救灾保障系统设计研究
|
摘要
自然灾害，人类难于有效根治。灾害产生的破坏力对人类活动影响很大。因此，灾害发生后，开展有效的救灾行动是极为重要的。为保证对各类救灾活动进行有效的组织，必须建立救灾保障系统。目前国内外对这一领域的研究已取得了一定进展，但大部分都只是针对某一方面进行的探讨，并没有形成较为完整的研究体系。本论文在有效整合目前国内外研究成果的基础上，提出了较为系统化的救灾保障系统设计理论和方法。
论文对救灾保障系统进行了系统分析，对救灾保障系统设计的体系进行了研究，提出了救灾保障系统设计的主要内容、指导原则以及逻辑程序等。论文探讨了救灾保障系统设计的理论基础，对救灾保障系统结构设计问题进行了研究，分析了救灾保障系统运行设计问题。论文进行了实证研究，解决了救灾保障系统设计中主要问题，保证了设计过程与结果的科学性和适用性。
论文在以下方面有较为明显的创新：
①提出系统化的救灾保障系统设计体系。通过对救灾保障系统设计的内容、原则、逻辑程序等方面研究，提出了比较系统化、规范化的设计体系。②提出有效整合现有组织化理论的方法。论文提出了按“以结构为主和以过程为主”的划分来分析现有组织化理论的方法，其中对以结构为主的设计理论，又按照“是否明确引入系统分析概念”的标准进行了进一步的区分。通过这种分析，不仅给出一个十分清楚的分析这些组织化理论的思路，而且对解决如何综合这些理论，也提供了一个有效的方法。③提出系统化的救灾保障系统设计理论。论文在对目前组织化理论有效分析的基础上，提出了综合可生存性系统模型VSM和规范化管理理论来研究救灾保障系统设计的思想。这不仅为救灾保障系统设计提供了坚实的理论基础，而且为开发相应的具体设计方法也提供了有力指导。④提出规范的救灾保障系统结构和运行设计方法。论文根据救灾保障系统设计的特点和要求，在组织化理论研究的基础上，提出了具体进行救灾保障系统结构和运行设计的规范方法。运用这一方法来研究救灾保障系统设计问题，既可以发现原有方法的不足，又可为今后救灾保障系统设计的实践活动提供具体指导。
这一研究成果，为救灾保障系统设计的实践活动提供方法论上的指导，为今后进行相应领域的研究奠定了理论基础，因此具有重要的理论和实践价值。
Up to now, the human capability of reining kinds of natural disaster, especiallyfatal disaster, is still deficient. The disaster has impacted human action seriously also.In order to effectively organize kinds of disaster response activities, it is necessary toset up corresponding system of disaster response. Building new disaster responsesystem, it has to design system. Although the study of this field has been carried outat home and abroad for many years, and as well made some progress, most of thesestudies are only emphasized on some aspects, and the systematic study frameworkhas not been formed. This dissertation systemizes existing study results, presents therelative systematic theory and approach on disaster response system design underdisaster situation. These studies not only have offered a design methodology to thepractice, but also provide the theoretical basis to the automatic construction ofdisaster response in the future. Therefore, the theme of this dissertation has not onlyimportant theoretical value, but also practical signification.
The dissertation firstly introduces the origin, and then deeply analyzes thedisaster response system, including characteristics, classification, definition, generalsystem constitution forms, and analyzing its environment, components, structure andfunctions as well as operation manners etc. After that raises the design framework ofdisaster response system, mainly consisting of design contents, principles and logicalprocedure etc. Then discusses the theoretical basis of disaster response system design,presents the concrete organizing theory of disaster response system. And then studiesoperation design of disaster response system, consisting of design framework,contents, description approaches of system processes, normalization of making-decision activities. At last, gives an design example of disaster response system onHainan province in China.
The dissertation has made some innovation and development in the followingaspects:
①Systematic Design Framework of Disaster Response System is Presented.Based on the analysis on contents, objectives, principles, logical procedure of disasterresponse system design, presents a relatively systematical design framework.②The Current Organizing Theories are Effectively Integrated. As to the theories of systemstructure, they can be further distinguished by the idea of “if the system concept isexplicitly introduced”. Through these studies, the dissertation not only offers a veryclear analysis process, but also sets up an effective method on how to synthesize theexisting system organizing theories.③Systematic Design Theory of DisasterResponse System is Derived. Based on the analysis of the existing disaster responsesystem design theories, the dissertation suggests the idea of synthesizing VSM andnormalization management theory as the theoretical basis of disaster response systemdesign. Thus it is not only provides firm theoretical basis for this kind system design,but also offers the guideline to develop specific design methods corresponding.④Normalized Design Method of Structure and Operation of Disaster Response System.According to the characteristics and need of disaster response system design, thedissertation presents the normalized design method on structure and operation ofdisaster response system. Applying this method to study disaster response systemdesign, not only some deficiencies can be found in the existing methods, but alsoprovides specific guideline for the practice of disaster response system design in thefuture.
