红松种子园优质高产经营技术研究
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摘要
红松是中国东北林区重要的针叶用材树种,种子产量低而且不稳定是红松种子园普遍存在的问题。了解掌握红松种子园无性系母树的生长发育特性,采用适宜的经营技术提高种子产量和质量是种子园发展急需解决的问题。
露水河红松种子园的无性系母树树高生长5月上旬开始,在5月5日至6月5日期间,高生长量与≥10℃积温呈现正相关关系,相关系数为0.987;在6月6日至6月20日期间,高生长量与≥10℃积温呈现负相关关系,相关系数为-0.992。无性系母树的雌球花主要分布于树冠顶部;雄球花分布遍及整个树冠,但是,不同无性系有差异,可划分为上部型、中部型、下部型和均匀分布型。无性系母树的雌雄球花着花数量差异极显著,雌球花的重复力是35.78%,雄球花的重复力是47.31%,环境条件对红松无性系植株开花结实影响较大。从花芽出现到开花结束各阶段的物候期所需≥10℃积温数量较为稳定,变异系数最大的是2.08%、最小的是1.19%。2002年至2004年,无性系母树间异交同步指数平均为61.24%、61.81%和55.99%。赤霉素GA3、GA4、GA7及其组合GA4/7、GA4/7+GA3适宜的施用剂量能够诱导红松无性系母树雌球花或雄球花数量增加,以赤霉素GA4/7+GA3的50mg和65mg施用剂量促进雌球花与雄球花的效果最显著。
树冠修剪和切根修剪都可以促进红松无性系母树雌雄球花数量增加。剪去第一层轮枝和顶梢是促进母树雌雄球花数量增加的最佳树冠修剪处理;切除整个环状沟内根的强度是促进母树雌雄球花数量增加的最佳切根处理。
施肥能促进红松无性系母树开雌雄球花植株数量与雌雄球花数量,增加球果坐果数量和种子重量。对雌球花增产最多的是N1P1K2,每kg肥料增产雌球花10.83个;对雄球花增产最多的是N0P1K1,每kg肥料增产雄球花12420个;对球果坐果最多的是N1P1K2,每kg肥料增产球果12.5个;对种子增重最大的是N0P1K1,每kg肥料单粒种子增重0.059843g。经综合分析,最佳配方为N1P1K2。
根据种子园无性系子代测定结果,选择子代平均材积大于对照林木材积50%的无性系;再根据子代测定林的材积相对指数和无性系结实数量相对指数对这些无性系进行综合评选;最后根据AFLP分子标记的遗传距离分析,将入选的无性系分成15个类,在重建种子园中,以无性系类为单位,应用BIB设计方案对无性系进行配置。这种设计可以将无性系或家系随机混合,并且使不同无性系或家系的各性状相互比较的可能性达到最大。
Korean pine is one of the most important industrial timber species in northeast China.The low and unstable seed production is common questions in seed orchard of Korean pine. The major objectives of this study were to understand the growth and development rules of seed tree, provide optimum management techniques and improve genetic qualities and yields of seed orchard of Korean pine.
The height growth of seed trees in clonal Korean pine seed orchard in Lushuihe began in early May. Between 5 May and 5 June, height growth and accumulated temperatures(T≥10℃) showed moderately significant positive correlation. Correlation coefficient was 0.987.Then it showed a negative correlation between them during 6, June to 20 June.The correlation coefficient was -0.992. The female cones of clonal seed trees were mainly distributed the top of the crowns.And male cones spreaded whole crowns, but the distribution among the clones had differences and can be divided into four types, upper type, middle type, lower type and well-distribution type. The quantity of male and female cones of clonal mother trees reached to a significant level. The repeatability of female cones were 35.78%, and that of male cones were 47.31%, Environmental conditions had great effects for flowering and seeding of Korean pine. From bud appearing to blossom ending, accumulated temperature(T≥10℃) required different phonological period was steady. Maximum variation coefficient was 2.08%, and the lowest was 1.19%. The means of outcrossing synchronous index were 61.24%, 61.81% and 55.99% from 2004 to 2002. Gibberellin GA3, GA4, GA7 along with compounding GA4/7, GA4/7+GA3 could increase the quantity of male and female cones, with fit dosage. Promoting effect of 65mg and 50mg of GA4/7+GA3 was the most.
