杉木和尾叶桉干燥中有机挥发物及人造板甲醛释放的研究
|
摘要
木质材料在加工利用过程中释放甲醛等各种醛类，萜烯类，有机酸、醇类等挥发物，对环境和人体造成一定的危害。本论文以杉木、尾叶桉为研究对象，对木材精油和木材生材在常温状态下释放的有机挥发物(VOC)成分进行了分析研究，重点研究了木材在高温和常规干燥条件下VOC释放成分，释放规律及影响因素，评价了木材干燥过程中VOC释放对环境的影响，为有效合理控制VOC排放和制定其排放标准提供了基础数据。同时对影响人造板甲醛释放的因素进行了深入的研究，为我国甲醛检测相关标准的修订提供了部分理论依据。研究结论如下：
1．采用水蒸汽蒸馏法，获得杉木生材精油的得油率为1.57％，尾叶桉生材精油的得油率为0.02％。利用气相色谱仪(GC-FID)、气-质联用仪(GC-MS)分析检出杉木精油中23种化学物质，其中α-蒎烯含量最多，其次是柏木脑，并在杉木精油中发现以前未检出的大香根叶烯(germacrene D)和库贝醇(cubenol)。尾叶桉精油中分析检出21种化学物质，其中主要成分为柏木脑，其次是α-柏木烯。
2．在常温下利用高纯氦气快速带出木材中VOC，用2，4-二硝基苯阱(DNPH)采集管和活性碳管分别对醛类和萜烯类VOC采样，利用高效液相色谱仪和气相色谱仪分析其成分及含量。结果表明：杉木、杨木、马尾松和尾叶桉生材常温下可释放甲醛、乙醛、己醛等多种醛类物质以及仅α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、D-柠檬烯等萜烯类物质，其中乙醛释放量最高。杉木和杨木释放的醛类明显高于马尾松和尾叶桉；杉木释放的萜烯类VOC明显高于其它3种木材。温度由20℃上升到40℃，杉木醛类和萜烯类释放量显著增加。
3．采用小型干燥机干燥木材，在冰浴中用酸化的DNPH溶液和去离子水分别对尾气中醛类和有机酸醇类采样，用活性碳管对萜烯类采样，采用HPLC和GC-FID对VOC进行分析。结果表明，杉木干燥释放的醛类物质主要有甲醛、乙醛、丙烯醛／丙酮；极性挥发物主要有甲醇、乙酸、甲酸；萜烯类挥发物主要有α-蒎烯、莰烯、D-柠檬烯、β-蒎烯、β-水芹烯。杉木高温干燥释放的醛类和酸、醇类挥发物远高于常规干燥，但萜烯类挥发物总量差异很小。
杉木高温干燥中，挥发物总量为262.0mg／kg，其中甲醛15.7mg／kg，乙醛18.5mg／kg，甲醇110.1mg／kg，乙酸61.3mg／kg，甲酸35.0mg／kg，萜烯类9.2mg／kg。在常规干燥过程中，挥发物总量为89.8mg／kg，其中甲醛3.5mg／kg，乙醛6.9mg／kg，甲醇17.6mg／kg，乙酸29.8mg／kg，甲酸16.6mg／kg，萜烯类8.9mg／kg。
杉木干燥时终含水率对醛类和极性挥发物释放量影响较大。终含水率从10％下降到4％左右，高温干燥的总挥发物将增加16.2％，其中甲醛释放量增加27％，甲
VOC such as aldehyde, terpine, organic acid and alcohol emitted from the process of wood manufacture and utilization is likely to cause adverse environment effect. This thesis investigated the VOC emission from drying of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) and Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus urophylla) plantation lumber in a pilot-scale kiln. The effect of VOC emitted from wood drying on environment was evaluated. The VOC released from wood at 40°C was also investigated. Meanwhile, the factors influenced formaldehyde emission from wood-based panel was studied. The main conclusions obtained from the research are as follows:
1. The essential oil volume was 1.57% and 0.02% extracted from Chinese fir and Eucalyptus
green wood, respectively, by steaming distillation method. Twenty-three compounds in the Chinese fir essential oil were identified by GC-FID and GC-MS. The major constituents were α-pinene, followed by cedrol. Two new components named Germacrene D and cubenol were found in this study compared with the earlier reports. In the meantime, twenty-one compounds in the Eucalyptus essential oil were identified. The major constituents were cedrol, followed by α-cedrene.
2. Helium gas with high purity was ventilated to wood particle that was placed in a vessel.
Aldehydes were collected by a 2.4-DNPH cartridge and analyzed by HPLC. Terpenes were collected by an active carbon tube and analyzed by GC-FID. The results indicated that aldehydes such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, hexaldehyde and terpenes such as α-pinene, β-pinene, D-limonene could be released from green wood particle of Chinese fir, Poplar (Populus X canadensis Moench cv.), pine (Pinus massoniana ) and Eucalyptus at 40°C. Acetaldehyde emission was much more than other components. Aldehydes
1．采用水蒸汽蒸馏法，获得杉木生材精油的得油率为1.57％，尾叶桉生材精油的得油率为0.02％。利用气相色谱仪(GC-FID)、气-质联用仪(GC-MS)分析检出杉木精油中23种化学物质，其中α-蒎烯含量最多，其次是柏木脑，并在杉木精油中发现以前未检出的大香根叶烯(germacrene D)和库贝醇(cubenol)。尾叶桉精油中分析检出21种化学物质，其中主要成分为柏木脑，其次是α-柏木烯。
2．在常温下利用高纯氦气快速带出木材中VOC，用2，4-二硝基苯阱(DNPH)采集管和活性碳管分别对醛类和萜烯类VOC采样，利用高效液相色谱仪和气相色谱仪分析其成分及含量。结果表明：杉木、杨木、马尾松和尾叶桉生材常温下可释放甲醛、乙醛、己醛等多种醛类物质以及仅α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、D-柠檬烯等萜烯类物质，其中乙醛释放量最高。杉木和杨木释放的醛类明显高于马尾松和尾叶桉；杉木释放的萜烯类VOC明显高于其它3种木材。温度由20℃上升到40℃，杉木醛类和萜烯类释放量显著增加。
3．采用小型干燥机干燥木材，在冰浴中用酸化的DNPH溶液和去离子水分别对尾气中醛类和有机酸醇类采样，用活性碳管对萜烯类采样，采用HPLC和GC-FID对VOC进行分析。结果表明，杉木干燥释放的醛类物质主要有甲醛、乙醛、丙烯醛／丙酮；极性挥发物主要有甲醇、乙酸、甲酸；萜烯类挥发物主要有α-蒎烯、莰烯、D-柠檬烯、β-蒎烯、β-水芹烯。杉木高温干燥释放的醛类和酸、醇类挥发物远高于常规干燥，但萜烯类挥发物总量差异很小。
杉木高温干燥中，挥发物总量为262.0mg／kg，其中甲醛15.7mg／kg，乙醛18.5mg／kg，甲醇110.1mg／kg，乙酸61.3mg／kg，甲酸35.0mg／kg，萜烯类9.2mg／kg。在常规干燥过程中，挥发物总量为89.8mg／kg，其中甲醛3.5mg／kg，乙醛6.9mg／kg，甲醇17.6mg／kg，乙酸29.8mg／kg，甲酸16.6mg／kg，萜烯类8.9mg／kg。
杉木干燥时终含水率对醛类和极性挥发物释放量影响较大。终含水率从10％下降到4％左右，高温干燥的总挥发物将增加16.2％，其中甲醛释放量增加27％，甲
VOC such as aldehyde, terpine, organic acid and alcohol emitted from the process of wood manufacture and utilization is likely to cause adverse environment effect. This thesis investigated the VOC emission from drying of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) and Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus urophylla) plantation lumber in a pilot-scale kiln. The effect of VOC emitted from wood drying on environment was evaluated. The VOC released from wood at 40°C was also investigated. Meanwhile, the factors influenced formaldehyde emission from wood-based panel was studied. The main conclusions obtained from the research are as follows:
1. The essential oil volume was 1.57% and 0.02% extracted from Chinese fir and Eucalyptus
green wood, respectively, by steaming distillation method. Twenty-three compounds in the Chinese fir essential oil were identified by GC-FID and GC-MS. The major constituents were α-pinene, followed by cedrol. Two new components named Germacrene D and cubenol were found in this study compared with the earlier reports. In the meantime, twenty-one compounds in the Eucalyptus essential oil were identified. The major constituents were cedrol, followed by α-cedrene.
