetial.php?sId=2012,2005
1孙英伟,《外派船员人身伤害该向谁索赔》,中国水运网,http://www.zgsyb.com/Article/ArticleShow.asp?ArticleID=1305,2004-11-15
1欧阳群威.论海上人身伤亡中的精神损害赔偿.航海技术,2005(6):第75-77页
2赵冀韬,郭卫华.中国精神损害赔偿制度研究[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2003.第57页
1N.J.Ronneberg.美国有关海上人身伤害的法律.中国法律信息网.http://www.law-star.com/txtcac/lwk/008/lwk008s189.txt.htm
2E.E.Fallon.琼斯法—统一海事法下人身伤亡赔偿.中国法律信息网.http://www.law-star.com/txtcac/lwk/008/lwk008s190.txt.htm
1罗豪才.行政法学.北京:北京大学出版社
2王存军.海上人身伤亡赔偿制度研究.见www.ccmt.org.cn.2005
1邓瑞平.船舶侵权行为基础理论问题研究.北京:法律出版社.第389-390页
2参见《涉外规定》第8条
1胡铁民.浅论精神损害赔偿制度之完善.http://www.jcrb.com/zyw/n618/ca377502.htm
2常红.上海精神损害案件逐年上升 法官称索赔不可离谱.人民网.http://unn.people.com.cn/GB/14748/2198550.html
1司玉琢.海商法专题研究.大连:大连海事大学出版社,2002.347
2Sisson v.Ruby,497 U.S.358,364,1990 AMC 1801.1805-1805-6(1990)
3关于修改《中华人民共和国海商法》的研究—海商法实施以来存在的问题及各界的评价和意见.上海海运学院《海商法》修改课题组.2002年5月.23
4杨立新等著.侵权赔偿实务.北京:法律出版社,1997.77
5李守芹著.略论海事审判中国际公约适用的相关问题.http://www.law-star.com/txtcac/lwk/017/lwk017s543.txt.htm
6杜鹃,王琼书.《人身损害赔偿司法解释》不适用于医疗纠纷诉讼.http://www.law-lib.com/lw/lw_view.asp?no=5839.
7郭萍,马德懿.试析我国海上人身伤亡损害赔偿法律救济有关问题.中国海商法年刊.大连:大连海事大学,2002.
8崔德海诉进洋海运有限公司港口作业人身伤害赔偿纠纷案.法律咨询网.http://law.u258.net/Article/alpl/hspl/15649_9.html
9司玉琢.海商法大辞典.北京:人民交通出版社,1998.
10覃有土,晏宇桥.论侵权的间接损失认定.http://www.eworkclub.com/bbs/bbs_view.asp?MbID=4027
11孙妍.海上人身伤亡损害赔偿法律问题研究:[学位论文].大连:大连海事大学,2006.
12司玉琢,胡正良,傅廷中等.新编海商法学.大连:大连海事大学出版社,1999.432
13张文显.法理学.北京:法律出版社,1997年.第91页
14李守芹,李洪积.中国的海事审判.北京:法律出版社,2002.523-524
15许俊强.一起船舶碰撞损害赔偿案.北大法律信息网.http://article.chinalawinfo.com/article/user/article_display.asp?ArticleID=35552
16沈爱萍.海上人身伤亡中的“第三人”应包括船员.珠江水运,2005(6):33-35
17王洋.船员人身伤亡损害的法律救济.海事司法论坛,2006(2):25-31
18陈丹.海上人身伤害案件船员雇佣关系的认定.中国涉外商事海事审判网,http://www.ccmt.org.cn/ss/explore/exploreDetial.php?sld=2012,2005
19孙英伟.《外派船员人身伤害该向谁索赔》.中国水运网.http://www.zgsyb.com/Article/ArticleShow.asp?ArticleID=1305,2004-11-15
20欧阳群威.论海上人身伤亡中的精神损害赔偿.航海技术,2005(6):75-77
21赵冀韬,郭卫华.中国精神损害赔偿制度研究[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2003.57
22N.J.Ronneberg.美国有关海上人身伤害的法律.中国法律信息网.http://www.law-star.com/txtcac/lwk/008/lwk008s189.txt.htm
23E.E.Fallon.琼斯法—统一海事法下人身伤亡赔偿.中国法律信息网.http://www.law-star.com/txtcac/lwk/008/lwk008s190.txt.htm
24罗豪才.行政法学.北京:北京大学出版社,2001
