女性身体服务的意愿异化
摘要
不少娱乐场所被类属于“灰色”行业是因为其中经营的项目中,合法与不合法并存。合法娱乐项目,有诸如酒水、点歌、餐饮等。不合法的比如毒品、赌博以及性服务。对于从事性服务的工作者,社会大众多半的看法抱有承袭多年主流价值色彩的评断。学术界对其亦不乏多角度的研究,出发点大致分为个人、社会环境因素,即微观和宏观两方面。人们普遍认为女孩们对于从事这份工作,若不是外部压力强迫,便是主观选择。而事实观察却并非如此。相当一部分女孩在入行之初,组织,也就是所在的会所并未施加任何强迫,但却对女孩的职业意愿起到了重要的、却难以察觉的引导作用。众多女孩即使在入行前期对这个职业有着心理上显著的排斥,但往往又会在一种无意识的状态下完成职业意愿转化,最终接受、认可并胜任这份工作。
因此,本文把夜场(夜间营业的商业娱乐场所)中的组织运行机制及其中从事性服务及“类性”(near sex)勺身体服务的女性工作者作为研究对象群体,而针对Y女孩1作深度的个案研究。旨在剥开长久以来附着于该群体特殊的价值色彩,从中立角度研究其中组织文化对个体的渗透、控制、自我重构的异化机制,并希望以此对一部分性服务者的从业原因有不同于以往的、新视角的解释。
研究过程中以田野观察法为主要研究方法,结合半结构访谈法和文献研究法。由于研究主要基于典型个案,因此介入了一些比较研究方法。期观察重点在那些通过各种广告宣传渠道(而非同行业熟人内推2)得知会所招聘信息,并期望应聘会所服务生而并未有身体服务意愿的女孩们。前期田野工作持续三个月,基本无间断。观察过程中发现,会所中相当一部分女孩,进来前对招聘信息中不曾提及的职位需求——“身体服务”并无认知,具有明显盲目性。但随着时间发展,她们经历过迷惑,以及轻度的排斥或抗拒后,最终大多数能够对职位适应良好,并逐步满足各方面业务要求,也很少因此出现职位角色中断。。这些女孩们对职位的认识是一个渐进的过程,对职位的适应和对职位要求的满足也不断深化的。
由于夜场的行业特性和经营需要,需要聘用大量女孩来满足客户的身体娱乐的服务需求。这就促使夜场内部生长出一套对于女孩们的异化机制。这套机制深深“嵌入”会所内部,甚至普遍存在于娱乐行业长久以来形成的“行为风格”中,高效度却难以被当事人察觉。
在对褚的个案研究中发现,会所的新人面试、堂会、姐妹间的帮辅和组织对女孩们的保护,是促使其适应职位、融入夜场工作环境的重要因素。主要研究成果是：
1、经过田野观察,褚在入行之初,被要求提供“适度”身体服务的过程中具有明显的“盲目性”,并非单纯自愿或被迫,而是一种类似“无意识”的状态。进而发现会所的组织行为,及娱乐服务行业普遍存在着的“行业风格”中,嵌入的一种异化机制,促进女孩被潜移默化的转化。
2、根据文化人类学、社会学和心理学中有关理论知识,结合田野观察所得,建立了会所促成女孩们完成职位适应的异化机制的模型,提取出该模型包含了职位机会升值、男性权利对女性的征服、女性主体意识的丧失、认同建立及认同偷换、个人主体意识弱化五个要素,并分析这些要素发挥作用的方式。
研究田野以J会所为主,以褚为主要个案,同时参照比较会所内大量从事身体服务及性服务员工的具体情况,认为研究结果在行业内具有一定代表性,且较能反映实际情况。
Quite a few places of amusement are classified as the "gray" industry, for these places run both legal and illegal businesses. Legal amusement businesses include drinks, song request, catering and so on, while illegal ones include drugs, gambling and sexual service. The majority of the public regard people engaged in the sexual service in the way that the mainstream has judged them for many years. The academic community boasts a great many multi-dimensional researches on it, the starting point of which can be generally divided into individual and social environment factors----micro and macro aspects. People are under the impression that women take up this career due to either external pressure and force or their subjective choice. However, it is not the truth through observation. A certain number of women are not forced at all by the organization or the club, but they are tremendously and imperceptibly guided by the club in their professional desires. It is an unconscious conversion process.
Therefore, this paper studies the organizational ecology and women engaged in sexual service in commercial places of amusement (night clubs), aiming at removing the special value that has been covered on this group of people, neutrally exploring the penetrating, controlling and self-reconstruction mechanism that the organizational culture has exerted on individuals, and hoping to explain the occupation-taking reasons of part of women engaged in sexual service in a different and new perspective.