论文对救灾保障系统进行了系统分析，对救灾保障系统设计的体系进行了研究，提出了救灾保障系统设计的主要内容、指导原则以及逻辑程序等。论文探讨了救灾保障系统设计的理论基础，对救灾保障系统结构设计问题进行了研究，分析了救灾保障系统运行设计问题。论文进行了实证研究，解决了救灾保障系统设计中主要问题，保证了设计过程与结果的科学性和适用性。
论文在以下方面有较为明显的创新：
①提出系统化的救灾保障系统设计体系。通过对救灾保障系统设计的内容、原则、逻辑程序等方面研究，提出了比较系统化、规范化的设计体系。②提出有效整合现有组织化理论的方法。论文提出了按“以结构为主和以过程为主”的划分来分析现有组织化理论的方法，其中对以结构为主的设计理论，又按照“是否明确引入系统分析概念”的标准进行了进一步的区分。通过这种分析，不仅给出一个十分清楚的分析这些组织化理论的思路，而且对解决如何综合这些理论，也提供了一个有效的方法。③提出系统化的救灾保障系统设计理论。论文在对目前组织化理论有效分析的基础上，提出了综合可生存性系统模型VSM和规范化管理理论来研究救灾保障系统设计的思想。这不仅为救灾保障系统设计提供了坚实的理论基础，而且为开发相应的具体设计方法也提供了有力指导。④提出规范的救灾保障系统结构和运行设计方法。论文根据救灾保障系统设计的特点和要求，在组织化理论研究的基础上，提出了具体进行救灾保障系统结构和运行设计的规范方法。运用这一方法来研究救灾保障系统设计问题，既可以发现原有方法的不足，又可为今后救灾保障系统设计的实践活动提供具体指导。
这一研究成果，为救灾保障系统设计的实践活动提供方法论上的指导，为今后进行相应领域的研究奠定了理论基础，因此具有重要的理论和实践价值。
Up to now, the human capability of reining kinds of natural disaster, especiallyfatal disaster, is still deficient. The disaster has impacted human action seriously also.In order to effectively organize kinds of disaster response activities, it is necessary toset up corresponding system of disaster response. Building new disaster responsesystem, it has to design system. Although the study of this field has been carried outat home and abroad for many years, and as well made some progress, most of thesestudies are only emphasized on some aspects, and the systematic study frameworkhas not been formed. This dissertation systemizes existing study results, presents therelative systematic theory and approach on disaster response system design underdisaster situation. These studies not only have offered a design methodology to thepractice, but also provide the theoretical basis to the automatic construction ofdisaster response in the future. Therefore, the theme of this dissertation has not onlyimportant theoretical value, but also practical signification.
The dissertation firstly introduces the origin, and then deeply analyzes thedisaster response system, including characteristics, classification, definition, generalsystem constitution forms, and analyzing its environment, components, structure andfunctions as well as operation manners etc. After that raises the design framework ofdisaster response system, mainly consisting of design contents, principles and logicalprocedure etc. Then discusses the theoretical basis of disaster response system design,presents the concrete organizing theory of disaster response system. And then studiesoperation design of disaster response system, consisting of design framework,contents, description approaches of system processes, normalization of making-decision activities. At last, gives an design example of disaster response system onHainan province in China.
The dissertation has made some innovation and development in the followingaspects:
①Systematic Design Framework of Disaster Response System is Presented.Based on the analysis on contents, objectives, principles, logical procedure of disasterresponse system design, presents a relatively systematical design framework.②The Current Organizing Theories are Effectively Integrated. As to the theories of systemstructure, they can be further distinguished by the idea of “if the system concept isexplicitly introduced”. Through these studies, the dissertation not only offers a veryclear analysis process, but also sets up an effective method on how to synthesize theexisting system organizing theories.③Systematic Design Theory of DisasterResponse System is Derived. Based on the analysis of the existing disaster responsesystem design theories, the dissertation suggests the idea of synthesizing VSM andnormalization management theory as the theoretical basis of disaster response systemdesign. Thus it is not only provides firm theoretical basis for this kind system design,but also offers the guideline to develop specific design methods corresponding.④Normalized Design Method of Structure and Operation of Disaster Response System.According to the characteristics and need of disaster response system design, thedissertation presents the normalized design method on structure and operation ofdisaster response system. Applying this method to study disaster response systemdesign, not only some deficiencies can be found in the existing methods, but alsoprovides specific guideline for the practice of disaster response system design in thefuture.
