庆阳市生态安全评价研究
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摘要
生态安全是当前地学、资源与环境科学以及生态学研究的前沿任务和重要领域。庆阳市地处黄土丘陵沟壑区,处于国家级“水土保持重要区”,是典型的生态脆弱区,其生态安全影响到整个黄土高原地区的生态治理,但是针对这一区域生态安全评价的研究尚不多见。本文通过对国内外区域生态安全评价的框架模型和指标体系比较分析,将层次分析法与压力-状态-响应概念模型相结合,构建了庆阳地区生态安全评价的指标体系,对庆阳市七县一区的生态安全进行评价。
以社会经济发展的压力、生态与环境系统对压力的反馈作用和人类对生态统的调控三个方面分析了庆阳地区生态系统的特征,据此构建了该区的生态安全评价指标体系。此指标体系突出了庆阳地区干旱以及水土流失严重的状况,提出了人均水资源拥有量以及影响生态安全的相关指标,适合于庆阳地区生态安全评价的需要。指标体系由25个指标组成,包括:年均降水量、年均蒸发量、林草覆盖率、≥15°坡耕地面积指数、土壤侵蚀强度指数、建成区绿化覆盖度、人均水资源拥有量人、均耕地区、域开发指数、人口自然增长率、人口密度、化肥使用强度、农膜使用强度、NOx排放强度、SO2排放强度、水质指标达标率、空气质量综合指数、环境噪声、万人拥有高中以上文化程度人数、经济发展总体水平(区位熵)、自然灾害面积、水土流失率、农民人均纯收入、人均GDP和城镇化率。本研究基于各评价指标的特性、水平以及国内外相关标准,制定区域生态安全的评价标准和等级(恶劣、较差、一般、良好、理想),分别采用层次分析法和专家打分法对区域生态安全的评价指标进行赋权,并采用区域生态安全综合指数来表征评价结果。结果如下:
庆阳市整体生态安全指数较低,生态安全状态较差,各县生态安全状况不平衡。各县区中,合水县生态安全综合指数最高,为0.66,生态安全状态为良好,生态安全度为较安全;华池、宁县、正宁和西峰生态安全综合指数在0.4～0.6之间,生态安全状态为一般,生态安全度为预警状态;其余三县生态安全指数在0.2～0.4之间,生态安全状态为较差,生态安全度为危险状态。评价结果表明,庆阳市的生态安全度整体处于预警状态,而水资源短缺、水土流失、土地荒漠化和老油区水源污染是导致该地区生态安全处于危险的主要原因。
剖析目前庆阳市的生态安全的总体状况以及产生问题,有针对性地提出加强区域生态安全管理的对策。加强农业生态安全管理,建立农业生态安全预警系统;合理开发利用水资源,提高水资源利用率;坚持小流域综合治理,防止水土流失和沙漠化;加强老油区的污染治理和碳汇林建设;调整好农、林、牧比例,促进生态农业健康发展。
The ecological security research is the current geoscience, the resources and the environmental science as well as the ecology research front duty and the important domain. The Qingyang attendance loess hill gully area, in the state-level“the conservation of water and soil important area”, is the typical ecology frail area, its ecological security affects the entire Loess Highlands area ecology government, but aimed at the areas’ecological security assessment research still not to see.On domestic and regional ecological security evaluation of the model and framework for a comparative analysis indicator system,AHP concept modelwith the State-combined Construction of the Qing yang ecological security evaluation system.
By socio-economic development's pressure, the ecology and the environment system has analyzed the Qingyang area ecosystem characteristic to the pressure back donation and the humanity to the ecology series's regulative three aspects, has constructed this area ecological security evaluating indicator system. This indicator system has highlighted the Qingyang area drought as well as the soil erosion serious condition, proposed the average per person water resources capacity as well as the influence ecological security's index of correlation, suits in the Qingyang area ecological security appraisal need. The indicator comprises 25 indicators,Include: the average annual precipitation; the average annual transpiration ; the vegetation coverage rate;≥15°slope cultivated area index; soil erosion intensity index; built-up district afforestation degree of coverage; average per person water resources capacity; average per person farming; region development index; the natural population growth rate; population density; chemical fertilizer use intensity; agricultural membrane use intensity; NOx emissions intensity; SO2 emissions intensity; water quality target success rate; , air quality composite index; ambient noise; ten thousand people have above the high school the years of schooling population; economic development aggregate level (position entropy); natural disaster area; water and soil rate of personnel loss; farmer average per person net income; per capita GDP; urbanization rate.
Based on the evaluation of the properties,and the level of domestic and foreign-related standards,the development of regional ecological security evaluation criteria and grading( bad, is bad, general, is good, is ideal).Respectively AHP and expert scoring for regional ecological security evaluation indicators empowers and using agro-ecological safety level index to characterize the results. the results are:
Overall Qingyang's ecological security index is low, the ecological security condition is bad and unbalance in each county.in Qingyang various counties, the Heshui County ecological security composite index is highest, is 0.66, the ecological security condition is good, the ecology degree of security is safe; Huachi, Ning County, Zhengning and west peak ecological security composite index between 0.4~0.6, ecological security condition for general, ecology degree of security for early warning condition; other three county ecological security index between 0.2~0.4, the ecological security condition is bad, the ecology degree of security is the critical condition. The analysis shows that: the ecological security level in Qingyang city is esrly warning. The main reasons which lead to the dangerous of the ecological security are: shortage of water resource, soil erosion, land desertification and old oil region pollution.