The paper applies the field observation method as the main research method, combining with the semi-structural interviewing method and the document study method. The observation in the later stage is focused on women who obtain clubs' recruitment information through various advertisements (acquaintances in the same industry will recommend employees) and expect to be employed as waitresses without the will to provide sexual service. The field work in the early period lasts three months without suspension. The observation finds that a certain number of women in clubs are aimless and have little idea of the "sexual service" that has not mentioned in the recruitment information before they work in clubs. After a period, most of them can adapt to the post well and gradually satisfy various requirements of the post.
The study believes that these women comprehend the post in a slow and progressive way, and that they adapt to and satisfy the requirements of the post in a gradually deepened way. Due to the special characteristic and business requirements of this industry, night clubs need to employ a large number of women to meet the need of customers who want to enjoy the sexual amusement. As a result, these clubs develop a set of conversion mechanism for young women. This set mechanism, effective but imperceptible, is "inserted into" the club deeply and even exist in the "behavior style" that has taken shape for a long time in the amusement industry. Consequently, besides young women who have had experience in night clubs and realize the core of the post, the ones who are aimless about professional desires and even who reject this post will have a profound understanding of this post with the invisible pushing hand of this set of mechanism. Only a few women will feel reluctant or inadaptive to the post, thus the post vacancy will hardly occur.
In this process, the club will held new staff interviews and daily meetings, encourage women to help each other, and protect them. It is an important factor for young women to adapt to the post and be a part of the working environment in night clubs.
因此,本文把夜场(夜间营业的商业娱乐场所)中的组织运行机制及其中从事性服务及“类性”(near sex)勺身体服务的女性工作者作为研究对象群体,而针对Y女孩1作深度的个案研究。旨在剥开长久以来附着于该群体特殊的价值色彩,从中立角度研究其中组织文化对个体的渗透、控制、自我重构的异化机制,并希望以此对一部分性服务者的从业原因有不同于以往的、新视角的解释。
研究过程中以田野观察法为主要研究方法,结合半结构访谈法和文献研究法。由于研究主要基于典型个案,因此介入了一些比较研究方法。期观察重点在那些通过各种广告宣传渠道(而非同行业熟人内推2)得知会所招聘信息,并期望应聘会所服务生而并未有身体服务意愿的女孩们。前期田野工作持续三个月,基本无间断。观察过程中发现,会所中相当一部分女孩,进来前对招聘信息中不曾提及的职位需求——“身体服务”并无认知,具有明显盲目性。但随着时间发展,她们经历过迷惑,以及轻度的排斥或抗拒后,最终大多数能够对职位适应良好,并逐步满足各方面业务要求,也很少因此出现职位角色中断。。这些女孩们对职位的认识是一个渐进的过程,对职位的适应和对职位要求的满足也不断深化的。
由于夜场的行业特性和经营需要,需要聘用大量女孩来满足客户的身体娱乐的服务需求。这就促使夜场内部生长出一套对于女孩们的异化机制。这套机制深深“嵌入”会所内部,甚至普遍存在于娱乐行业长久以来形成的“行为风格”中,高效度却难以被当事人察觉。
在对褚的个案研究中发现,会所的新人面试、堂会、姐妹间的帮辅和组织对女孩们的保护,是促使其适应职位、融入夜场工作环境的重要因素。主要研究成果是：
1、经过田野观察,褚在入行之初,被要求提供“适度”身体服务的过程中具有明显的“盲目性”,并非单纯自愿或被迫,而是一种类似“无意识”的状态。进而发现会所的组织行为,及娱乐服务行业普遍存在着的“行业风格”中,嵌入的一种异化机制,促进女孩被潜移默化的转化。
2、根据文化人类学、社会学和心理学中有关理论知识,结合田野观察所得,建立了会所促成女孩们完成职位适应的异化机制的模型,提取出该模型包含了职位机会升值、男性权利对女性的征服、女性主体意识的丧失、认同建立及认同偷换、个人主体意识弱化五个要素,并分析这些要素发挥作用的方式。
研究田野以J会所为主,以褚为主要个案,同时参照比较会所内大量从事身体服务及性服务员工的具体情况,认为研究结果在行业内具有一定代表性,且较能反映实际情况。
Quite a few places of amusement are classified as the "gray" industry, for these places run both legal and illegal businesses. Legal amusement businesses include drinks, song request, catering and so on, while illegal ones include drugs, gambling and sexual service. The majority of the public regard people engaged in the sexual service in the way that the mainstream has judged them for many years. The academic community boasts a great many multi-dimensional researches on it, the starting point of which can be generally divided into individual and social environment factors----micro and macro aspects. People are under the impression that women take up this career due to either external pressure and force or their subjective choice. However, it is not the truth through observation. A certain number of women are not forced at all by the organization or the club, but they are tremendously and imperceptibly guided by the club in their professional desires. It is an unconscious conversion process.
