国内外水上救生发展状况及救生员培养体制比较研究
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摘要
本文采用文献资料法、调查法、数理统计法、比较法以及系统分析法，分析了国内外水上救生发展状况及我国水上救生存在的问题，运用系统论的方法剖析水上救生系统的要素、功能、特点和运行，对国内外救生员培养体制进行比较，我国水上救生存在的问题，提出促进我国救生发展的建议对策，以便为新世纪我国救生工作的开展提供理论和实践上的指导。研究结果表明：国外早期成立的水上救生组织以及国际救生协会对促进水上救生的发展具有重要作用，目前世界各大洲之间以及不同国家之间的水上救生发展不平衡。根据不同时期的管理状况，可将国内水上救生分为四个阶段。我国大部分省市政府部门在游泳池(场)管理条例中都对水上救生工作做了明确规定，有效地保证了水上救生工作的顺利开展。我国水上救生员总体文化基础状况良好、年龄结构较合理、主要来源于五个部门，级别越高工作年限越长，性别比例不平衡。从系统论方法分析，水上救生系统主要包括游泳者、溺水者、救生员、救生器材和环境五大要素，水上救生系统具有目的性、开放性、动态性，其功能主要是保护大众游泳者安全、提高大众游泳者救生意识、提高与改进救生技术。我国救生员培训机构职能与国外不同，救生培训机构缺乏一定的监督机制，影响救生员的培养质量。救生发达国家已形成一套完整的救生员培养体系，具有齐全的培养类别及证章，而我国救生员培养类型较单一。各国对溺水事故的预防和现场急救都比较重视，但英美等国还十分重视对先进救生设备的使用、信息传递、脊柱损伤处理及书写操作程序、专业举止和身体训练等方面，同时注重教材内容的更新，而这些方面却是我国较薄弱的环节。我国对救生员的思想素质的培训比较重视。我国水上救生全国规范管理历程短，还存在许多问题，障碍其进一步发展。因此，现阶段为促进我国救生的发展，应该完善救生员培训体制，适应新世纪救生员培养的需求；完善救生的管理体制，形成规范、有序的管理体系；增加水上救生资金投入，加快救生的发展步伐；加强救生宣传，提高大众救生意识；结合救生实践，加强救生理论研究，完善救生理论体系。
Based on documental data, investigations, mathematical statistics, comparative law and systems analysis, this paper discusses the development of overwater lifesaving at home and abroad, and our domestic problems in this respect. Aimed at providing theoretical and practical guides for our lifesaving work in the 21st century, the paper, through systems analysis, analyzes the factors, function, features and operation of overwater lifesaving system in our country, makes comparisons between domestic and foreign lifeguard training systems, and makes proposals conducive to our lifesaving development.
As the research findings show, overwater lifesaving organizations were founded early in foreign countries, and there is currently a disequilibrium in lifesaving development among continents as well as countries; Lifesaving on water in our country falls into four different stages in terms of management; Most provincial and municipal administrations have made definite precriptions on lifesaving in management regulations of swimming pools,which effectively guarantees the development of lifesaving work; In our country, lifeguards, mainly from five departments, are in general well-educated, comparatively well-composed in age, with promotions depending on long working years, but not well-proportioned in sex; Standardized for only a short period, the national management of overwater lifesaving still has a lot of problems; By systems analysis, overwater lifesaving system, characterized by its clear objective, openness and dynamism, mainly includes five essential factors-swimmers, drowning men, lifeguards, lifesaving
equipments and surroundings, with the function of safeguarding the life of swimmers, increasing the nation's awareness of lifesaving and developing the skills of lifeguards on water; Different from those of foreign countries, our lifeguard training system lacks certain supervising mechanism as well as variety in the types of lifeguards. England, one of the developed countries of overwater lifesaving, however, has set up a perfect lifeguard training system with a complete range of types and certificates; China, like the US and the UK, has attached great importance to
first aid on spot, the cause of drowning and its precautions, but the writing
procedures, professional behavior and physical training for lifeguards are almost neglected in our country; Different points are emphasized in the lifeguard training and tests of our country and of the US and the UK, and there are similar as well as different emphasis put on our domestic training of lifeguards of all levels.