引文
[1] Drabek T. Managing the Emergency Response. Public Administration Review,45,1985:85-92
[2] Levitt A. M. Disaster Planning and Recovery: A Guide for Facility Professionals.New York: Wiley,1997
[3] Kreps G. Organizing for Emergency Management. In Thomas Drabek and GerardHoetmer （eds.） Emergency Management Principles and Practice for localGovernment. Washington, D. C.: ICMA,1991.30-54
[4] Wenger D. Community Response to Disaster: Functional and StructuralAlterations. In E. L. Quarantelli（ed.）Disaster: Theory and Research. BeverlyHills, CA.: Sage,1978.17-47
[5] Wenger D., Quarantelli E. L. Disaster Analysis: Emergency management Officesand Arrangements. Newark, DE: Disaster Research Center, University ofDelaware,1987
[6] Drabek T. Human System Responses to Disaster: An Inventory of SociologicalFindings. N. Y.: Springer Verlag,1986
[7] Mak H Y, Mallard A P. Building Online Crisis Management Support Usingworkflow Systems. Decision Support Systems,1999,25:209-224
[8] Kreps G. Response to Social Crisis and Disaster. Annual Review of Sociology,1984,10:309-330
[9]卢振恒、马宗晋，灾害管理学，长沙：湖南人民出版社，1998
[10] Burnett J J. A Strategic Approach to Managing Crisis. Public Relations Review,1998,24(4):475-488
[11]金磊，城市综合减灾的应急管理模式及方法，北京规划建设，1，1997：58-60
[12]赵黎明、邱佩华，河南省抗灾救灾系统研究，天津：天津人民出版社，1997
[13]杨修竹、钦培坚，大城市防灾救灾组织与指挥体系矩阵模式的初探，人类工效学，1996，2（3）：31-34
[14]沈荣芳、张显东，城市防灾救灾组织机构设置的研究，灾害学，1995，10（1）：1-4
[15]张书庭，中国灾害管理，哈尔滨：哈尔滨出版社，1997
[16] Mitroff I I, Pearson C M. Crisis Management: A Diagnostic Guide forImproving your Organization’s Crisis-Preparedness. San Francisco:Jossey-Bass,1993
[17] Wybo J L, Kowalski K M. Command Centers and Emergency ManagementSupport. Safety Science,1998,30:131-138
[18] Erik Auf Der Heide. Disaster Response: Principles of PreParation andCoordination. St Louis: C V Mosby Co.,1989
[19]（澳）W.尼克.卡特，灾害管理手册，北京：地震出版社，1993
[20] Heath R. Dealing with the Complete Crisis—the Crisis Management ShellStructure. Safety Science,1998,30:139-150
[21] Checkland P. Systems Thinking, System Practice. John Wiley&Sons,1981
[22] Doumeingts G. How to Decentralise Decision through GRAI Model inProduction Management. Computers in Industry.1985,6:501-514
[23] Colquhoun G., Baines R. A State of the Art Review of IDEF0. InternationalJournal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing.1993,6:252-264
[24] Rensburg A., Zwemstra N. Implementing IDEF Techniques as SimulationModelling Specifications. Computers and Industrial Engineering.1995,29:467-471
[25]陈禹六、周之英，IDEF0及IDEF1X复杂系统通用的设计分析方法，北京：电子工业出版社，1991
[26]陈禹六，IDEF建模分析和设计方法，北京：清华大学出版社，1999
[27] Jorysz H. R., Vernadat F. B. CIM-OSA Part1: Total Enterprise Modelling andFunction View. International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing,1990,3(3):144-156
[28] Jorysz, H. R., Vernadat F. B. CIM-OSA Part2: Information View. InternationalJournal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing,1990,3（4）:157-167
[29] Klittich M. CIM-OSA Part3: CIM-OSA Integrating Infrastructure-theOperational Basis for Integrated Manufcturing Systems. International Journal ofComputer Integrated Manufacturing,1990,3（4）:168-180
[30] Kosanke K. CIM-OSA: Its Role in Manufacturing Control. ESPRIT ConsortiumAMICE: Bruxelles, Belgium,1991
[31] Ansoff H. I., Brandenburg R. G. A language for Organization Design.Management Science.1971,17（12）:705-731
[32]刘侃，企业管理原理，北京：经济管理出版社，2000
[33]曾国安，灾害保障学，长沙：湖南人民出版社，1998
[34]许厚德，论灾害“预防文化”，自然灾害学报，1995，4（2）：1-5
[35]杨志，人本管理，北京：石油大学出版社，1999
[36]邹其嘉，唐山地震灾区社会恢复与社会问题研究，北京：地震出版社，1997
[37]陈志田，质量管理基础，北京：中国计量出版社，1997
[38]金贞媛、宋宜华，质量成本构成初探，北京师范大学学报（自科版），1995，31（3）：403-409
[39]邱菀华，项目管理学，北京：科学出版社，2001
[40] Wiener N. Cybernetics, or, Control and Communication in the Animal and theMachine (2d ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,1962
[41] Wiener N. The Human Use of Human Beings: Cybernetics and Society. Boston:Houghton Mifflin,1950