Therefore, this paper studies the organizational ecology and women engaged in sexual service in commercial places of amusement (night clubs), aiming at removing the special value that has been covered on this group of people, neutrally exploring the penetrating, controlling and self-reconstruction mechanism that the organizational culture has exerted on individuals, and hoping to explain the occupation-taking reasons of part of women engaged in sexual service in a different and new perspective.
The paper applies the field observation method as the main research method, combining with the semi-structural interviewing method and the document study method. The observation in the later stage is focused on women who obtain clubs' recruitment information through various advertisements (acquaintances in the same industry will recommend employees) and expect to be employed as waitresses without the will to provide sexual service. The field work in the early period lasts three months without suspension. The observation finds that a certain number of women in clubs are aimless and have little idea of the "sexual service" that has not mentioned in the recruitment information before they work in clubs. After a period, most of them can adapt to the post well and gradually satisfy various requirements of the post.
The study believes that these women comprehend the post in a slow and progressive way, and that they adapt to and satisfy the requirements of the post in a gradually deepened way. Due to the special characteristic and business requirements of this industry, night clubs need to employ a large number of women to meet the need of customers who want to enjoy the sexual amusement. As a result, these clubs develop a set of conversion mechanism for young women. This set mechanism, effective but imperceptible, is "inserted into" the club deeply and even exist in the "behavior style" that has taken shape for a long time in the amusement industry. Consequently, besides young women who have had experience in night clubs and realize the core of the post, the ones who are aimless about professional desires and even who reject this post will have a profound understanding of this post with the invisible pushing hand of this set of mechanism. Only a few women will feel reluctant or inadaptive to the post, thus the post vacancy will hardly occur.
In this process, the club will held new staff interviews and daily meetings, encourage women to help each other, and protect them. It is an important factor for young women to adapt to the post and be a part of the working environment in night clubs.
引文
3 恩格斯,《家庭、私有制和国家起源》[M1,北京：人民出版社,2003-5-1.
4 刘达临,《世界性史图鉴》[M],郑州：郑州大学出版社,2005-p195-196.
5 李银河,《女性主义》[M1,山东人民出版社,2005年第一版
6 Power, Nicholas/Sober, Alan 《Philosophy of Sex》.[M]. Rowman & Littlefield Pub Inc,2007.
7 《回声-—中国艾滋病防治及其社会态度》(公共卫生教育专题),与美国北卡罗来纳大学合作拍摄、培训项目,2003-2005年。)
8 《女性性工作者性病艾滋病防治综合干预实践》(公共卫生教育专题),中英性病艾滋病防治合作项目,2004-2005年。)
34 西蒙娜·德·波伏娃.第二性m].陶铁柱译.北京：中国书籍出版社,2004.
35 冯天瑜主编.中华文化辞典[M]武昌：武汉大学出版社.2001.第20页.