2. Helium gas with high purity was ventilated to wood particle that was placed in a vessel.
Aldehydes were collected by a 2.4-DNPH cartridge and analyzed by HPLC. Terpenes were collected by an active carbon tube and analyzed by GC-FID. The results indicated that aldehydes such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, hexaldehyde and terpenes such as α-pinene, β-pinene, D-limonene could be released from green wood particle of Chinese fir, Poplar (Populus X canadensis Moench cv.), pine (Pinus massoniana ) and Eucalyptus at 40°C. Acetaldehyde emission was much more than other components. Aldehydes
引文
1．陈绪和(2006)．我国木材工业发展方向．木材工业，Vol．20(1)：1-4。
2. Otwell L.P., Hittmeier M. E., Hooda U., Yan H., Su W., and Banerjee S. (2000). HAPS Release from Wood Drying. Environ Sci Technol., 34(11): 2280-2283.
3．李子冬，李广宇，于敏(2004)．胶粘剂的环保问题与对策．聚氨酯，2004年4期：77-80。
4. EPA (2000). Definition of Volatile Organic Compounds, 40 CFR 51 100(s).
5. World Health Organization (1989). Indoor Air Quality: Organic Pollutants. EURO Reports and Studies No. 111, World Health Organization, Copenhagen.
6．GB／T 18883-2002，室内空气质量标准。
7．刘景良(2002)，大气污染控制工程．北京：中国轻工业出版社。
8. Simpson D., Winiwarter W., Briesson G.(1999). Inventorying emissions from nature in Europe. J Geophys. Res. 104: 8113～8152.
9. Guenther A., Hewitt C.N., Erickson D. etc.(1995). A global model of natural volatile organic compound emissions. J Geophys. Res. 100: 8873～8892.
10．郄光发，王成，彭镇华(2005)，．森林生物挥发性有机物释放速率研究进展．应用生态学报16(6)：1151～11555。
11. EPA (1999). National air pollutant emission trends.
12. Kao A.S. (1994). Formation and removal reactions of air pollutions. J. Air and Waste Management Association, Vol.44:683-696.
13. Atkinson R. (1990). Gas-phase troposheric chemistry of organic compounds: A review. Atmospheric Enviroment, Vol. 24A: 1-41.
14．罗卓卿(2001)．油品储运站临近空气中挥发性有机污染物之特性研究．硕士论文．国立中山大学环境工程研究所(台湾)。
15．张远航，邵可声，唐孝炎，李金龙(1998)．中国城市光化学烟雾污染研究，北京大学学报，34(2-3)：392-400。
16. Molhave L., Clausen G., Berglund B. etc.(1997). Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) in indoor air quality investigation. Indoor Air, 7: 225-240.
17. Englund F., R. M. Nussbaum (2000). Monoterpenes in scots pine and Norway spruces and their emission during kiln drying. Holzforschung, 54(5): 449-456.
18. Granstrom Karin(2003). Emissions of monoterpenes and VOCS during drying of sawdust in a spouted bed. Forest Prod. J. 53(10): 48-55.
19. McDond A.G., P.H Dare, J.S. Gifford etc. (2002). Assessment of air emissions from industrial kiln??drying of pinus radiata wood. Holz als Roh-und Werstoff 60(3): 181-190.
20. Jiang T., Gardner D.J., Baumann M.G.D.(2002). Volatile organic compound emissions arising from the hot-pressing of mixed-hardwood particleboard. Forest Prod. J. 52(11/12): 66-77.
21. Lavery M.R., Milota M.R.(2001). Measureant of VOC emission from ponderosa pine lumber using commercial and laboratory kilns. Drying Technology, 19(9): 2157-2173.
22. Wang WL. 1999. Investigation of volatile organic compound press emissions during particle board production. Part 1. UF-bonded southern pine. Forest Prod. J. 49(3): 65-72.
23. Carlson F.E., Phillips E.L., Turner D.B. etc.(1995). A study of formaldehyde and other organic emissions from pressing of laboratory oriented strandboard. Forest Prod. J. 45(3): 71-77.
24. Milota M.R.(2003). HAP and VOC emissions from white fir lumber dried at high and conventional temperatures. Forest Prod. J. 53(3): 60-64.
25. Ingram Jr. L.L, Shmulsky R., Dalton A.T. etc.(2000). The measurement of volatile organic emission from drying organic emissions from drying southern pine lumber in a laboratory-scale kiln. Forest Prod. J. 50(4): 91-94.
26. Shmulsky R. and Ingram Jr. L.L.(2000). Empirical prediction of VOC emissions from drying southern yellow pine lumber. Forest Prod. J. 50(6): 61-63.
27. Banerjee S., W. Su, Wild M.P., Otwell L.P., Hittmeier M. E. and Nichols K.(1998). Wet line extension reduce VOCs from softwood drying. Environ Sci Technol., 32 : 1303-1307.
28. Shmulsky R.(2000). Influence of lumber dimension on VOC emissions from kiln-drying loblolly pine lumber. Forest Prod. J. 50(3): 63-66.
29. Bengtsson P. and Sanati M. (2004). Measure and mathematical modeling of the hydrocarbon emission from wood drying. Proceedings of the 14th International Drying Symposium, Sao Paulo,Brazil, 22-25 August 2004, vol. B, pp. 1352-1359.
30. Shmulsky R.(2000). End-grain influence on VOC emissions from kiln-drying loblolly pine. Forest Prod. J. 50(5): 21-23.
31. Conners T.E., Ingram L.L., Su W.(2001). Seasonal variation in Southern pine terpenes. Forest Prod. J. 51(6): 89-94.
32. Banerjee S.(2001). Mechanisms of terpene release during sawdust and flake drying. Holzforschung 55(4): 413-416.
33. Conners T.E., Yan H., Banerjee S.(2002). Mechanism of VOC Release from high-temperature Southern pine lumber drying. Wood and Fiber Science 34(4): 666-669.
34. Wolcott J.J., Motter W.K., Daisy N.K. etc.(1996). Investigation of variables affection hot-press formaldehyde and methanol emissions during laboratory production of urea-formaldehyde-bonded particleboard. Forest Prod. J. 46(9): 62-68.
35. Wang WL., Gardner D.J and Baumann M.G.D.(2002).Volatile organic compound emissions duringhot-pressing of southern pine particleboard: panel size effects and trade-off between press time and temperature. Forest Prod. J. 52(4): 24-30.
36. Wang WL., Gardner D.J and Baumann M.G.D.(2003). Factors affecting volatile organic compound emissions during hot-pressing of southern pine particleboard. Forest Prod. J. 53(3): 65-72.