[42] Waldrop M. M. Complexity: The Emerging Science at the Edge of Order andChaos. New York: Simon&Schuster,1992
[43] Lewin R. Complexity: Life on the Edge of Chaos. New York: Macmillan,1992
[44] Kelly L. Out of Control: The New Biology of Machines: The Rise ofNeo-Biological Civilization. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley,1994
[45] Prigogine Ilya, Stengers I. Order Out of Chaos: Man’s New Dialogue withNature. New York: Bantam Books,1984
[46] Nicolis G., Prigogine I. Exploring Complexity: An Introduction. New York: W.H. Freeman&Co.,1989
[47] Peters T. J. Thriving on Chaos: Handbook for a Management Revolution. NewYork: Alfred A. Knopf,1988
[48] David K. B., Gagné T. E. Designing Effective Organizations: Traditional&Transformational Views Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications,1995
[49] Coakley T. P. Command and Control for War and Peace. Washington: NationalDefense University Press,1992
[50] Lind W. S. Maneuver Warfare Handbook. Boulder, CO: Westview Press,1985
[51] Simon H. A. Rationa1choice and the structure of the environment.Psychological Review,1956,63:129-138
[52] Klein G. A. Recognition-Primed Decisions. In William B. Rouse（ed.）.Advances in Man-Machine System Research. Greenwich, CT: Jai Press,1989
[53] Kaempf G. L., Wolf S. Decision Making in the Aegis Combat InformationCenter. Fairborn, OH: KLein Associates,1992
[54] Pascual R., Henderson S. Evidence of Naturalistic Decision Making inCommand and Control. In C. Zsambok and G. Klein（eds.）. NaturalisticDecision Making. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,1998
[55] Foster Gregory D. Contemporary C2Theory and Research: the Failed Quest fora Philosophy of Command. Defense Analysis,1988,4（3）:211-218
[56] Gelernter D. H. Mirror Worlds, or, The Day software Puts the Universe in aShoebox-How It Will Happen and What It will Mean. Newyork: OxfordUniversity Press,1991
[57] Morgan G. Images of Organization. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications,1986
[58] McGregor D. The Human Side of Enterprise. New York: McGraw-Hill,1960
[59] Klein Gary A. Strategies of Decision Making. Military Review, May1989
[60] Peters Thomas J., Waterman, Jr, Robert H. In Search of Excellence. New York:Harper&Row,1982
[61] Mehrabian A. Nonverbal Communication. Chicago: Aldine-Atherton,1972
[62] Hersey P., Blanchard K. H. Management of Organizational Behavior（2d ed.）.Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall,1972
[63] Kahan James P, Worley D. R. Understanding Commanders’ InformationNeeds. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation,1989
[64] Evan William M. Organization Theory: Research and Design. New York:Macmillan Publishing Company,1993:21-110
[65] Hax Arnoldo C. Organizational Design: A Survey and an Approach.Management Soi.1981,29（3）:417-447
[66] Scott W. R. Organizations: Natural and Open Systems. Englewood Cliffs, N. J:Prentice Hall,1991:31-116
[67] Thompson, J. M. Organization in Action. New York: McGraw-Hill,1967:20-100
[68] Harold Koontz, Heinz Weihrich. Management.9Edition. McGraw-Hill,1988
[69] P.德鲁克，管理：任务、职责和实践，北京：中国社会科学出版社，1981
[70] Mintzberg Henry. Structure in Fives: Designing Effective Organizations.Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall,1983
[71]朱国云，组织理论历史与流派，南京：南京大学出版社，1997：185-207
[72] Trist Eric. The Sociotechnical Perspective. In Andrew H. Van der Ven andWilliam F. Joyce（Eds.）. Perspectives on Organization Design and Behavior.New York: John Wiley&Sons,1981:19-87
[73] Pasmore W. A. Designing Effective Organizations: The Sociotechnical SystemsPerspective. New York, N. Y.: Wiley,1988
[74] Pasmore W. A. Creating Strategic Change: Designing the Flexible, High-performing Organization. New York: Wiley,1994
[75] Kast F. E., Rosenzweig J. E. Organization and Management: A Systems andContingency Approach. London: McGraw-Hill,1981