36 郑晓云.文化认同[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社；第1版.1992
1.林文源：(TO BE OR NOT TO BE?長期洗臀病患的生活、身體經驗》,国立清华大学,1998年。
2.潘绥铭：《存在与荒谬：中国地下“性产业”考察》,群言出版社,1999年版。
3.潘绥铭：《生存与体验：对一个地下“红灯区”的追踪考察》,中国社会科学出版社,2000年版。
4.李小江： 《解读女人》[M].南京：江苏人民出版社,1999。
5.西蒙娜·德·波伏娃：《第二性》M.陶铁柱译.北京：中国书籍出版社,2004。
6.潘绥铭： 《近百年来关于娼妓的研究》,湖南科技学院学报2005年3月第26卷第3期。
7.包亚明：《权力的眼睛——福柯访谈录》[c].严锋译.上海：上海人民出版社,1997。
8.福柯： 《疯癫与文明》[M].刘北成,杨远婴译.北京：三联书店.2004。
9.福柯：《规训与惩罚》[M].刘北成,杨远婴译.北京：三联书店,2004。
10周和军： 《空间与权力——福柯空间观解析》,江西社会科学,2004.4。
11.步德胜：《当代女大学生中卖淫现象的分析与对策》,载《中国性科学》2007年第3期。
12.崔明：《把行为干预和性病诊疗服务有机结合起来降低危害——昆明市对女性性工作者(CSW)的综合干预》,载《卫生软科学》2006年第1期。
13.董光,童明德,向能强,江晓英,肖峰：《社会因素对女性性工作者行为的影响分析》,载《中国性科学》2005年第4期。
14.陈肇国：《论卖淫的成因》,载《青少年犯罪问题》1994年第6期。
15.李良玉：《当前妓女问题研究》,载《南京大学学报》1998年第2期。
16.张百庆：《中国城市早期现代化过程中的娼妓问题》,载《史学月刊》1999年第1期。
17.王金玲：《商业性性服务／消费者：一种新的命名》,载《浙江学刊》2004年第4期。
18.邓伟军,卢和琨,黄澍杰,谭雪玲,许玉兰：《江门市城区暗娼焦虑状况及其 相关因素研究》,载《华南预防医学》2009年第3期。
19.马月：《女性的异化与解放——解读波伏娃<第二性>中的“他者”女人》,中国商界,2011年6月,第六期。
20.刘达临：《世界性史图鉴》[M],郑州,郑州大学出版社,2005。
4 刘达临,《世界性史图鉴》[M],郑州：郑州大学出版社,2005-p195-196.
5 李银河,《女性主义》[M1,山东人民出版社,2005年第一版
6 Power, Nicholas/Sober, Alan 《Philosophy of Sex》.[M]. Rowman & Littlefield Pub Inc,2007.
7 《回声-—中国艾滋病防治及其社会态度》(公共卫生教育专题),与美国北卡罗来纳大学合作拍摄、培训项目,2003-2005年。)
8 《女性性工作者性病艾滋病防治综合干预实践》(公共卫生教育专题),中英性病艾滋病防治合作项目,2004-2005年。)
34 西蒙娜·德·波伏娃.第二性m].陶铁柱译.北京：中国书籍出版社,2004.
35 冯天瑜主编.中华文化辞典[M]武昌：武汉大学出版社.2001.第20页.
36 郑晓云.文化认同[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社；第1版.1992
1.林文源：(TO BE OR NOT TO BE?長期洗臀病患的生活、身體經驗》,国立清华大学,1998年。
2.潘绥铭：《存在与荒谬：中国地下“性产业”考察》,群言出版社,1999年版。
3.潘绥铭：《生存与体验：对一个地下“红灯区”的追踪考察》,中国社会科学出版社,2000年版。
4.李小江： 《解读女人》[M].南京：江苏人民出版社,1999。
5.西蒙娜·德·波伏娃：《第二性》M.陶铁柱译.北京：中国书籍出版社,2004。
6.潘绥铭： 《近百年来关于娼妓的研究》,湖南科技学院学报2005年3月第26卷第3期。
7.包亚明：《权力的眼睛——福柯访谈录》[c].严锋译.上海：上海人民出版社,1997。
8.福柯： 《疯癫与文明》[M].刘北成,杨远婴译.北京：三联书店.2004。
9.福柯：《规训与惩罚》[M].刘北成,杨远婴译.北京：三联书店,2004。
10周和军： 《空间与权力——福柯空间观解析》,江西社会科学,2004.4。
11.步德胜：《当代女大学生中卖淫现象的分析与对策》,载《中国性科学》2007年第3期。
12.崔明：《把行为干预和性病诊疗服务有机结合起来降低危害——昆明市对女性性工作者(CSW)的综合干预》,载《卫生软科学》2006年第1期。
13.董光,童明德,向能强,江晓英,肖峰：《社会因素对女性性工作者行为的影响分析》,载《中国性科学》2005年第4期。
14.陈肇国：《论卖淫的成因》,载《青少年犯罪问题》1994年第6期。
15.李良玉：《当前妓女问题研究》,载《南京大学学报》1998年第2期。
16.张百庆：《中国城市早期现代化过程中的娼妓问题》,载《史学月刊》1999年第1期。
17.王金玲：《商业性性服务／消费者：一种新的命名》,载《浙江学刊》2004年第4期。
18.邓伟军,卢和琨,黄澍杰,谭雪玲,许玉兰：《江门市城区暗娼焦虑状况及其 相关因素研究》,载《华南预防医学》2009年第3期。
19.马月：《女性的异化与解放——解读波伏娃<第二性>中的“他者”女人》,中国商界,2011年6月,第六期。
20.刘达临：《世界性史图鉴》[M],郑州,郑州大学出版社,2005。