文化翻译观视阈下的“中国英语”研究
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摘要
与“不符合语言标准和习惯”的“中式英语”不同,“中国英语”已被广泛接受为英语的地域变体之一,学术界对于“中国英语”的客观存在和界定已基本有所定论。迄今为止关于“中国英语”的研究主要集中于“‘中国英语’的界定与特质”与“全球视野下的‘中国英语’与文化交流”两个方面,直接从英语语言学层面研究“中国英语”在传媒新闻中的运用的研究成果尚不多见。
本文以苏珊·巴斯奈特的文化翻译观为理据,从词法和句法两个层面,就国内外新闻传媒报道中使用的“中国英语”的词汇和句法进行了特质剖析。就词法而言,无论在国内还是国外英语新闻传媒,“中国英语”的词汇所指主要包括中国的“特色传统文化类词语”、“社会新词”、“政治经济术语”等,其多数以“拼音拼写、拼音拼写加注释、中文字面形式直译、直译加注释、意译”等形式出现。通过比较发现,国内外新闻传媒对于“中国英语”的运用也存有差异。首先,国外新闻报道对“中国英语”词汇存在采用直译加对应词的方式；其次,国外新闻传媒更倾向于采用拼音或字面直译来使用“中国英语”。相比之下,我国的英文传媒则相应谨慎,在表达之时虽然已经提倡异化翻译,但是程度仍比不上外国媒体。在句法层面,“中国英语”特有的句法结构并不仅仅存在于中国新闻传媒之中,在国外新闻内也时有所见,只是此类句法结构更多出现在以中国为背景的新闻报道之中,而国内英语新闻的句式则普遍带有“中国英语”的句法特征。
苏珊·巴斯奈特的文化翻译观为通过翻译而呈现的“中国英语”的客观存在和发扬光大提供了强有力的理论支持。翻译是跨文化交流,翻译等值就是原语与译语在文化功能上的等值,而文本的“不可译性”也促成了“中国英语”在翻译过程中的产生。由翻译而生成的“中国英语”不仅具有重要的语言意义,更具有文化价值的显著性和重要性。为此,本文认为,“中国英语”词汇应该在很大程度上起到保护和传播民族文化的重要作用。“中国英语”出现于我国传媒新闻领域时应该在融合国内外传媒采取的不同表现形式的基础上,从文化层面的高度灵活采取归化或异化方式,使原语和译语在文化功能上等效,从而使“中国英语”具有更广泛的可接受性。
不容忽视的是,国内外新闻传媒中仍存在“中国英语”随意翻译的现象,同一词语在不同新闻内会存在不同表现形式,翻译规范性严重缺失。就“中国英语”的句法特征而言,相关研究关注不多,尤其缺乏严肃的描述性研究。“中国英语”要真正走向世界,不仅要注重其规范性,更要从文化感染力上下功夫,以求实现最佳效果的跨文化交流。
China English, different from Chinglish which does not accord with linguistic standards, has been accepted on a wide scale as one of the regional varieties of the English language. So far it has already taken shape with its definition and objectives settled over years of debate in academic circles. The focus of research on China English primarily falls into two aspects, namely, the definition and characteristics of China English, and the role of China English in intercultural communication. Past research, however, has rarely shed light on the role of China English in news reports from the perspectives of English linguistics. Research is required as to the role of China English in news media from the perspective of intercultural communication.
Based on Susan Bassnett's cultural translation theory, this thesis addresses the role of China English in Chinese and foreign English news media on morphology and syntax levels. In terms of morphology, whether in Chinese or foreign news reports, China English is primarily chosen to describe Chinese cultural words, social neologism, political and economic terms, etc. Their forms vary from pinyin spelling, pinyin plus explanation, literal translation, literal translation plus explanation to free translation. Differences do exist in terms of the role of China English between news media in China and overseas. In the first place, corresponding words are preferred to be added after literal translation by foreign news media. What's more, foreign news reports tend to express China English through direct use of pinyin or literal translation. By contrast, news reports in China are more cautious in choosing foreignization approach to express China English. The foreignization approach is still not frequently used in Chinese media although it has already been encouraged in the translation of China English. When it comes to syntax, the sentence structure of China English is used in both Chinese and foreign media. Comparatively, it merely appears among news covering Chinese topics in foreign media; but in Chinese media, it is found in news reporting all kinds of topics.
Susan Bassnett's theory of cultural translation offers forceful insight in this regard to help with further development of China English. According to Susan Bassnett, translation acts as an intercultural communication activity, and equivalence lies in the equal cultural function between source language and target language. Untranslatability, at the same time, explains the emergence of China English in the course of translation. China English is not merely important in language itself, but plays a more significant role in its cultural value. This thesis holds that China English, to a large extent, plays a vital part in protecting and spreading national culture. Translators should take appropriate strategies, such as domestication and foreignization, to express China English at the premise of consulting various China English forms existed in Chinese and foreign news media for the sake of cultural communication. Cultural equivalence could then be realized between the source language and target languages. China English, consequently, would be accepted on a wider scale.