[76]赫伯特A.西蒙，管理行为，北京：北京经济学院出版社，1991
[77] March J. G., Simon H. A. Organizations. New York, NY: Wiley,1958
[78] Cohen M. D., March J. B., Olsen J. P. A Garbage Can Model of OrganizationalChoice. Administrative Science Quarterly,1972（17）:1-15
[79] Burton Richard M., Obel B. Designing Efficient Organizations: Modelling andExperimentation. Amsterdam: North-Holland,1984
[80] Baligh H. H., Burton R. M. Describing and Designing Organization Structuresand Processes. International Journal of Policy Analysis and Information Systems.1981,5（4）:251-266
[81] Burton Richard M, Obel B. Strategic Organizational Diagnosis and Design:Developing Theory for Application.Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers,1995
[82] Galbraith J. R. Organization Design. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company,1977
[83] Galbraith J. R. Strategy Implementation: The Role of Structure and Process.West Pub. Co.,1978
[84] Galbraith J. R. Organizational Design: An Information Processing View.Interfaces.1974,4（3）:28-36
[85] Simms B. W., Petersen E. R. An Information Processing Model of PoliceOrganization. Management Sci.1991,37（2）:216-232
[86] Tushman M., Nadler D. A. An Information Processing Approach toOrganizational Design. Acad. Management Rev.1978,3：613-625
[87] Cohen G. P. The Virtual Design Team: An Information Processing Model ofCoordination in Project Design Teams. Ph. D. Dissertation. Stanford University,1992
[88] Hammer Michael. Reengineering Work: Don’t Automate—Obliterate. HarvardBusiness Review. July-August,1990:104-112
[89] Hammer M. and Champy J. Reengineering the Corporation: A Manifesto forBusiness Revolution. New York: Harper Collins,1993
[90] Reppard Joe and PhiliP Rowland. Business Process Re-engineering. PrenticeHall,1994
[91] Reppard Joe. Broadening Visions of Business Process Reengineering. Omega.Int. J. Mgnt. Sci.1996,24（3）:255-270
[92] Davenport Tom, James Short. The New Industrial Engineering: InformationTechnology and Business Process Redesign. Sloan Management Review.1990Summer:11-27
[93] Malone T. W., Crowston K. Toward an interdisciplinary theory of coordination.Computing Surveys.1994,26（1）:87-119
[94] Crowston K. A Coordination Theory Approach to Organizational ProcessDesign. Organization Science.1997,8（2）:157-175
[95] Beer S. The Heart of Enterprise.2nd Ed. Great Britain: John Wiley and SonsLtd.,1979
[96] Espejo R. and Harnden R. The Viable Systems Model-Interpretations andApplications of stafford Beer’s VSM. Great Britain: John Wiley&Sons Ltd.,1989
[97] Beer S. Diagnosing the System for Organisations. Great Britain: John Wiley&Sons Ltd.,1985
[98] Beer S. Designing Freedom. Chichester: Wiley,1974
[99] Espejo R. etc. Organizational Transformation and Learning: A CyberneticApproach to Management. New York: John Wiley,1996
[100] Clemson Bany. Cybernetics: A New Management Tool. Tunbridge Wells:Abacus Press,1984
[101] Beer Stafford. The Viable System Model: Its Provenance, Development,Methodology and Pathology. J. Opl. Res. Soc.1984,35（1）:7-25
[102] Jackson M. C. An Appreciation of stafford Beer's' Viable System' Viewpoint onManagement Practice. Journal of Management Studies.1988，25（6）:557-573
[103] Ashby W. R. An Introduction to Cybernetics. Chapman and Hall Ltd.,1956:200-210
[104]史美林、杨光信，WfMS：工作流管理系统，计算机学报，1999，22（3）：322-332
[105]罗海滨、范玉顺，工作流技术综述，软件学报，2000，11（7）：899-907
[106] W. M. P. van der Aalst. A Class of Petri Net for Modeling and Analyzingbusiness Processes. Computing Science Repolts95/26. Eindhoven: EindhovenUniversity of Technology,1995
[107] Peterson J L. Petri net theory and the modeling of systems. Englewood Cliffs,N J: Prentice-Hall, Inc,1981
[108] W. M. P. van der Aalst, K. M. van Hee. Business Process Redesign: A Petri-net-based Approach. Computers in Industury,1996,29:15-26
[109]袁崇义，Petri网原理，北京：电子工业出版社，1998
[110]陈亚兵，王以直，企业流程重构的Meta-Model建模方法，系统工程学报，1999，14（2）：189-193
