安徽省高速公路水土保持监测研究
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摘要
水土流失一直伴随着人类的生产建设活动,时至今日水土流失是我国的头号环境问题。随着人类建设活动范围的扩大和程度的增强,水土流失核心问题已经由传统的农业向开发建设领域转移,因此怎样遏制开发建设活动产生的水土流失,就成了水土保持工作的重要内容之一。开发建设项目水土保持监测是水土保持工作的重要组成部分,是对水土流失的成因、数量、强度、影响范围、危害及其防治效果进行动态监测和评估,是水土流失预防监督和治理工作的基础。
开发建设项目水土流失监测点布局是监测的基础工作,其合理性直接影响水土流失监测结果的科学性和客观性。目前尚无统一的监测点布置规范,监测点布置缺乏理论依据,布置混乱。对于穿越不同地形地貌的高速公路工程而言,水土流失监测点布局更是给监测设计工作带来了不确定性。本文首次以安徽省境内高速公路为研究对象,得出了以下创新和结论:
1.将安徽省划分为淮北平原、江淮丘陵、皖西大别山、沿江平原和皖南山区等五大地貌区,将高速公路分为主体工程区(路基工程区)、临时弃渣场、取土场区、施工营地区、施工道路区等功能单元,最后整个项目区被分为若干个水土流失影响因子相近的各监测分区。本文首次提出以各监测分区土壤侵蚀预测量的权重分配水土流失监测点数;以分层抽样的方法确定主体工程区监测点位。
2.以蚌埠至五河高速公路进行实例分析,将项目区划分为江淮丘陵区、淮北平原区(一级分层)和主体工程区、专项设施改(迁)建区、取土场、临时弃渣场、施工营地、施工道路(二级分层)。以类比工程法预测各监测分区的水土流失量,依据监测分区的预测量的权重分配水土流失监测点数量,结果显示江淮丘陵区的主体工程区、专项设施改(迁)建区、取土场、临时弃渣场、施工营地、施工道路水土流失监测点个数分别为2、0、1、2、1、1;淮北平原区相应的个数分别为8、1、1、5、2、1。经过实地调查、计算和调整,确定江淮丘陵区和淮北平原的主体工程区样本单元的长度分别为2m和3m,采用简单随机抽样的方法确定主体工程区水土流失监测点位。
Soil erosion has been with the production and construction activities of the human. Soil erosion has become the top environmental problems in China. With the expansion of the construction of human activity, the main issue of soil erosion has transferred from traditional areas of agriculture to the areas of development and construction.So it becomes an important part of soil and water conservation to curb soil erosion from development and construction activities. Soil and water conservation monitoring in exploitation and construction's project is a monitor for causes, amount, intensity, affected areas, damage of water and soil loss caused by production and construction activities. Soil and water conservation monitoring in development and construction projects is the basis of acceptance for water and soil conservation project; it is an important part for water and soil conservation work; it is the foundation of supervision and management for soil and water loss.
The monitor layout of water and soil loss is basic work in exploitation and construction's project. Its rationality decides directly scientific and objective in soil and water conservation monitoring. At present, there is no unified norm for monitor layout of water and soil loss and it lacks of theoretical basis. For expressway construction project through different terrain, the monitor layout of water and soil loss causes uncertainty in the work of design.
This study firstly used the way of stratified sampling in expressway in Anhui province. It divide Anhui province into Huaibei Plain、Jianghuai hilly、West Anhui Dabieishan、plain along the Yangtze River region、South Anhui Mountainous and it also divide expressway into Subject area、Temporary abandon slag、large dump、Construction camps、temporary path. Soil erosion prediction for different function units decides distribution of monitoring stations. erosion modulus for Subject area soil decides the length of roadbed samples. Finally monitoring sites are layout in Subject area by random sampling methods.
Take the Bengwu expressway for example , construction area is divided into Jianghuai hilly、Huaibei Plain and Subject area、Special Facilities reconstruct、large dump、temporary house、temporary path. Soil erosion prediction for different function units decide distribution of monitoring stations。The results showed that the number of monitoring sites is 2、0、1、2、1、1 in Subject area、Special Facilities reconstruct、large dump、temporary house and Construction camps、temporary path in Jianghuai hilly and it is 8、1、1、5、2、1 in Huaibei Plain. Through the course of on-the-spot investigation, the calculation and adjustment, the length of roadbed samples is 2 in Jianghuai hilly and 3 in Huaibei Plain.