25王存军.海上人身伤亡赔偿制度研究.见www.ccmt.org.cn.2005
26邓瑞平.船舶侵权行为基础理论问题研究.北京:法律出版社.389-390
27胡铁民.浅论精神损害赔偿制度之完善.http://www.jcrb.com/zyw/n618/ca377502.htm
28常红.上海精神损害案件逐年上升 法官称索赔不可离谱.人民网.http://unn.people.com.cn/GB/14748/2198550.html
29司玉琢主编.国际海事理发趋势及对策研究.北京:法律出版社,2002
30於世成,杨召南.海商法.北京:法律出版社,1997
31胡正良.我国海上人身伤亡赔偿责任限制的法律适用.大连海事大学学报(社科版),2002,1(4):7-11
32王利明.合同法研究(第二卷).北京:中国人民大学出版社,2003
33杨立新等.人身损害赔偿——以最高院人身损害赔偿司法解释为中心.北京:人民法院出版社,2004
34江平.民法学.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2000
35曾世雄.损害赔偿法原理.中国政法大学出版社,2001年10月版
36上海海事法院编写.涉外海事案例精选.上海:上海人民出版社,2004
37汤能忠.海事司法理论与实践.北京:法律出版社,2002
38张新宝.人身损害赔偿案件的法律适用.北京:中国法制出版社,2004
2Sisson v.Ruby,497 U.S.358,364,1990 AMC 1801.1805-1805-6(1990)
1杨立新等著.侵权赔偿实务.北京:法律出版社,1997年.77
1李守芹著.略论海事审判中国际公约适用的相关问题.http://www.law-star.com/txtcac/Iwk/017/lwk017s543.txt.htm
1杜鹃,王琼书.《人身损害赔偿司法解释》不适用于医疗纠纷诉讼.http://www.law-lib.com/lw/lw_view.asp?no=5839.
2郭萍,马德懿.试析我国海上人身伤亡损害赔偿法律救济有关问题.中国海商法年刊.大连:大连海事大学,2002.
1崔德海诉进洋海运有限公司港口作业人身伤害赔偿纠纷案.法律咨询网.http://law.u258.net/Article/alpl/hspl/15649_9.html
1司玉琢.海商法大辞典.北京:人民交通出版社,1998.
1覃有土,晏宇桥.论侵权的间接损失认定.http://www.eworkclub.com/bbs/bbs_view.asp?MbID=4027
1孙妍.海上人身伤亡损害赔偿法律问题研究:[学位论文].大连:大连海事大学,2006.
1司玉琢,胡正良,傅廷中等.新编海商法学.大连:大连海事大学出版社,1999年.第432页
1张文显.法理学.北京:法律出版社,1997年.第91页
1李守芹,李洪积.中国的海事审判.法律出版社,2002.523-524
1许俊强.一起船舶碰撞损害赔偿案.北大法律信息网.http://article.chinalawinfo.com/article/user/article_display.asp?ArticleID=35552
2根据我国《海商法》第31条的规定,船员包括船长.
3鉴于我国海商法并不承认对物诉讼,此处的“两船”其实是指两船的船舶所有人、经营人或光船承租人.
4即当事船舶所有人、经营人或光船承租人.
5沈爱萍.海上人身伤亡中的“第三人”应包括船员.珠江水运,2005(6):33-35
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2参见《涉外规定》第8条
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2Sisson v.Ruby,497 U.S.358,364,1990 AMC 1801.1805-1805-6(1990)
3关于修改《中华人民共和国海商法》的研究—海商法实施以来存在的问题及各界的评价和意见.上海海运学院《海商法》修改课题组.2002年5月.23
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17王洋.船员人身伤亡损害的法律救济.海事司法论坛,2006(2):25-31
18陈丹.海上人身伤害案件船员雇佣关系的认定.中国涉外商事海事审判网,http://www.ccmt.org.cn/ss/explore/exploreDetial.php?sld=2012,2005
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20欧阳群威.论海上人身伤亡中的精神损害赔偿.航海技术,2005(6):75-77
21赵冀韬,郭卫华.中国精神损害赔偿制度研究[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2003.57
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