37. Barry A., Corneau D. and Lovell R.(2000). Press volatile organic compound emissions as a function of wood particleboard processing parameters. Forest Prod. J. 50(10): 35-42.
38. Risholm-Sundman M., Lundgren M., Vestin E., Herder P.(1998). Emission of acetic and other volatile organic compounds from different species of solid wood. Holz Roh Werkst 56:125-129.
39. Shmulsky R.(2000). Influence of drying schedule on VOC emission from kiln -drying loblolly pine lumber. Forest Prod. J. 50(4): 45-48.
40. Milota M.R.(2000). Emission from wood drying. Forest Prod. J. 50(6): 10-20.
41. Su W., Yan H., Otwell L.P., Hittmeier M. E.(1999). Field-proven strategies for reducing VOCs from hardwood drying. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33:1056-1059
42. WO 2006/039914 A1(Patient). Method for reducing the release of volatile organic compounds(VOC) from wood and wood chip products and materials derived therefrom in particular particle boards.
43. Banerjee, Sujit, Boerner ere(2002). Method for lowering the VOCs emitted during drying of products. US 6365240(Patient).
44. Nilson, Lars, Backa etc(2002). Two stage process for drying of raw wood material. US 6357114(Patient).
45. Gribbon, Sean T.(1999). Method for purifying exhaust from wood manufacturing processes. US 5891411 (Patient).
46. IARC (2004). IARC classifies formaldehyde as carcinogenic to humans. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Press Release N°153
47. EHC 161(1994). Environment Health Criteria 161: Phenol. World Health Orgnization.
48. HSG 88(1994). Health and Safety Guide No. 88. World Health Orgnization.
49．城田俊二，加茂誠贯，近藤哲男，森田光博(2004)．屋内使用道樹脂開凳．第54回日本木材学会大会研究凳表要旨集：600
50. ASTM D 5116-1997. Standard Guide for Small-Scale Environment Chamber Determination of Organic Emissions from Indoor Materials/Products.
51. ENV 13419-1: 1999. Building products—Determination of the emission of volatile organic compounds—Part 1: Emission test chamber method.
52．JIS A 1901：2003．建筑材料挥凳性有机化合物(VOC)，及他化合物放散测定方法—小型法。
53. Nelms L.H., Mason M.A. and Tichenor B.A.(1986). The effects of ventilation rates and product loading on organic emission rates from particleboard. In: Proc. of the ASHRAE Conf., IAQ:??Managing Indoor Air for Health and Energy Conservation. Am. Soc. Of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Condition Engineers, Atlanta: 469-485
54. Sundin E.B., M. Risholm-Sundman and K. Edenholm (1992). Emisson of formaldehyde and other volatile organic compound (VOC) from sawdust and lumber, different wood-based panels and other building material: A comparative study. In: Proc. of the 26th Inter Particleboard/Composite Materials Symp. Washington State Univ., Pullman Wash.: 151-171. Forest Prod. Soc., Madison, Wis.
55. Koontz M.D., M.L. Hoag (1995). Volatile organic compound emissions from particleboard and medium density fiberboard, In: Proc. Measuring and Controlling Volatile Organic Compounds and Particulate Emissions from Wood Procession Operations and Wood-Base Products. Forest Prod. Soc., Madison, Wis.: 76-87.
56. Baumann M.G.D., Batterman S.A., Zhang G.Z.(1999). Terpene emission from particleboard and medium-density fiberboard products. Forest Prod. J. 49(1): 49-56.
57. Baumann M. G.D., Lorenz L.F., Battermann A., Zhang G.Z.(2000). Aldehyde emissions from particleboard and medium-density fiberboard products. Forest Prod. J. 50(9): 75-82
58. Brown S.K. (1999). Chamber assessment of formaldehyde and VOC emissions from wood-based panels. Indoor Air 9:209-215.
59．吉田弥明(2002)．VOC室内空気污染问题木质材料．APAST 44：5-11。
60．松田俊一，寺村明意，八木繁和，田村靖夫，竹村彰夫，小野拡邦(2004)．各种木质材料類，VOC放散量．木材工业 59(2)：69-72。
61. Hausen, B. M. (1981). Wood Injurious to Human Health: A Manual. Walter deGruyter & Co., Berlin, Germany; New York, NY.
62．李林峰编着(2003)．接触性皮炎与皮肤变态反应．北京大学医学出版社。
63．陆熙娴，王德隆，周明(1987)．杉木浸提物对木材天然耐腐、抗蚁性的研究．林业科学，23(4)：456-462．
64．张上镇，陈品方，张上淳(2000)．台湾杉精油及抽出成分之抗细菌活性．中华林学季刊(台湾)，33(1)：119-125．
65. Oribe,Y. and Y. Miyazaki (1997). Effects of two wood oils on the population growth of the European house-dust mite, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. Mokuzai Gakkaishi. 43 (6): 521-523.
66．大平辰郎(2000)．木质系材料由来挥発性有机化合物(VOC)．全木材工业，55(10)：444-450。
67. Yoshida H., A. Kimura, T. Hatori etc.(2004). Emission behavior of VOCs in a model room with sugi-wood interior paneling. Mokuzai Gakkaishi. 50(3): 168-175
68．塔村真一郎，宫本康太，井上明生，千葉保人(2004)．木材素材集成材VOC放散．第54回日本木材学会大会研究発表要旨集：163。
69．铃木修治，松元浩(2004)．石川県产放散量．第54回日本木材学会大会研究発表要旨集：552。
70. Isidorov V.A, Zenkevich I.G, loffe B.V. 1985. Volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere of??forests. Atmos Envion. 19: 1-8.
71. Guenther A.B.,Zimmerman P.R., Harley P.C. 1993. Isoprene and monoterpene emission rate variability: Model evaluations and sensitivity analyses. J Geophys. Res. 98: 12609-12617.
72. Fesenfeld F, Calvert J, Fau R. etc.(1992). Emissions of volatile organic compounds from vegetation and the implications for atmospheric chemistry. Global Biogeochem Cyc. 6.- 389-430.
73．范有成编(1990)．香料及其应用．北京，轻工业出版社。
74．[日]印滕之一着(1987)．香料实用知识．轻工业部香料工业科学研究所译．北京：轻工业出版社。
75．谢力生(2001)．居室环境与木材气味．家具与室内装饰，3：13-15。
76．成俊卿，杨家驹，刘鹏(1992)，中国木材志．北京：中国林业出版社。
77．贺近恪 李启基主编(1997)，林产化学工业全书．1997北京：中国林业出版社．第2卷第35章：1602。
78. Oikawa T., Matsui T. and Matsuda Y. etc.(2005). Volatile organic compounds from wood and their influences on museum artifact materials I. Difference in wood species and analyses of causal substances of deterioration. Joural of Wood Science, 51: 363-369.
79. Schafer M. and Roffael E.(2000). On the formaldehyde release of wood. Holz als Roh-und Werkstoff 58: 259-264.
80．孙启祥，彭镇华，张齐生(2004)．自然状态下杉木木材挥发物成分及其对人体身心健康的影响．安徽农业大学学报 31(2)：158-163。
81．成俊卿主编(1985)．木材学．北京：中国林业出版社 pp．257-315。
82．加福均三(1917)．福州杉挥发成分．东京化学会誌 38(6)：563-578。
83．加福均三，加腾亮(1931)．福州杉挥发成分(第三报)．日本化学会誌 52：97-102。
84．陆熙娴，王德隆(1986)．杉木精油化学成分的研究．林业科学 22(3)：323-328。
85．谢瑞忠，王守范，孔繁熙(1977)．杉木木材部精油成分之气相色层分析鉴定．中华林学季刊 10(4)：19-35。
86．谢瑞忠(1999)．杉木心材精油化学成分研究．台湾林业科学 14(2)：165-176。
87. Masamba W. R. L., Henry E.M.T. and Banda W.(2001). Composition and Properties of Essential Oils from Eucalyptus Camaldulensis and E. Tereticornis. Malawi Journal of Science and Technology 6: 81-89.