[111]陈胜、程景云，基于Petri网的工作流建模及仿真，计算机辅助工程，2000，1：8-15
[2] Levitt A. M. Disaster Planning and Recovery: A Guide for Facility Professionals.New York: Wiley,1997
[3] Kreps G. Organizing for Emergency Management. In Thomas Drabek and GerardHoetmer （eds.） Emergency Management Principles and Practice for localGovernment. Washington, D. C.: ICMA,1991.30-54
[4] Wenger D. Community Response to Disaster: Functional and StructuralAlterations. In E. L. Quarantelli（ed.）Disaster: Theory and Research. BeverlyHills, CA.: Sage,1978.17-47
[5] Wenger D., Quarantelli E. L. Disaster Analysis: Emergency management Officesand Arrangements. Newark, DE: Disaster Research Center, University ofDelaware,1987
[6] Drabek T. Human System Responses to Disaster: An Inventory of SociologicalFindings. N. Y.: Springer Verlag,1986
[7] Mak H Y, Mallard A P. Building Online Crisis Management Support Usingworkflow Systems. Decision Support Systems,1999,25:209-224
[8] Kreps G. Response to Social Crisis and Disaster. Annual Review of Sociology,1984,10:309-330
[9]卢振恒、马宗晋，灾害管理学，长沙：湖南人民出版社，1998
[10] Burnett J J. A Strategic Approach to Managing Crisis. Public Relations Review,1998,24(4):475-488
[11]金磊，城市综合减灾的应急管理模式及方法，北京规划建设，1，1997：58-60
[12]赵黎明、邱佩华，河南省抗灾救灾系统研究，天津：天津人民出版社，1997
[13]杨修竹、钦培坚，大城市防灾救灾组织与指挥体系矩阵模式的初探，人类工效学，1996，2（3）：31-34
[14]沈荣芳、张显东，城市防灾救灾组织机构设置的研究，灾害学，1995，10（1）：1-4
[15]张书庭，中国灾害管理，哈尔滨：哈尔滨出版社，1997
[16] Mitroff I I, Pearson C M. Crisis Management: A Diagnostic Guide forImproving your Organization’s Crisis-Preparedness. San Francisco:Jossey-Bass,1993
[17] Wybo J L, Kowalski K M. Command Centers and Emergency ManagementSupport. Safety Science,1998,30:131-138
[18] Erik Auf Der Heide. Disaster Response: Principles of PreParation andCoordination. St Louis: C V Mosby Co.,1989
[19]（澳）W.尼克.卡特，灾害管理手册，北京：地震出版社，1993
[20] Heath R. Dealing with the Complete Crisis—the Crisis Management ShellStructure. Safety Science,1998,30:139-150
[21] Checkland P. Systems Thinking, System Practice. John Wiley&Sons,1981
[22] Doumeingts G. How to Decentralise Decision through GRAI Model inProduction Management. Computers in Industry.1985,6:501-514
[23] Colquhoun G., Baines R. A State of the Art Review of IDEF0. InternationalJournal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing.1993,6:252-264
[24] Rensburg A., Zwemstra N. Implementing IDEF Techniques as SimulationModelling Specifications. Computers and Industrial Engineering.1995,29:467-471
[25]陈禹六、周之英，IDEF0及IDEF1X复杂系统通用的设计分析方法，北京：电子工业出版社，1991
[26]陈禹六，IDEF建模分析和设计方法，北京：清华大学出版社，1999
[27] Jorysz H. R., Vernadat F. B. CIM-OSA Part1: Total Enterprise Modelling andFunction View. International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing,1990,3(3):144-156
[28] Jorysz, H. R., Vernadat F. B. CIM-OSA Part2: Information View. InternationalJournal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing,1990,3（4）:157-167
[29] Klittich M. CIM-OSA Part3: CIM-OSA Integrating Infrastructure-theOperational Basis for Integrated Manufcturing Systems. International Journal ofComputer Integrated Manufacturing,1990,3（4）:168-180
[30] Kosanke K. CIM-OSA: Its Role in Manufacturing Control. ESPRIT ConsortiumAMICE: Bruxelles, Belgium,1991
[31] Ansoff H. I., Brandenburg R. G. A language for Organization Design.Management Science.1971,17（12）:705-731
[32]刘侃，企业管理原理，北京：经济管理出版社，2000
[33]曾国安，灾害保障学，长沙：湖南人民出版社，1998
[34]许厚德，论灾害“预防文化”，自然灾害学报，1995，4（2）：1-5
[35]杨志，人本管理，北京：石油大学出版社，1999
[36]邹其嘉，唐山地震灾区社会恢复与社会问题研究，北京：地震出版社，1997
[37]陈志田，质量管理基础，北京：中国计量出版社，1997
[38]金贞媛、宋宜华，质量成本构成初探，北京师范大学学报（自科版），1995，31（3）：403-409
[39]邱菀华，项目管理学，北京：科学出版社，2001
[40] Wiener N. Cybernetics, or, Control and Communication in the Animal and theMachine (2d ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,1962
[41] Wiener N. The Human Use of Human Beings: Cybernetics and Society. Boston:Houghton Mifflin,1950