Therefore, to promote the development of our lifesaving work, we should at present take some effective measures as followed: first, perfecting overwater lifeguard training system to meet the demands in the new century; second, improving lifesaving management system and building up a standard and orderly frame; third, increasing
the investment in lifesaving on water to quicken its pace of development; fourth, widening the publicity for lifesaving to increase people's awareness; finally, conducting more theoretical research as well as practice to perfect the theory system of overwater lifesaving.
Based on documental data, investigations, mathematical statistics, comparative law and systems analysis, this paper discusses the development of overwater lifesaving at home and abroad, and our domestic problems in this respect. Aimed at providing theoretical and practical guides for our lifesaving work in the 21st century, the paper, through systems analysis, analyzes the factors, function, features and operation of overwater lifesaving system in our country, makes comparisons between domestic and foreign lifeguard training systems, and makes proposals conducive to our lifesaving development.
As the research findings show, overwater lifesaving organizations were founded early in foreign countries, and there is currently a disequilibrium in lifesaving development among continents as well as countries; Lifesaving on water in our country falls into four different stages in terms of management; Most provincial and municipal administrations have made definite precriptions on lifesaving in management regulations of swimming pools,which effectively guarantees the development of lifesaving work; In our country, lifeguards, mainly from five departments, are in general well-educated, comparatively well-composed in age, with promotions depending on long working years, but not well-proportioned in sex; Standardized for only a short period, the national management of overwater lifesaving still has a lot of problems; By systems analysis, overwater lifesaving system, characterized by its clear objective, openness and dynamism, mainly includes five essential factors-swimmers, drowning men, lifeguards, lifesaving
equipments and surroundings, with the function of safeguarding the life of swimmers, increasing the nation's awareness of lifesaving and developing the skills of lifeguards on water; Different from those of foreign countries, our lifeguard training system lacks certain supervising mechanism as well as variety in the types of lifeguards. England, one of the developed countries of overwater lifesaving, however, has set up a perfect lifeguard training system with a complete range of types and certificates; China, like the US and the UK, has attached great importance to
first aid on spot, the cause of drowning and its precautions, but the writing
procedures, professional behavior and physical training for lifeguards are almost neglected in our country; Different points are emphasized in the lifeguard training and tests of our country and of the US and the UK, and there are similar as well as different emphasis put on our domestic training of lifeguards of all levels.