88．张克建(1997)．中国桉叶油的开发与利用。林业科技开发．4：20-21。
89．中国食品产业网(http://www.foodqs.com/news/spp103/20031030153510.htm)。桉叶油的生产，2003年10月30日。
90．田玉红，刘雄明，周永红等(2005)．柠檬桉叶挥发性成分的提取及成分分析．色谱 23(6)：651-654。
91．冯文建，陈少雄(2001)．桉树的食品和药用价值．桉树科技 2：12-14。
92. ISO 16000-3, 2001. Indoor air-Part 3: Determination of formaldehyde and other carbonyl??compounds-Active sampling method.
93. Gerald S. Workman, Jr. and Joette Steger(1996). Field validation of the DNPH method for Aldehydes and ketones. EPA/600/SR-96/050
94．陆熙娴，周勤，程政红(1999)．杉木阴沉木精油化学组成的研究．林产化学与工业 19(2)：67-72。
95．孙凌峰，陈新，刘秀娟等(2000)．杉木根精油化学成分研究．江西师范大学学报(自然科学版) 24(1)：45-49。
96．中野准三，樋口隆昌，住本昌之等(1987)．木材化学．鲍禾，李忠正译．北京：中国林业出版社。
97．中国医学科学院药物研究所编(1972)．中草药有效成分的研究．人民卫生出版社．
98．杨俊山主编(2005)．萜类化合物．北京：化学工业出版社。
99. IARC(1999). Acetaldehyde. IARC summary and evaluation, Volume 71.
100．GB／T 18883-2002，室内空气质量标准。
101. Edmone Roffael. Formaldehyde release from particleboard and other wood based panels. Publish by: Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 1993. Translated from the German text and edited by Khoo K C, Koh M P and Ong C L.
102．塔村真一郎，井上明生，宫本康太，千叶保人，龙玲(2003)．法利用木 质建材放散定量法．日本接着学会誌，39(5)：190-193。
103．JIS A 1901：2003．建筑材料挥凳性有机化合物(VOC)，及他力化合物放散测定方法—小形法。
104．梅长彤，周定国，段素英(1998)。几种木材甲醛释放量的测定。林产工业，25(2)：34-35。
105. Makowski M., Ohlmeyer M. and Meier D.(2005). Long-term development of VOC emissions from OSB after hot-pressing. Holzforchung 59:519-523.
106. Back E.L., Allan L.H.(2000). Pitch Control, Wood Resin and Deresination. Tappi Press, Atlanta, GA.
107. EN 717-2:1995, Wood-based panels-Determination of formaldehyde release-Part 2: Formaldehyde release by the gas analysis method.
108. Weschler C. J., Shields H. C.(1999). Indoor ozone/terpene reactions as a source of indoor particles. Atmospheric Enviroment. 33:2301-2312.
109. Wainman T., Zhang Junfeng, Weschler C. J.(2000). Ozone and limonene in indoor air:A source of submicron particle exposure. Enviorment Health Perspectives. 108(12): 1140-1145.
110．王恺主编(1998)．木材工业实用大全 木材干燥卷．中国林业出版社。
111．陈太安(2003)．木材干燥中有机挥发物释放的研究．世界林业研究 16(5)：30-34。
112. EPA(1993). 40 CFR Part 60. Appendix A, Method 25A. Office of Federal Register, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. pp.862-864.
113. Dallons V.C., Lamb L.M., Peterson M.R.(1993). An alternate method for estimating VOCemission from lumber dry kilns. Aiche Syrup. Series 90(302): 19-32.114. Fritz B., Lamb B., Westberg H. etc.(2004). Pilot and full-scale measurements of VOC emissions from lumber drying of Inland Northwest species. Forest Prod. J. 54(6): 50-56.
115. EPA method 0011, 1990. Sampling for selected aldehyde and ketone emissions from stationary sources.
116. McDond A. G., Wastney S.(1995). Analysis of volatile emissions from kiln drying of radiate pine. In Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium of Wood and Pulping Chemistry. Helsinki, June 6-9, Vol Ⅲ, pp 431-436.
117. Kosik M., Herain J., Domansky R.(1968). Pyrolysis of beech wood at low temperatures. Ⅳ. Basic views on the formation of volatile products. Holzforschung Holzverwertung 20: 56-59.
118. Lindberg B., Rosell K. G.(1974). Hydrolysis and chlorite holocellulose. Svensk Papperstidning 77: 286
119. EN 717-3: 1996, Wood-based panels-Determination of formaldehyde release-Part 1: Formaldehyde release by the flask method.
120. Yilgor N., Unsal O., Kartal S.N.(2001). Physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of steamed beech wood. Forest Prod. J. 51(11/12): 89-93.
121. Fengel D., Wegener G.(1984). Wood: chemistry, ultrastructure, reactions. Water de Gruyter, Berlin, New York.
122．GB 16297-1996，大气污染物综合排放标准。
123．GB Z 2-2002，工作场所有害因素职业接触限值。
124. OSH(2001). Department of Labour, Occupational Safety and Health Service 2001: "Workplace Exposure Standard Effective from 2001", Wellington, New Zealand.
125. TRGS 900: (TRGS: German Technical Code of Practice on Hazardous Substances) Technische Regeln fur Gefahrstoffe: Grenzwerte in der Luft am Arbeitsplatz, ,,Luftgrenzwerte" (Limit values relating to air in the workplace), Bundesarbeitsblatt Ausgabe Oktober 2000, zuletzt geandert BArbBl. Heft 5/2004.
126. AgBB(2004). Health-related Evaluation Procedure for Volatile Organic Compounds Emissions (VOC and SVOC) from Building Products. LCI's in Part 3: July 2004.
127. Hodgsen, A.T., Beal D., Mcllvaine J.E.R.(2002). Sources of formaldehyde, other aldehydes and terpenes in a new manufactured house. Indoor Air 12: 235-242.
128. US Consumer Product Safety Commission (1997). CPSC Document 725#, An update on formaldehyde. Revision
129. Wargocki P., Wyon D.P., Baik Y. K. etc(1999). Perceived air quality sick building syndrome(SBS) symptoms and productivity in an office with two different pollution loads. Indoor Air, 9:165-179.
130．唐建辉，王新明，盛国英等(2003)．广州新建住宅空气中甲醛的分析．分析测试学报 22(1)：71-73131．吴自强，刘志宏，许士洪(2000)．室内甲醛污染控制技术进展．建筑人造板3：11-14。
132. Roffael E., Dix B., Lelis R.(1994). Wechselwirkungen zwischen den Holzinhaltsstoffen und Formal dehyd bei der Herstellung yon Holzwerkstoffen. Holz-Zentralblatt 120:1705-1706.
133. Sachsse H., Roffael E.(1993). Untersuchung der Schalfurnier-Eignung yon in Deutschland erwachsenem Douglasienholz. Holz Roh-Werkstoff 51: 167-176
134．周定国主编：人造板甲醛散发测试方法．中国林业出版社，1996。
135. Meyer B., Kottes Andres B.A. and Reinhardt R. M.(1985). Formaldehyde release from wood products. Developed from a symposium sponsored by the division of cellulose, paper, and textile chemistry at the 189th meeting of the American Chemical Society, Miami Beach, Florida, April 28-May 3, 1985.