[42] Waldrop M. M. Complexity: The Emerging Science at the Edge of Order andChaos. New York: Simon&Schuster,1992
[43] Lewin R. Complexity: Life on the Edge of Chaos. New York: Macmillan,1992
[44] Kelly L. Out of Control: The New Biology of Machines: The Rise ofNeo-Biological Civilization. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley,1994
[45] Prigogine Ilya, Stengers I. Order Out of Chaos: Man’s New Dialogue withNature. New York: Bantam Books,1984
[46] Nicolis G., Prigogine I. Exploring Complexity: An Introduction. New York: W.H. Freeman&Co.,1989
[47] Peters T. J. Thriving on Chaos: Handbook for a Management Revolution. NewYork: Alfred A. Knopf,1988
[48] David K. B., Gagné T. E. Designing Effective Organizations: Traditional&Transformational Views Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications,1995
[49] Coakley T. P. Command and Control for War and Peace. Washington: NationalDefense University Press,1992
[50] Lind W. S. Maneuver Warfare Handbook. Boulder, CO: Westview Press,1985
[51] Simon H. A. Rationa1choice and the structure of the environment.Psychological Review,1956,63:129-138
[52] Klein G. A. Recognition-Primed Decisions. In William B. Rouse（ed.）.Advances in Man-Machine System Research. Greenwich, CT: Jai Press,1989
[53] Kaempf G. L., Wolf S. Decision Making in the Aegis Combat InformationCenter. Fairborn, OH: KLein Associates,1992
[54] Pascual R., Henderson S. Evidence of Naturalistic Decision Making inCommand and Control. In C. Zsambok and G. Klein（eds.）. NaturalisticDecision Making. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,1998
[55] Foster Gregory D. Contemporary C2Theory and Research: the Failed Quest fora Philosophy of Command. Defense Analysis,1988,4（3）:211-218
[56] Gelernter D. H. Mirror Worlds, or, The Day software Puts the Universe in aShoebox-How It Will Happen and What It will Mean. Newyork: OxfordUniversity Press,1991
[57] Morgan G. Images of Organization. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications,1986
[58] McGregor D. The Human Side of Enterprise. New York: McGraw-Hill,1960
[59] Klein Gary A. Strategies of Decision Making. Military Review, May1989
[60] Peters Thomas J., Waterman, Jr, Robert H. In Search of Excellence. New York:Harper&Row,1982
[61] Mehrabian A. Nonverbal Communication. Chicago: Aldine-Atherton,1972
[62] Hersey P., Blanchard K. H. Management of Organizational Behavior（2d ed.）.Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall,1972
[63] Kahan James P, Worley D. R. Understanding Commanders’ InformationNeeds. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation,1989
[64] Evan William M. Organization Theory: Research and Design. New York:Macmillan Publishing Company,1993:21-110
[65] Hax Arnoldo C. Organizational Design: A Survey and an Approach.Management Soi.1981,29（3）:417-447
[66] Scott W. R. Organizations: Natural and Open Systems. Englewood Cliffs, N. J:Prentice Hall,1991:31-116
[67] Thompson, J. M. Organization in Action. New York: McGraw-Hill,1967:20-100
[68] Harold Koontz, Heinz Weihrich. Management.9Edition. McGraw-Hill,1988
[69] P.德鲁克，管理：任务、职责和实践，北京：中国社会科学出版社，1981
[70] Mintzberg Henry. Structure in Fives: Designing Effective Organizations.Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall,1983
[71]朱国云，组织理论历史与流派，南京：南京大学出版社，1997：185-207
[72] Trist Eric. The Sociotechnical Perspective. In Andrew H. Van der Ven andWilliam F. Joyce（Eds.）. Perspectives on Organization Design and Behavior.New York: John Wiley&Sons,1981:19-87
[73] Pasmore W. A. Designing Effective Organizations: The Sociotechnical SystemsPerspective. New York, N. Y.: Wiley,1988
[74] Pasmore W. A. Creating Strategic Change: Designing the Flexible, High-performing Organization. New York: Wiley,1994
[75] Kast F. E., Rosenzweig J. E. Organization and Management: A Systems andContingency Approach. London: McGraw-Hill,1981
[76]赫伯特A.西蒙，管理行为，北京：北京经济学院出版社，1991