It cannot be ignored that random translation of China English still takes place in news reports of both Chinese and foreign media. A single Chinese character, for example, might have several corresponding expressions in English based on the status of the news reports. A serious standard of using China English should be proposed. Furthermore, the enhancement of formal and descriptive study on syntax is required since little attention has been paid on the syntax level. China English demands improved standards and enhanced ability to color the Chinese cultures so as to gain the upper hand in international communications.
本文以苏珊·巴斯奈特的文化翻译观为理据,从词法和句法两个层面,就国内外新闻传媒报道中使用的“中国英语”的词汇和句法进行了特质剖析。就词法而言,无论在国内还是国外英语新闻传媒,“中国英语”的词汇所指主要包括中国的“特色传统文化类词语”、“社会新词”、“政治经济术语”等,其多数以“拼音拼写、拼音拼写加注释、中文字面形式直译、直译加注释、意译”等形式出现。通过比较发现,国内外新闻传媒对于“中国英语”的运用也存有差异。首先,国外新闻报道对“中国英语”词汇存在采用直译加对应词的方式；其次,国外新闻传媒更倾向于采用拼音或字面直译来使用“中国英语”。相比之下,我国的英文传媒则相应谨慎,在表达之时虽然已经提倡异化翻译,但是程度仍比不上外国媒体。在句法层面,“中国英语”特有的句法结构并不仅仅存在于中国新闻传媒之中,在国外新闻内也时有所见,只是此类句法结构更多出现在以中国为背景的新闻报道之中,而国内英语新闻的句式则普遍带有“中国英语”的句法特征。
苏珊·巴斯奈特的文化翻译观为通过翻译而呈现的“中国英语”的客观存在和发扬光大提供了强有力的理论支持。翻译是跨文化交流,翻译等值就是原语与译语在文化功能上的等值,而文本的“不可译性”也促成了“中国英语”在翻译过程中的产生。由翻译而生成的“中国英语”不仅具有重要的语言意义,更具有文化价值的显著性和重要性。为此,本文认为,“中国英语”词汇应该在很大程度上起到保护和传播民族文化的重要作用。“中国英语”出现于我国传媒新闻领域时应该在融合国内外传媒采取的不同表现形式的基础上,从文化层面的高度灵活采取归化或异化方式,使原语和译语在文化功能上等效,从而使“中国英语”具有更广泛的可接受性。
不容忽视的是,国内外新闻传媒中仍存在“中国英语”随意翻译的现象,同一词语在不同新闻内会存在不同表现形式,翻译规范性严重缺失。就“中国英语”的句法特征而言,相关研究关注不多,尤其缺乏严肃的描述性研究。“中国英语”要真正走向世界,不仅要注重其规范性,更要从文化感染力上下功夫,以求实现最佳效果的跨文化交流。
China English, different from Chinglish which does not accord with linguistic standards, has been accepted on a wide scale as one of the regional varieties of the English language. So far it has already taken shape with its definition and objectives settled over years of debate in academic circles. The focus of research on China English primarily falls into two aspects, namely, the definition and characteristics of China English, and the role of China English in intercultural communication. Past research, however, has rarely shed light on the role of China English in news reports from the perspectives of English linguistics. Research is required as to the role of China English in news media from the perspective of intercultural communication.
Based on Susan Bassnett's cultural translation theory, this thesis addresses the role of China English in Chinese and foreign English news media on morphology and syntax levels. In terms of morphology, whether in Chinese or foreign news reports, China English is primarily chosen to describe Chinese cultural words, social neologism, political and economic terms, etc. Their forms vary from pinyin spelling, pinyin plus explanation, literal translation, literal translation plus explanation to free translation. Differences do exist in terms of the role of China English between news media in China and overseas. In the first place, corresponding words are preferred to be added after literal translation by foreign news media. What's more, foreign news reports tend to express China English through direct use of pinyin or literal translation. By contrast, news reports in China are more cautious in choosing foreignization approach to express China English. The foreignization approach is still not frequently used in Chinese media although it has already been encouraged in the translation of China English. When it comes to syntax, the sentence structure of China English is used in both Chinese and foreign media. Comparatively, it merely appears among news covering Chinese topics in foreign media; but in Chinese media, it is found in news reporting all kinds of topics.
Susan Bassnett's theory of cultural translation offers forceful insight in this regard to help with further development of China English. According to Susan Bassnett, translation acts as an intercultural communication activity, and equivalence lies in the equal cultural function between source language and target language. Untranslatability, at the same time, explains the emergence of China English in the course of translation. China English is not merely important in language itself, but plays a more significant role in its cultural value. This thesis holds that China English, to a large extent, plays a vital part in protecting and spreading national culture. Translators should take appropriate strategies, such as domestication and foreignization, to express China English at the premise of consulting various China English forms existed in Chinese and foreign news media for the sake of cultural communication. Cultural equivalence could then be realized between the source language and target languages. China English, consequently, would be accepted on a wider scale.
It cannot be ignored that random translation of China English still takes place in news reports of both Chinese and foreign media. A single Chinese character, for example, might have several corresponding expressions in English based on the status of the news reports. A serious standard of using China English should be proposed. Furthermore, the enhancement of formal and descriptive study on syntax is required since little attention has been paid on the syntax level. China English demands improved standards and enhanced ability to color the Chinese cultures so as to gain the upper hand in international communications.
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