136．王定选主编(1991)．人造板及其它材料的甲醛散发．北京：中国林业出版社。
137．王维新主编(2003)．甲醛释放与检测．北京：化学工业出版社。
138．GB 18580-2001，室内装饰装修材料一人造板及其制品中甲醛释放限量。
139. EN 120-1992, Determination of formaldehyde content - extraction method (know as perforator method).
140. DD ENV 717-1:1999, Wood-based panels - Determination of formaldehyde release - Part 1: Formaldehyde emission by the chamber method.
141. JIS 5908-1994, Japanese Industrial Standard Particleboards.
142. ASTM-E1333-1996, Standard test method for determining formaldehyde concentrations in air and emission rates from wood products using a large chamber.
143. ASTM-D 6007-1996, Standard test method for determining formaldehyde concentrations in air from wood products using a small scale chamber.
144. ASTM-D 5582-2000, Standard test method for determining formaldehyde levels from wood products using a desiccator.
145．龙玲，陈士英(2003)．干燥器法测定甲醛浓度—GB／T 17657与日本标准的比较．人造板通讯，3：15-17。
146．王维新(2002)．《室内装饰装修材料 人造板及其制品中甲醛释放限量》国家标准实施情况评析．人造板通讯，10：6-8。
147．梅长彤(2001)．大室法条件下人造板的甲醛散发量．南京林业大学学报(自然科学版)，25(5)：49-51。
148．严彦，王光学，杨旭等(2003)．木质人造板材甲醛释放规律的研究．环境科学学报，23(1)：134-137。
149．GB／T 4897-2003，刨花板。
150．GB/T 11718-1999，中密度纤维板。
151. Myers G E, 1983. Formaldehyde emission from particleboard and plywood paneling: measurement,??mechanism, and product standards. Forest Prod. J. 33(5): 27-37.
152. Meyer B, Koshlap K, Geisling K L et al., 1983. Comparison of wet and dry desiccator test methods for formaldehyde emission from UF-bonded wood pproducts. Forest Prod. J. 33(1): 35-37.
153. Rybicky J, Horst K and Kambanis S M, 1983. Assessment of the 2-hour desiccator test for formaldehyde release from particleboard. Forest Prod. J. 33(9): 50-54.
154. Roffael E and Menzel W,1980. Influence of marginal condition on the determination of extractable formaldehyde by the perforator method. Holz als Roh-Werkstoff 38: 85-88.
155. Jann O and Deppe H J, 1990. Allowance for moisture content of particle boards for formaldehyde determination. Holz als Roh-Werkstoff48: 365-369.
156. Sundin B, 1984. The perforator method -sources of error and background values. Dynobels Spanskivedagar I Roeros, 5-7 September.
157. Ong C L and Roffael E, 1987. Formaldehydabgabe yon unterschiedlichen E1-Spanplatten nach der WKI-Methode. Holz als Roh-Werkstoff45:110.
158. Roffael E, 1975. Messung der Formaldehydabgabe. Praxisnahe Methode zur Bestimmung der Formaldehydabgabe harnstoffharzgebundener Spanplatten. Holz-Zentralblatt 101: 1403-1404.
159．GB／T 17657，人造板及饰面人造板理化性能试验方法 Test methods of evaluating the properties of wood-based panels.
160. Inoue Akio, Ono Hiro-Kuni and Chiba Yasuto, 1991. Comparison of desiccator method with chamber method and perforator method. Bulletin of the Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute No.360, Ibaraki, Japan.
161. Martine E and Belanche M I, 2000. Influence of veneer wood species on plywood formaldehyde emission and content. Holz als Roh-Werkstoff 58:31-34.
162. Groah, W. J. 1985. Formaldehyde emissions. Hardwood plywood and certain wood based panel products. The symposium sponsored by the Division of Cellulose, Paper and Textile Chemistry at the 189th Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Miami Beach, Florida, 1985: 17-25.
163. Dueholm, S. 1984. Danske formaldehyde bestemmelser. Erfahring og praktische resultater. Dynobels Sponplatedager pa Boras, 5-7 September 1984, Dynobel A.S., Oslo, Stockholm.
164. Rybicky J., 1985. Kinetics for desiccator, Jar and alike tests for formaldehyde release from particleboard. Wood and fiber science, 17(1): 29-35.
165. Fujii, S., Suzuki, T. and Koyagushiro, S. 1973. Study on liberated formaldehyde as renewal JIS for particleboard. Kenzai Shiken Joho, 9(3), 10～14.
166．井上明生(1997)．中濃度对策．木材工業，52(1)：9-14。
2. Otwell L.P., Hittmeier M. E., Hooda U., Yan H., Su W., and Banerjee S. (2000). HAPS Release from Wood Drying. Environ Sci Technol., 34(11): 2280-2283.
3．李子冬，李广宇，于敏(2004)．胶粘剂的环保问题与对策．聚氨酯，2004年4期：77-80。
4. EPA (2000). Definition of Volatile Organic Compounds, 40 CFR 51 100(s).
5. World Health Organization (1989). Indoor Air Quality: Organic Pollutants. EURO Reports and Studies No. 111, World Health Organization, Copenhagen.
6．GB／T 18883-2002，室内空气质量标准。
7．刘景良(2002)，大气污染控制工程．北京：中国轻工业出版社。
8. Simpson D., Winiwarter W., Briesson G.(1999). Inventorying emissions from nature in Europe. J Geophys. Res. 104: 8113～8152.
9. Guenther A., Hewitt C.N., Erickson D. etc.(1995). A global model of natural volatile organic compound emissions. J Geophys. Res. 100: 8873～8892.
10．郄光发，王成，彭镇华(2005)，．森林生物挥发性有机物释放速率研究进展．应用生态学报16(6)：1151～11555。
11. EPA (1999). National air pollutant emission trends.
12. Kao A.S. (1994). Formation and removal reactions of air pollutions. J. Air and Waste Management Association, Vol.44:683-696.
13. Atkinson R. (1990). Gas-phase troposheric chemistry of organic compounds: A review. Atmospheric Enviroment, Vol. 24A: 1-41.
14．罗卓卿(2001)．油品储运站临近空气中挥发性有机污染物之特性研究．硕士论文．国立中山大学环境工程研究所(台湾)。
15．张远航，邵可声，唐孝炎，李金龙(1998)．中国城市光化学烟雾污染研究，北京大学学报，34(2-3)：392-400。
16. Molhave L., Clausen G., Berglund B. etc.(1997). Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) in indoor air quality investigation. Indoor Air, 7: 225-240.
17. Englund F., R. M. Nussbaum (2000). Monoterpenes in scots pine and Norway spruces and their emission during kiln drying. Holzforschung, 54(5): 449-456.
18. Granstrom Karin(2003). Emissions of monoterpenes and VOCS during drying of sawdust in a spouted bed. Forest Prod. J. 53(10): 48-55.
19. McDond A.G., P.H Dare, J.S. Gifford etc. (2002). Assessment of air emissions from industrial kiln??drying of pinus radiata wood. Holz als Roh-und Werstoff 60(3): 181-190.
20. Jiang T., Gardner D.J., Baumann M.G.D.(2002). Volatile organic compound emissions arising from the hot-pressing of mixed-hardwood particleboard. Forest Prod. J. 52(11/12): 66-77.
21. Lavery M.R., Milota M.R.(2001). Measureant of VOC emission from ponderosa pine lumber using commercial and laboratory kilns. Drying Technology, 19(9): 2157-2173.