The analysis present Qingyang's ecological security's overall condition as well as the question, proposed target-oriented strengthens the region ecological security management the countermeasure. Strengthens the agriculture ecological security management, establishes the agriculture ecological security early warning system; the reasonable development use water resources, raises the water resources use factor; insisting the small basin comprehensive program of public order, the conservation of soil against erosion; strengthens the old oil region the pollution government; adjusts good agricultural, the forest, the herd proportion, the promotion ecological agriculture healthy development.
以社会经济发展的压力、生态与环境系统对压力的反馈作用和人类对生态统的调控三个方面分析了庆阳地区生态系统的特征,据此构建了该区的生态安全评价指标体系。此指标体系突出了庆阳地区干旱以及水土流失严重的状况,提出了人均水资源拥有量以及影响生态安全的相关指标,适合于庆阳地区生态安全评价的需要。指标体系由25个指标组成,包括:年均降水量、年均蒸发量、林草覆盖率、≥15°坡耕地面积指数、土壤侵蚀强度指数、建成区绿化覆盖度、人均水资源拥有量人、均耕地区、域开发指数、人口自然增长率、人口密度、化肥使用强度、农膜使用强度、NOx排放强度、SO2排放强度、水质指标达标率、空气质量综合指数、环境噪声、万人拥有高中以上文化程度人数、经济发展总体水平(区位熵)、自然灾害面积、水土流失率、农民人均纯收入、人均GDP和城镇化率。本研究基于各评价指标的特性、水平以及国内外相关标准,制定区域生态安全的评价标准和等级(恶劣、较差、一般、良好、理想),分别采用层次分析法和专家打分法对区域生态安全的评价指标进行赋权,并采用区域生态安全综合指数来表征评价结果。结果如下:
庆阳市整体生态安全指数较低,生态安全状态较差,各县生态安全状况不平衡。各县区中,合水县生态安全综合指数最高,为0.66,生态安全状态为良好,生态安全度为较安全;华池、宁县、正宁和西峰生态安全综合指数在0.4～0.6之间,生态安全状态为一般,生态安全度为预警状态;其余三县生态安全指数在0.2～0.4之间,生态安全状态为较差,生态安全度为危险状态。评价结果表明,庆阳市的生态安全度整体处于预警状态,而水资源短缺、水土流失、土地荒漠化和老油区水源污染是导致该地区生态安全处于危险的主要原因。
剖析目前庆阳市的生态安全的总体状况以及产生问题,有针对性地提出加强区域生态安全管理的对策。加强农业生态安全管理,建立农业生态安全预警系统;合理开发利用水资源,提高水资源利用率;坚持小流域综合治理,防止水土流失和沙漠化;加强老油区的污染治理和碳汇林建设;调整好农、林、牧比例,促进生态农业健康发展。
The ecological security research is the current geoscience, the resources and the environmental science as well as the ecology research front duty and the important domain. The Qingyang attendance loess hill gully area, in the state-level“the conservation of water and soil important area”, is the typical ecology frail area, its ecological security affects the entire Loess Highlands area ecology government, but aimed at the areas’ecological security assessment research still not to see.On domestic and regional ecological security evaluation of the model and framework for a comparative analysis indicator system,AHP concept modelwith the State-combined Construction of the Qing yang ecological security evaluation system.
By socio-economic development's pressure, the ecology and the environment system has analyzed the Qingyang area ecosystem characteristic to the pressure back donation and the humanity to the ecology series's regulative three aspects, has constructed this area ecological security evaluating indicator system. This indicator system has highlighted the Qingyang area drought as well as the soil erosion serious condition, proposed the average per person water resources capacity as well as the influence ecological security's index of correlation, suits in the Qingyang area ecological security appraisal need. The indicator comprises 25 indicators,Include: the average annual precipitation; the average annual transpiration ; the vegetation coverage rate;≥15°slope cultivated area index; soil erosion intensity index; built-up district afforestation degree of coverage; average per person water resources capacity; average per person farming; region development index; the natural population growth rate; population density; chemical fertilizer use intensity; agricultural membrane use intensity; NOx emissions intensity; SO2 emissions intensity; water quality target success rate; , air quality composite index; ambient noise; ten thousand people have above the high school the years of schooling population; economic development aggregate level (position entropy); natural disaster area; water and soil rate of personnel loss; farmer average per person net income; per capita GDP; urbanization rate.
Based on the evaluation of the properties,and the level of domestic and foreign-related standards,the development of regional ecological security evaluation criteria and grading( bad, is bad, general, is good, is ideal).Respectively AHP and expert scoring for regional ecological security evaluation indicators empowers and using agro-ecological safety level index to characterize the results. the results are:
Overall Qingyang's ecological security index is low, the ecological security condition is bad and unbalance in each county.in Qingyang various counties, the Heshui County ecological security composite index is highest, is 0.66, the ecological security condition is good, the ecology degree of security is safe; Huachi, Ning County, Zhengning and west peak ecological security composite index between 0.4~0.6, ecological security condition for general, ecology degree of security for early warning condition; other three county ecological security index between 0.2~0.4, the ecological security condition is bad, the ecology degree of security is the critical condition. The analysis shows that: the ecological security level in Qingyang city is esrly warning. The main reasons which lead to the dangerous of the ecological security are: shortage of water resource, soil erosion, land desertification and old oil region pollution.
The analysis present Qingyang's ecological security's overall condition as well as the question, proposed target-oriented strengthens the region ecological security management the countermeasure. Strengthens the agriculture ecological security management, establishes the agriculture ecological security early warning system; the reasonable development use water resources, raises the water resources use factor; insisting the small basin comprehensive program of public order, the conservation of soil against erosion; strengthens the old oil region the pollution government; adjusts good agricultural, the forest, the herd proportion, the promotion ecological agriculture healthy development.
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