Therefore, to promote the development of our lifesaving work, we should at present take some effective measures as followed: first, perfecting overwater lifeguard training system to meet the demands in the new century; second, improving lifesaving management system and building up a standard and orderly frame; third, increasing
the investment in lifesaving on water to quicken its pace of development; fourth, widening the publicity for lifesaving to increase people's awareness; finally, conducting more theoretical research as well as practice to perfect the theory system of overwater lifesaving.
引文
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[26] 晓光．我看世界救生锦标赛[J]．游泳，2000；90(3)：17～18
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[28] 施纯志，潘碧霞，许建成．走进救生比赛[J]．游泳，2000；88(1)：29～30
[29] 李红兵，李莉．浅谈国际国内救生活动现状与我国救生事业发展的对策[J]．游泳，2000；90(3)：28～29
[30] 李红兵，李莉．从国际救生比赛看我国救生事业的发展[J]．中国体育科技，2000：36
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[32] 倪国云，林显鹏，陈琳等．中日社会体育指导员管理体制比较研究[J]．体育科学，1999；19(2)：1～5
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[35] 施纯志，潘碧芳，许建成．厦门海滨浴场救生管理工作初探[J]．体育科学研究，2000；4(9)：9～12
[36] 世界地图．北京：中国地图出版社，2001
[37] 潘碧芳．对我国海滨浴场海浪救生管理工作的探讨[J]．游泳，2002；102(3)：21～23
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[2] 教材编写组，中国游泳救生员培训教材(试行)[M]．国家体育总局游泳运动管理中心编印，1999
[3] 王抗生．游泳救护(第一版)[M]．人民体育出版社，1978
[4] 关于全国游泳救生员管理办法．体育总局游泳管理中心，1999
[5] 国际救生协会．国际救生协会章程，2000
[6] 中国救生协会．中国救生协会章程
[7] 中国救生协会．迎新世纪，共同开创我国救生工作未来[R]．2000
[8] 中国救生考察小组．赴澳大利亚学习考察情况报告[R]．1999
[9] 梅雪雄．游泳[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，1999
[10] 全国体育院校教材委员会游泳教材小组．游泳运动[M]．北京：人民体育出版社，2001
[11] 李达顺，陈有进，孙宏安．社会科学方法研究[M]．北京：中国国际广播出版社，1991
[12] 编写组．体育科学研究方法[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，1999
[13] 卢元镇．中国体育社会学[M] 北京：北京体育大学出版社，2001
[14] 吕树庭，卢元镇．体育社会学教程[M] 北京：高等教育出版社，1995
[15] 秦春林，袁旦．体育管理学[M]．北京：北京体育大学出版社，1998
[16] 蓝勇．清代长江上游救生红船制初探[J]．中国社会经济史研究，1995(4)：37～43
[17] 鞠维强．在全省学校安全整治工作会议上的讲话[R]．2001年5月17日
[18] 福建省教育厅等．关于进一步加强中小学生游泳安全工作的紧急通知[R]．2000年5月16日
[19] 仇军等．我国体育人口活动项目的参与率及其变动趋势[J]．体育科学，2000；20(4)：18～20
[20] 李桦．全国“游泳之乡”“先进游泳池馆”经验交流会讲话摘要[J]．游泳，2001；98(5)：4～5
[21] 吕鹏．水上救生[J]．解放军体育学院学报，2000；20(1)：94～96
[22] 丛宁丽等．中、美、法、英、日五国游泳教学内容和方法比较[J]．成都体育学院学报，2000；26(3)：54～56
[23] 魏四成．游泳救生工作浅析[J]．湖北体育科技，1997；2(2)：95～96
[24] 张宏梅．救生全民需重视[J]．游泳，1999；86(5)：26～27
[25] 曹庆珠．参加首届国际救生裁判员培训班有感[J]．游泳，1999；84(3)：23
[26] 晓光．我看世界救生锦标赛[J]．游泳，2000；90(3)：17～18
[27] 费烈烈，吉宏．说游泳救生课程的设置[J]．游泳，2000；92(5)：23～24
[28] 施纯志，潘碧霞，许建成．走进救生比赛[J]．游泳，2000；88(1)：29～30
[29] 李红兵，李莉．浅谈国际国内救生活动现状与我国救生事业发展的对策[J]．游泳，2000；90(3)：28～29
[30] 李红兵，李莉．从国际救生比赛看我国救生事业的发展[J]．中国体育科技，2000：36
(增刊)：71～72
[31] 唐雪瑾，吴丙梁．如何营救游泳池中的深度溺水者[J]，体育科研，2001；22(4)：19～20
[32] 倪国云，林显鹏，陈琳等．中日社会体育指导员管理体制比较研究[J]．体育科学，1999；19(2)：1～5
[33] 张发强．中国社会体育现状调查报告[J]．体育科学，1999；19(1)：4～7
[34] 教育部办公厅．关于进一步做好高校安全工作的通知[R]．1998年6月9日，教政厅[1998]3号
[35] 施纯志，潘碧芳，许建成．厦门海滨浴场救生管理工作初探[J]．体育科学研究，2000；4(9)：9～12
[36] 世界地图．北京：中国地图出版社，2001
[37] 潘碧芳．对我国海滨浴场海浪救生管理工作的探讨[J]．游泳，2002；102(3)：21～23
[38] 廖品松，邬明卿．体育院系的普修游泳教学必须重视救生技能的培养[J]．游泳季刊．1994(2)：4～5
[39] 王力，贾忠．北京市水上救生工作培训工作50问(一)[J]．游泳，2002；102(3)：25～27
[40] 王力，贾忠．北京市水上救生工作培训工作50问(二)[J]．游泳，2002；103(4)：24～25
[41] 刘明辉，方千华，蔡惠玲．全国高级救生员培训班的教学初探[J]．游泳，2002；104(5)：27～29
[42] 谭明义，周学荣．我国群众游泳活动现状及发展对策研究[J]．中国体育科技，2002；38(9)：62～64
[43] 陈强．学生游泳安全惊动省长[N]．深圳特区报，2000-5-18
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