22. Wang WL. 1999. Investigation of volatile organic compound press emissions during particle board production. Part 1. UF-bonded southern pine. Forest Prod. J. 49(3): 65-72.
23. Carlson F.E., Phillips E.L., Turner D.B. etc.(1995). A study of formaldehyde and other organic emissions from pressing of laboratory oriented strandboard. Forest Prod. J. 45(3): 71-77.
24. Milota M.R.(2003). HAP and VOC emissions from white fir lumber dried at high and conventional temperatures. Forest Prod. J. 53(3): 60-64.
25. Ingram Jr. L.L, Shmulsky R., Dalton A.T. etc.(2000). The measurement of volatile organic emission from drying organic emissions from drying southern pine lumber in a laboratory-scale kiln. Forest Prod. J. 50(4): 91-94.
26. Shmulsky R. and Ingram Jr. L.L.(2000). Empirical prediction of VOC emissions from drying southern yellow pine lumber. Forest Prod. J. 50(6): 61-63.
27. Banerjee S., W. Su, Wild M.P., Otwell L.P., Hittmeier M. E. and Nichols K.(1998). Wet line extension reduce VOCs from softwood drying. Environ Sci Technol., 32 : 1303-1307.
28. Shmulsky R.(2000). Influence of lumber dimension on VOC emissions from kiln-drying loblolly pine lumber. Forest Prod. J. 50(3): 63-66.
29. Bengtsson P. and Sanati M. (2004). Measure and mathematical modeling of the hydrocarbon emission from wood drying. Proceedings of the 14th International Drying Symposium, Sao Paulo,Brazil, 22-25 August 2004, vol. B, pp. 1352-1359.
30. Shmulsky R.(2000). End-grain influence on VOC emissions from kiln-drying loblolly pine. Forest Prod. J. 50(5): 21-23.
31. Conners T.E., Ingram L.L., Su W.(2001). Seasonal variation in Southern pine terpenes. Forest Prod. J. 51(6): 89-94.
32. Banerjee S.(2001). Mechanisms of terpene release during sawdust and flake drying. Holzforschung 55(4): 413-416.
33. Conners T.E., Yan H., Banerjee S.(2002). Mechanism of VOC Release from high-temperature Southern pine lumber drying. Wood and Fiber Science 34(4): 666-669.
34. Wolcott J.J., Motter W.K., Daisy N.K. etc.(1996). Investigation of variables affection hot-press formaldehyde and methanol emissions during laboratory production of urea-formaldehyde-bonded particleboard. Forest Prod. J. 46(9): 62-68.
35. Wang WL., Gardner D.J and Baumann M.G.D.(2002).Volatile organic compound emissions duringhot-pressing of southern pine particleboard: panel size effects and trade-off between press time and temperature. Forest Prod. J. 52(4): 24-30.
36. Wang WL., Gardner D.J and Baumann M.G.D.(2003). Factors affecting volatile organic compound emissions during hot-pressing of southern pine particleboard. Forest Prod. J. 53(3): 65-72.
37. Barry A., Corneau D. and Lovell R.(2000). Press volatile organic compound emissions as a function of wood particleboard processing parameters. Forest Prod. J. 50(10): 35-42.
38. Risholm-Sundman M., Lundgren M., Vestin E., Herder P.(1998). Emission of acetic and other volatile organic compounds from different species of solid wood. Holz Roh Werkst 56:125-129.
39. Shmulsky R.(2000). Influence of drying schedule on VOC emission from kiln -drying loblolly pine lumber. Forest Prod. J. 50(4): 45-48.
40. Milota M.R.(2000). Emission from wood drying. Forest Prod. J. 50(6): 10-20.
41. Su W., Yan H., Otwell L.P., Hittmeier M. E.(1999). Field-proven strategies for reducing VOCs from hardwood drying. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33:1056-1059
42. WO 2006/039914 A1(Patient). Method for reducing the release of volatile organic compounds(VOC) from wood and wood chip products and materials derived therefrom in particular particle boards.
43. Banerjee, Sujit, Boerner ere(2002). Method for lowering the VOCs emitted during drying of products. US 6365240(Patient).
44. Nilson, Lars, Backa etc(2002). Two stage process for drying of raw wood material. US 6357114(Patient).
45. Gribbon, Sean T.(1999). Method for purifying exhaust from wood manufacturing processes. US 5891411 (Patient).
46. IARC (2004). IARC classifies formaldehyde as carcinogenic to humans. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Press Release N°153
47. EHC 161(1994). Environment Health Criteria 161: Phenol. World Health Orgnization.
48. HSG 88(1994). Health and Safety Guide No. 88. World Health Orgnization.
49．城田俊二，加茂誠贯，近藤哲男，森田光博(2004)．屋内使用道樹脂開凳．第54回日本木材学会大会研究凳表要旨集：600
50. ASTM D 5116-1997. Standard Guide for Small-Scale Environment Chamber Determination of Organic Emissions from Indoor Materials/Products.
51. ENV 13419-1: 1999. Building products—Determination of the emission of volatile organic compounds—Part 1: Emission test chamber method.
52．JIS A 1901：2003．建筑材料挥凳性有机化合物(VOC)，及他化合物放散测定方法—小型法。
53. Nelms L.H., Mason M.A. and Tichenor B.A.(1986). The effects of ventilation rates and product loading on organic emission rates from particleboard. In: Proc. of the ASHRAE Conf., IAQ:??Managing Indoor Air for Health and Energy Conservation. Am. Soc. Of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Condition Engineers, Atlanta: 469-485
54. Sundin E.B., M. Risholm-Sundman and K. Edenholm (1992). Emisson of formaldehyde and other volatile organic compound (VOC) from sawdust and lumber, different wood-based panels and other building material: A comparative study. In: Proc. of the 26th Inter Particleboard/Composite Materials Symp. Washington State Univ., Pullman Wash.: 151-171. Forest Prod. Soc., Madison, Wis.
55. Koontz M.D., M.L. Hoag (1995). Volatile organic compound emissions from particleboard and medium density fiberboard, In: Proc. Measuring and Controlling Volatile Organic Compounds and Particulate Emissions from Wood Procession Operations and Wood-Base Products. Forest Prod. Soc., Madison, Wis.: 76-87.
56. Baumann M.G.D., Batterman S.A., Zhang G.Z.(1999). Terpene emission from particleboard and medium-density fiberboard products. Forest Prod. J. 49(1): 49-56.
57. Baumann M. G.D., Lorenz L.F., Battermann A., Zhang G.Z.(2000). Aldehyde emissions from particleboard and medium-density fiberboard products. Forest Prod. J. 50(9): 75-82
58. Brown S.K. (1999). Chamber assessment of formaldehyde and VOC emissions from wood-based panels. Indoor Air 9:209-215.
59．吉田弥明(2002)．VOC室内空気污染问题木质材料．APAST 44：5-11。
60．松田俊一，寺村明意，八木繁和，田村靖夫，竹村彰夫，小野拡邦(2004)．各种木质材料類，VOC放散量．木材工业 59(2)：69-72。
61. Hausen, B. M. (1981). Wood Injurious to Human Health: A Manual. Walter deGruyter & Co., Berlin, Germany; New York, NY.
62．李林峰编着(2003)．接触性皮炎与皮肤变态反应．北京大学医学出版社。
63．陆熙娴，王德隆，周明(1987)．杉木浸提物对木材天然耐腐、抗蚁性的研究．林业科学，23(4)：456-462．
64．张上镇，陈品方，张上淳(2000)．台湾杉精油及抽出成分之抗细菌活性．中华林学季刊(台湾)，33(1)：119-125．
65. Oribe,Y. and Y. Miyazaki (1997). Effects of two wood oils on the population growth of the European house-dust mite, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. Mokuzai Gakkaishi. 43 (6): 521-523.