开发建设项目水土流失监测点布局是监测的基础工作,其合理性直接影响水土流失监测结果的科学性和客观性。目前尚无统一的监测点布置规范,监测点布置缺乏理论依据,布置混乱。对于穿越不同地形地貌的高速公路工程而言,水土流失监测点布局更是给监测设计工作带来了不确定性。本文首次以安徽省境内高速公路为研究对象,得出了以下创新和结论:
1.将安徽省划分为淮北平原、江淮丘陵、皖西大别山、沿江平原和皖南山区等五大地貌区,将高速公路分为主体工程区(路基工程区)、临时弃渣场、取土场区、施工营地区、施工道路区等功能单元,最后整个项目区被分为若干个水土流失影响因子相近的各监测分区。本文首次提出以各监测分区土壤侵蚀预测量的权重分配水土流失监测点数;以分层抽样的方法确定主体工程区监测点位。
2.以蚌埠至五河高速公路进行实例分析,将项目区划分为江淮丘陵区、淮北平原区(一级分层)和主体工程区、专项设施改(迁)建区、取土场、临时弃渣场、施工营地、施工道路(二级分层)。以类比工程法预测各监测分区的水土流失量,依据监测分区的预测量的权重分配水土流失监测点数量,结果显示江淮丘陵区的主体工程区、专项设施改(迁)建区、取土场、临时弃渣场、施工营地、施工道路水土流失监测点个数分别为2、0、1、2、1、1;淮北平原区相应的个数分别为8、1、1、5、2、1。经过实地调查、计算和调整,确定江淮丘陵区和淮北平原的主体工程区样本单元的长度分别为2m和3m,采用简单随机抽样的方法确定主体工程区水土流失监测点位。
Soil erosion has been with the production and construction activities of the human. Soil erosion has become the top environmental problems in China. With the expansion of the construction of human activity, the main issue of soil erosion has transferred from traditional areas of agriculture to the areas of development and construction.So it becomes an important part of soil and water conservation to curb soil erosion from development and construction activities. Soil and water conservation monitoring in exploitation and construction's project is a monitor for causes, amount, intensity, affected areas, damage of water and soil loss caused by production and construction activities. Soil and water conservation monitoring in development and construction projects is the basis of acceptance for water and soil conservation project; it is an important part for water and soil conservation work; it is the foundation of supervision and management for soil and water loss.
The monitor layout of water and soil loss is basic work in exploitation and construction's project. Its rationality decides directly scientific and objective in soil and water conservation monitoring. At present, there is no unified norm for monitor layout of water and soil loss and it lacks of theoretical basis. For expressway construction project through different terrain, the monitor layout of water and soil loss causes uncertainty in the work of design.
This study firstly used the way of stratified sampling in expressway in Anhui province. It divide Anhui province into Huaibei Plain、Jianghuai hilly、West Anhui Dabieishan、plain along the Yangtze River region、South Anhui Mountainous and it also divide expressway into Subject area、Temporary abandon slag、large dump、Construction camps、temporary path. Soil erosion prediction for different function units decides distribution of monitoring stations. erosion modulus for Subject area soil decides the length of roadbed samples. Finally monitoring sites are layout in Subject area by random sampling methods.
Take the Bengwu expressway for example , construction area is divided into Jianghuai hilly、Huaibei Plain and Subject area、Special Facilities reconstruct、large dump、temporary house、temporary path. Soil erosion prediction for different function units decide distribution of monitoring stations。The results showed that the number of monitoring sites is 2、0、1、2、1、1 in Subject area、Special Facilities reconstruct、large dump、temporary house and Construction camps、temporary path in Jianghuai hilly and it is 8、1、1、5、2、1 in Huaibei Plain. Through the course of on-the-spot investigation, the calculation and adjustment, the length of roadbed samples is 2 in Jianghuai hilly and 3 in Huaibei Plain.
引文
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[2]陈芳,朱高洪,毛志锋.我国水土流失的经济损失评估[J].中国水土保持,2008(12):11-13.
[3]张鹏.我国水土流失的主要来源、危害及防治对策[J].山西水利2007(4):39-41.
[4]方守恩.高速公路.北京:人民交通出版社[J],2002,1-2
[5]肖飞.高原山区公路建设过程中的水土流失特点及其防治研究[J].中国农学通报,2008,24(11):444-447.
[6]陈宗伟,江玉林等.高速公路施工期水土流失影响因素及其防治措施[J].水土保持研究,2006,13(5):120-123
[7]牛兰兰,丁国栋,赵方莹.公路建设项目水土流失及其防治措施初探[J].中国水土保持科学,2007,5(1):114-118.
[8]房丹,张绪进.公路工程水土流失与防治思路[J].重庆交通学院学报,2006,25(1):84-86.
[9]李智广.艰辛的历程光辉的事业.中国水利报(国际水土保持大会专号),2002-05-25(7).
[10]许峰,郭索彦,蔡建勤.水土保持监测历程、研究进展与前景[A].全国第一次水土保持保持监.
[11]李智广,张光辉,刘秉正等.水土流失测验与调查[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2005.
[12]郭京彦,李智广.我国水土保持监测的发展历程与成就[J].中国水土保持科学,2009,7(5):19-24.
[13]喻权刚,马安利,赵帮元.“3S”技术在黄土高原水土保持动态监测中的研究与实践[J].水土保持研究,2004,11(2):33-35
[14]李锐,徐传早.美国水土流失预测预报与动态监测[J].水土保持研究,1998,5(2):119-123.
[15]Lei,TW;Zhang,Q;Zhao,J,et al.A laboratory study of sediment transport capacity in the dynamic process of rill erosion[J]. Transactions of the asae.2001,44(6):1537-1542.
[16]Truman C C,Bradford J M.Effect of antecedent soil moisture on splash detachment under simulated rainfall[J].Soil Sci.1990,150:787-798.
[17] Musgrave G.W.The quantitative evaluation of factors in water erosion[J].Soil and water conservation.1947,2(3):33-138.
[18]Elliot WJ,Laflen J M. A process-based rill erosion model[J].Trans of the ASAE.1993,36(l):65-72.
[19]邵颂东,王礼先,周金星.国外土壤侵蚀研究的新进展[J].水土保持科技情报,2000,(l):32-36.
[20]Knaus R M.Accretion and canal impacts in a rapidly subsiding wetland:a new soil horizon maker method for measuring recent accretion[J]. Estuaries. 1989,12(4):269-283.
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