[77] March J. G., Simon H. A. Organizations. New York, NY: Wiley,1958
[78] Cohen M. D., March J. B., Olsen J. P. A Garbage Can Model of OrganizationalChoice. Administrative Science Quarterly,1972（17）:1-15
[79] Burton Richard M., Obel B. Designing Efficient Organizations: Modelling andExperimentation. Amsterdam: North-Holland,1984
[80] Baligh H. H., Burton R. M. Describing and Designing Organization Structuresand Processes. International Journal of Policy Analysis and Information Systems.1981,5（4）:251-266
[81] Burton Richard M, Obel B. Strategic Organizational Diagnosis and Design:Developing Theory for Application.Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers,1995
[82] Galbraith J. R. Organization Design. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company,1977
[83] Galbraith J. R. Strategy Implementation: The Role of Structure and Process.West Pub. Co.,1978
[84] Galbraith J. R. Organizational Design: An Information Processing View.Interfaces.1974,4（3）:28-36
[85] Simms B. W., Petersen E. R. An Information Processing Model of PoliceOrganization. Management Sci.1991,37（2）:216-232
[86] Tushman M., Nadler D. A. An Information Processing Approach toOrganizational Design. Acad. Management Rev.1978,3：613-625
[87] Cohen G. P. The Virtual Design Team: An Information Processing Model ofCoordination in Project Design Teams. Ph. D. Dissertation. Stanford University,1992
[88] Hammer Michael. Reengineering Work: Don’t Automate—Obliterate. HarvardBusiness Review. July-August,1990:104-112
[89] Hammer M. and Champy J. Reengineering the Corporation: A Manifesto forBusiness Revolution. New York: Harper Collins,1993
[90] Reppard Joe and PhiliP Rowland. Business Process Re-engineering. PrenticeHall,1994
[91] Reppard Joe. Broadening Visions of Business Process Reengineering. Omega.Int. J. Mgnt. Sci.1996,24（3）:255-270
[92] Davenport Tom, James Short. The New Industrial Engineering: InformationTechnology and Business Process Redesign. Sloan Management Review.1990Summer:11-27
[93] Malone T. W., Crowston K. Toward an interdisciplinary theory of coordination.Computing Surveys.1994,26（1）:87-119
[94] Crowston K. A Coordination Theory Approach to Organizational ProcessDesign. Organization Science.1997,8（2）:157-175
[95] Beer S. The Heart of Enterprise.2nd Ed. Great Britain: John Wiley and SonsLtd.,1979
[96] Espejo R. and Harnden R. The Viable Systems Model-Interpretations andApplications of stafford Beer’s VSM. Great Britain: John Wiley&Sons Ltd.,1989
[97] Beer S. Diagnosing the System for Organisations. Great Britain: John Wiley&Sons Ltd.,1985
[98] Beer S. Designing Freedom. Chichester: Wiley,1974
[99] Espejo R. etc. Organizational Transformation and Learning: A CyberneticApproach to Management. New York: John Wiley,1996
[100] Clemson Bany. Cybernetics: A New Management Tool. Tunbridge Wells:Abacus Press,1984
[101] Beer Stafford. The Viable System Model: Its Provenance, Development,Methodology and Pathology. J. Opl. Res. Soc.1984,35（1）:7-25
[102] Jackson M. C. An Appreciation of stafford Beer's' Viable System' Viewpoint onManagement Practice. Journal of Management Studies.1988，25（6）:557-573
[103] Ashby W. R. An Introduction to Cybernetics. Chapman and Hall Ltd.,1956:200-210
[104]史美林、杨光信，WfMS：工作流管理系统，计算机学报，1999，22（3）：322-332
[105]罗海滨、范玉顺，工作流技术综述，软件学报，2000，11（7）：899-907
[106] W. M. P. van der Aalst. A Class of Petri Net for Modeling and Analyzingbusiness Processes. Computing Science Repolts95/26. Eindhoven: EindhovenUniversity of Technology,1995
[107] Peterson J L. Petri net theory and the modeling of systems. Englewood Cliffs,N J: Prentice-Hall, Inc,1981
[108] W. M. P. van der Aalst, K. M. van Hee. Business Process Redesign: A Petri-net-based Approach. Computers in Industury,1996,29:15-26
[109]袁崇义，Petri网原理，北京：电子工业出版社，1998
[110]陈亚兵，王以直，企业流程重构的Meta-Model建模方法，系统工程学报，1999，14（2）：189-193
[111]陈胜、程景云，基于Petri网的工作流建模及仿真，计算机辅助工程，2000，1：8-15