66．大平辰郎(2000)．木质系材料由来挥発性有机化合物(VOC)．全木材工业，55(10)：444-450。
67. Yoshida H., A. Kimura, T. Hatori etc.(2004). Emission behavior of VOCs in a model room with sugi-wood interior paneling. Mokuzai Gakkaishi. 50(3): 168-175
68．塔村真一郎，宫本康太，井上明生，千葉保人(2004)．木材素材集成材VOC放散．第54回日本木材学会大会研究発表要旨集：163。
69．铃木修治，松元浩(2004)．石川県产放散量．第54回日本木材学会大会研究発表要旨集：552。
70. Isidorov V.A, Zenkevich I.G, loffe B.V. 1985. Volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere of??forests. Atmos Envion. 19: 1-8.
71. Guenther A.B.,Zimmerman P.R., Harley P.C. 1993. Isoprene and monoterpene emission rate variability: Model evaluations and sensitivity analyses. J Geophys. Res. 98: 12609-12617.
72. Fesenfeld F, Calvert J, Fau R. etc.(1992). Emissions of volatile organic compounds from vegetation and the implications for atmospheric chemistry. Global Biogeochem Cyc. 6.- 389-430.
73．范有成编(1990)．香料及其应用．北京，轻工业出版社。
74．[日]印滕之一着(1987)．香料实用知识．轻工业部香料工业科学研究所译．北京：轻工业出版社。
75．谢力生(2001)．居室环境与木材气味．家具与室内装饰，3：13-15。
76．成俊卿，杨家驹，刘鹏(1992)，中国木材志．北京：中国林业出版社。
77．贺近恪 李启基主编(1997)，林产化学工业全书．1997北京：中国林业出版社．第2卷第35章：1602。
78. Oikawa T., Matsui T. and Matsuda Y. etc.(2005). Volatile organic compounds from wood and their influences on museum artifact materials I. Difference in wood species and analyses of causal substances of deterioration. Joural of Wood Science, 51: 363-369.
79. Schafer M. and Roffael E.(2000). On the formaldehyde release of wood. Holz als Roh-und Werkstoff 58: 259-264.
80．孙启祥，彭镇华，张齐生(2004)．自然状态下杉木木材挥发物成分及其对人体身心健康的影响．安徽农业大学学报 31(2)：158-163。
81．成俊卿主编(1985)．木材学．北京：中国林业出版社 pp．257-315。
82．加福均三(1917)．福州杉挥发成分．东京化学会誌 38(6)：563-578。
83．加福均三，加腾亮(1931)．福州杉挥发成分(第三报)．日本化学会誌 52：97-102。
84．陆熙娴，王德隆(1986)．杉木精油化学成分的研究．林业科学 22(3)：323-328。
85．谢瑞忠，王守范，孔繁熙(1977)．杉木木材部精油成分之气相色层分析鉴定．中华林学季刊 10(4)：19-35。
86．谢瑞忠(1999)．杉木心材精油化学成分研究．台湾林业科学 14(2)：165-176。
87. Masamba W. R. L., Henry E.M.T. and Banda W.(2001). Composition and Properties of Essential Oils from Eucalyptus Camaldulensis and E. Tereticornis. Malawi Journal of Science and Technology 6: 81-89.
88．张克建(1997)．中国桉叶油的开发与利用。林业科技开发．4：20-21。
89．中国食品产业网(http://www.foodqs.com/news/spp103/20031030153510.htm)。桉叶油的生产，2003年10月30日。
90．田玉红，刘雄明，周永红等(2005)．柠檬桉叶挥发性成分的提取及成分分析．色谱 23(6)：651-654。
91．冯文建，陈少雄(2001)．桉树的食品和药用价值．桉树科技 2：12-14。
92. ISO 16000-3, 2001. Indoor air-Part 3: Determination of formaldehyde and other carbonyl??compounds-Active sampling method.
93. Gerald S. Workman, Jr. and Joette Steger(1996). Field validation of the DNPH method for Aldehydes and ketones. EPA/600/SR-96/050
94．陆熙娴，周勤，程政红(1999)．杉木阴沉木精油化学组成的研究．林产化学与工业 19(2)：67-72。
95．孙凌峰，陈新，刘秀娟等(2000)．杉木根精油化学成分研究．江西师范大学学报(自然科学版) 24(1)：45-49。
96．中野准三，樋口隆昌，住本昌之等(1987)．木材化学．鲍禾，李忠正译．北京：中国林业出版社。
97．中国医学科学院药物研究所编(1972)．中草药有效成分的研究．人民卫生出版社．
98．杨俊山主编(2005)．萜类化合物．北京：化学工业出版社。
99. IARC(1999). Acetaldehyde. IARC summary and evaluation, Volume 71.
100．GB／T 18883-2002，室内空气质量标准。
101. Edmone Roffael. Formaldehyde release from particleboard and other wood based panels. Publish by: Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 1993. Translated from the German text and edited by Khoo K C, Koh M P and Ong C L.
102．塔村真一郎，井上明生，宫本康太，千叶保人，龙玲(2003)．法利用木 质建材放散定量法．日本接着学会誌，39(5)：190-193。
103．JIS A 1901：2003．建筑材料挥凳性有机化合物(VOC)，及他力化合物放散测定方法—小形法。
104．梅长彤，周定国，段素英(1998)。几种木材甲醛释放量的测定。林产工业，25(2)：34-35。
105. Makowski M., Ohlmeyer M. and Meier D.(2005). Long-term development of VOC emissions from OSB after hot-pressing. Holzforchung 59:519-523.
106. Back E.L., Allan L.H.(2000). Pitch Control, Wood Resin and Deresination. Tappi Press, Atlanta, GA.
107. EN 717-2:1995, Wood-based panels-Determination of formaldehyde release-Part 2: Formaldehyde release by the gas analysis method.
108. Weschler C. J., Shields H. C.(1999). Indoor ozone/terpene reactions as a source of indoor particles. Atmospheric Enviroment. 33:2301-2312.
109. Wainman T., Zhang Junfeng, Weschler C. J.(2000). Ozone and limonene in indoor air:A source of submicron particle exposure. Enviorment Health Perspectives. 108(12): 1140-1145.
110．王恺主编(1998)．木材工业实用大全 木材干燥卷．中国林业出版社。
111．陈太安(2003)．木材干燥中有机挥发物释放的研究．世界林业研究 16(5)：30-34。
112. EPA(1993). 40 CFR Part 60. Appendix A, Method 25A. Office of Federal Register, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. pp.862-864.
113. Dallons V.C., Lamb L.M., Peterson M.R.(1993). An alternate method for estimating VOCemission from lumber dry kilns. Aiche Syrup. Series 90(302): 19-32.114. Fritz B., Lamb B., Westberg H. etc.(2004). Pilot and full-scale measurements of VOC emissions from lumber drying of Inland Northwest species. Forest Prod. J. 54(6): 50-56.
115. EPA method 0011, 1990. Sampling for selected aldehyde and ketone emissions from stationary sources.
116. McDond A. G., Wastney S.(1995). Analysis of volatile emissions from kiln drying of radiate pine. In Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium of Wood and Pulping Chemistry. Helsinki, June 6-9, Vol Ⅲ, pp 431-436.
117. Kosik M., Herain J., Domansky R.(1968). Pyrolysis of beech wood at low temperatures. Ⅳ. Basic views on the formation of volatile products. Holzforschung Holzverwertung 20: 56-59.