The prune of crown and root can increase quantity of male and female cones of Korean pine clonal mother tree. Cutting the first layer of branch and tip was the optimal mode of
露水河红松种子园的无性系母树树高生长5月上旬开始,在5月5日至6月5日期间,高生长量与≥10℃积温呈现正相关关系,相关系数为0.987;在6月6日至6月20日期间,高生长量与≥10℃积温呈现负相关关系,相关系数为-0.992。无性系母树的雌球花主要分布于树冠顶部;雄球花分布遍及整个树冠,但是,不同无性系有差异,可划分为上部型、中部型、下部型和均匀分布型。无性系母树的雌雄球花着花数量差异极显著,雌球花的重复力是35.78%,雄球花的重复力是47.31%,环境条件对红松无性系植株开花结实影响较大。从花芽出现到开花结束各阶段的物候期所需≥10℃积温数量较为稳定,变异系数最大的是2.08%、最小的是1.19%。2002年至2004年,无性系母树间异交同步指数平均为61.24%、61.81%和55.99%。赤霉素GA3、GA4、GA7及其组合GA4/7、GA4/7+GA3适宜的施用剂量能够诱导红松无性系母树雌球花或雄球花数量增加,以赤霉素GA4/7+GA3的50mg和65mg施用剂量促进雌球花与雄球花的效果最显著。
树冠修剪和切根修剪都可以促进红松无性系母树雌雄球花数量增加。剪去第一层轮枝和顶梢是促进母树雌雄球花数量增加的最佳树冠修剪处理;切除整个环状沟内根的强度是促进母树雌雄球花数量增加的最佳切根处理。
施肥能促进红松无性系母树开雌雄球花植株数量与雌雄球花数量,增加球果坐果数量和种子重量。对雌球花增产最多的是N1P1K2,每kg肥料增产雌球花10.83个;对雄球花增产最多的是N0P1K1,每kg肥料增产雄球花12420个;对球果坐果最多的是N1P1K2,每kg肥料增产球果12.5个;对种子增重最大的是N0P1K1,每kg肥料单粒种子增重0.059843g。经综合分析,最佳配方为N1P1K2。
根据种子园无性系子代测定结果,选择子代平均材积大于对照林木材积50%的无性系;再根据子代测定林的材积相对指数和无性系结实数量相对指数对这些无性系进行综合评选;最后根据AFLP分子标记的遗传距离分析,将入选的无性系分成15个类,在重建种子园中,以无性系类为单位,应用BIB设计方案对无性系进行配置。这种设计可以将无性系或家系随机混合,并且使不同无性系或家系的各性状相互比较的可能性达到最大。
Korean pine is one of the most important industrial timber species in northeast China.The low and unstable seed production is common questions in seed orchard of Korean pine. The major objectives of this study were to understand the growth and development rules of seed tree, provide optimum management techniques and improve genetic qualities and yields of seed orchard of Korean pine.
The height growth of seed trees in clonal Korean pine seed orchard in Lushuihe began in early May. Between 5 May and 5 June, height growth and accumulated temperatures(T≥10℃) showed moderately significant positive correlation. Correlation coefficient was 0.987.Then it showed a negative correlation between them during 6, June to 20 June.The correlation coefficient was -0.992. The female cones of clonal seed trees were mainly distributed the top of the crowns.And male cones spreaded whole crowns, but the distribution among the clones had differences and can be divided into four types, upper type, middle type, lower type and well-distribution type. The quantity of male and female cones of clonal mother trees reached to a significant level. The repeatability of female cones were 35.78%, and that of male cones were 47.31%, Environmental conditions had great effects for flowering and seeding of Korean pine. From bud appearing to blossom ending, accumulated temperature(T≥10℃) required different phonological period was steady. Maximum variation coefficient was 2.08%, and the lowest was 1.19%. The means of outcrossing synchronous index were 61.24%, 61.81% and 55.99% from 2004 to 2002. Gibberellin GA3, GA4, GA7 along with compounding GA4/7, GA4/7+GA3 could increase the quantity of male and female cones, with fit dosage. Promoting effect of 65mg and 50mg of GA4/7+GA3 was the most.
The prune of crown and root can increase quantity of male and female cones of Korean pine clonal mother tree. Cutting the first layer of branch and tip was the optimal mode of
引文
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