118. Lindberg B., Rosell K. G.(1974). Hydrolysis and chlorite holocellulose. Svensk Papperstidning 77: 286
119. EN 717-3: 1996, Wood-based panels-Determination of formaldehyde release-Part 1: Formaldehyde release by the flask method.
120. Yilgor N., Unsal O., Kartal S.N.(2001). Physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of steamed beech wood. Forest Prod. J. 51(11/12): 89-93.
121. Fengel D., Wegener G.(1984). Wood: chemistry, ultrastructure, reactions. Water de Gruyter, Berlin, New York.
122．GB 16297-1996，大气污染物综合排放标准。
123．GB Z 2-2002，工作场所有害因素职业接触限值。
124. OSH(2001). Department of Labour, Occupational Safety and Health Service 2001: "Workplace Exposure Standard Effective from 2001", Wellington, New Zealand.
125. TRGS 900: (TRGS: German Technical Code of Practice on Hazardous Substances) Technische Regeln fur Gefahrstoffe: Grenzwerte in der Luft am Arbeitsplatz, ,,Luftgrenzwerte" (Limit values relating to air in the workplace), Bundesarbeitsblatt Ausgabe Oktober 2000, zuletzt geandert BArbBl. Heft 5/2004.
126. AgBB(2004). Health-related Evaluation Procedure for Volatile Organic Compounds Emissions (VOC and SVOC) from Building Products. LCI's in Part 3: July 2004.
127. Hodgsen, A.T., Beal D., Mcllvaine J.E.R.(2002). Sources of formaldehyde, other aldehydes and terpenes in a new manufactured house. Indoor Air 12: 235-242.
128. US Consumer Product Safety Commission (1997). CPSC Document 725#, An update on formaldehyde. Revision
129. Wargocki P., Wyon D.P., Baik Y. K. etc(1999). Perceived air quality sick building syndrome(SBS) symptoms and productivity in an office with two different pollution loads. Indoor Air, 9:165-179.
130．唐建辉，王新明，盛国英等(2003)．广州新建住宅空气中甲醛的分析．分析测试学报 22(1)：71-73131．吴自强，刘志宏，许士洪(2000)．室内甲醛污染控制技术进展．建筑人造板3：11-14。
132. Roffael E., Dix B., Lelis R.(1994). Wechselwirkungen zwischen den Holzinhaltsstoffen und Formal dehyd bei der Herstellung yon Holzwerkstoffen. Holz-Zentralblatt 120:1705-1706.
133. Sachsse H., Roffael E.(1993). Untersuchung der Schalfurnier-Eignung yon in Deutschland erwachsenem Douglasienholz. Holz Roh-Werkstoff 51: 167-176
134．周定国主编：人造板甲醛散发测试方法．中国林业出版社，1996。
135. Meyer B., Kottes Andres B.A. and Reinhardt R. M.(1985). Formaldehyde release from wood products. Developed from a symposium sponsored by the division of cellulose, paper, and textile chemistry at the 189th meeting of the American Chemical Society, Miami Beach, Florida, April 28-May 3, 1985.
136．王定选主编(1991)．人造板及其它材料的甲醛散发．北京：中国林业出版社。
137．王维新主编(2003)．甲醛释放与检测．北京：化学工业出版社。
138．GB 18580-2001，室内装饰装修材料一人造板及其制品中甲醛释放限量。
139. EN 120-1992, Determination of formaldehyde content - extraction method (know as perforator method).
140. DD ENV 717-1:1999, Wood-based panels - Determination of formaldehyde release - Part 1: Formaldehyde emission by the chamber method.
141. JIS 5908-1994, Japanese Industrial Standard Particleboards.
142. ASTM-E1333-1996, Standard test method for determining formaldehyde concentrations in air and emission rates from wood products using a large chamber.
143. ASTM-D 6007-1996, Standard test method for determining formaldehyde concentrations in air from wood products using a small scale chamber.
144. ASTM-D 5582-2000, Standard test method for determining formaldehyde levels from wood products using a desiccator.
145．龙玲，陈士英(2003)．干燥器法测定甲醛浓度—GB／T 17657与日本标准的比较．人造板通讯，3：15-17。
146．王维新(2002)．《室内装饰装修材料 人造板及其制品中甲醛释放限量》国家标准实施情况评析．人造板通讯，10：6-8。
147．梅长彤(2001)．大室法条件下人造板的甲醛散发量．南京林业大学学报(自然科学版)，25(5)：49-51。
148．严彦，王光学，杨旭等(2003)．木质人造板材甲醛释放规律的研究．环境科学学报，23(1)：134-137。
149．GB／T 4897-2003，刨花板。
150．GB/T 11718-1999，中密度纤维板。
151. Myers G E, 1983. Formaldehyde emission from particleboard and plywood paneling: measurement,??mechanism, and product standards. Forest Prod. J. 33(5): 27-37.
152. Meyer B, Koshlap K, Geisling K L et al., 1983. Comparison of wet and dry desiccator test methods for formaldehyde emission from UF-bonded wood pproducts. Forest Prod. J. 33(1): 35-37.
153. Rybicky J, Horst K and Kambanis S M, 1983. Assessment of the 2-hour desiccator test for formaldehyde release from particleboard. Forest Prod. J. 33(9): 50-54.
154. Roffael E and Menzel W,1980. Influence of marginal condition on the determination of extractable formaldehyde by the perforator method. Holz als Roh-Werkstoff 38: 85-88.
155. Jann O and Deppe H J, 1990. Allowance for moisture content of particle boards for formaldehyde determination. Holz als Roh-Werkstoff48: 365-369.
156. Sundin B, 1984. The perforator method -sources of error and background values. Dynobels Spanskivedagar I Roeros, 5-7 September.
157. Ong C L and Roffael E, 1987. Formaldehydabgabe yon unterschiedlichen E1-Spanplatten nach der WKI-Methode. Holz als Roh-Werkstoff45:110.
158. Roffael E, 1975. Messung der Formaldehydabgabe. Praxisnahe Methode zur Bestimmung der Formaldehydabgabe harnstoffharzgebundener Spanplatten. Holz-Zentralblatt 101: 1403-1404.
159．GB／T 17657，人造板及饰面人造板理化性能试验方法 Test methods of evaluating the properties of wood-based panels.
160. Inoue Akio, Ono Hiro-Kuni and Chiba Yasuto, 1991. Comparison of desiccator method with chamber method and perforator method. Bulletin of the Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute No.360, Ibaraki, Japan.
161. Martine E and Belanche M I, 2000. Influence of veneer wood species on plywood formaldehyde emission and content. Holz als Roh-Werkstoff 58:31-34.
162. Groah, W. J. 1985. Formaldehyde emissions. Hardwood plywood and certain wood based panel products. The symposium sponsored by the Division of Cellulose, Paper and Textile Chemistry at the 189th Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Miami Beach, Florida, 1985: 17-25.
163. Dueholm, S. 1984. Danske formaldehyde bestemmelser. Erfahring og praktische resultater. Dynobels Sponplatedager pa Boras, 5-7 September 1984, Dynobel A.S., Oslo, Stockholm.
164. Rybicky J., 1985. Kinetics for desiccator, Jar and alike tests for formaldehyde release from particleboard. Wood and fiber science, 17(1): 29-35.
165. Fujii, S., Suzuki, T. and Koyagushiro, S. 1973. Study on liberated formaldehyde as renewal JIS for particleboard. Kenzai Shiken Joho, 9(3), 10～14.
166．井上明生(1997)．中濃度对策．木材工業，52(1)：9-14。