基于服务的模具协同设计技术研究
|
摘要
面对激烈的市场竞争环境,大多数模具企业都在寻求更加先进的设计方式,试图取得更大的竞争优势。协同设计作为一种先进的设计手段,能够显著提高企业的产品开发效率、降低产品成本,因此,其已越来越受到业界的关注。本文正是根据模具设计的特点,对模具协同设计的基本理论和相关关键技术进行了研究,并在其基础上予以实现。
在分析了模具设计特点的基础上,提出了模具设计的过程模型,并以此为依据提出了模具协同设计的功能需求。在对网络化模具协同设计过程进行全面分析之后,着重对其中的两个重点问题进行了研究,即设计目标与产品对象的分解问题以及成员选择策略问题。以模具设计过程和模具协同设计功能需求为依据,构建了模具协同设计系统的功能结构框架。
在分析了模具企业信息系统应用现状之后,研究了适合于模具企业协同设计的应用系统集成方案。采用面向服务的架构(SOA)对应用系统进行集成,将协同设计中的应用逻辑包装成为Web服务,并通过企业服务总线(ESB)对这些Web服务进行管理。使用适配器技术、Web服务技术和事件驱动技术为模具企业的协同应用集成提供了全面的解决方案。
针对模具设计过程的特点,提出了层次化的过程管理模式,将模具设计过程分为项目层和任务层两个层次。在分析了项目管理功能体系结构之后,对项目管理中的人员分配算法进行了研究。在对工作流管理运行过程进行研究的基础上,开发了图形化的工作流建模工具,并对开源工作流引擎进行二次开发,实现了工作流管理的核心功能。以共享数据库的方式将项目管理和工作流管理进行集成。
针对模具设计过程中信息感知的特点,将模具协同设计中的感知问题分为了三个层面进行分析,分别为面向几何数据模型应用的协同感知、面向几何数据模型操作的协同感知和面向设计环境的协同感知。针对面向几何数据模型应用的协同感知问题,采用适配器技术和事件驱动技术将模具企业常用的设计应用软件进行了集成,使其在设计过程中能够相互感知设计信息。针对面向几何数据操作的协同感知问题,采用活动树的方式将设计任务分解结构与模具的功能结构相对应,在保证良好的协同感知的前提下有效地避免了设计冲突的发生,采用操作集多播的方式实现操作数据的增量传输,大大减少了协同建模过程中数据的传输量,提高了协同感知的实时性能。针对面向设计环境的协同感知问题,采用NetMeeting作为感知工具,进一步增强了协同设计系统的协同感知性能。
在分析模具设计知识特点、抽取其共同特征的基础上,引入知识元模型结构,对模具知识用XML进行了统一的描述。在知识元模型的基础上,对知识的获取和知识的校验进行了研究,并针对对不同的知识类型,研究了知识应用的方法。
最后,在上述研究基础上,对模具协同设计系统进行了实现,开发出了原型系统。
Facing the keen market competition environment, most of the mold companies are seeking more advanced mode of design, so as to achieve greater competitive advantage. As a means of advanced design method, collaborative design can significantly improve the efficiency of product development and reduce product cost, so it is becoming the focus of attention in mold industry. Based on the characteristics of mold design, this paper has carried out the research on the basic theory, key technology and implementation of collaborative mold design.
After analyzing the features of mold design, its process model is presented, and the functional requirements of collaborative mold design are extracted according to this. Because that the networked collaborative mold design is a complicated process, the decomposition of design targets and product component, as well as the selection strategy of designers are two key issues of the collaborative design process, which are studied in detail. Take the functional requirements of collaborative mold design as the foundation, the function framework of collaborative mold design is established.
Aiming at the reality of the information system application in mold companies, the integration solution of application systems which is fit for collaborative design for mold industry is proposed. The Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) ideology is adopted to implement the system integration, and in these systems, the application logic is wrapped into web service, which is managed by the Enterprise Service Bus (ESB). In the course of systems integration, adapter method, Web services method and event-driven method are introduced for each kind of system application.
For the complexity of mold design process, hierarchical model, which divides the design process into project layer and task layer, is brought into the process management. The project layer belongs to the project management category and the activity layer belongs to the workflow management category. In workflow management module, a graphical interface for workflow modeling is developed and the key functions of workflow engine are accomplished on the basis of re-development on an open-source workflow product. By means of database integration, the project management and workflow management are organically combined together.
Group awareness is the critical issue in course of collaborative design, and it can be divided into three levels to analyse, including the application level of geometric data model, the operation level of geometric data model and the level of collaborative design environment. For the application level of geometric model, the adapter technology and event-driven method are utilized to integrate the commonly used design application systems of mold companies so as to make them work together smoothly. For the operation level of geometric model, the mechanism of activity tree makes the design task structure correspond to mold functional structure, which can effectively avoid the occurrence of design conflict and ensure good collaborative awareness; the multi-cast method of operation set is provided to transmit the design data incrementally, which greatly reduces the amount of transmission data and then improves the real-time performance of collaborative awareness. For the level of collaborative design environment, the use of NetMeeting as an awareness tool can further enhance the awareness quality.
On the basis of investigating the mold design knowledge and extracting the common features of it, the knowledge cell model is introduced which can describe the knowledge in a unified way by XML, after that how to acquire the knowledge and how to validate the knowledge are also discussed. Aiming at the various types of knowledge, the methods of application of them are explored in detail.
Finally, summing up the above research results, a prototype collaborative mold design system is achieved.
在分析了模具设计特点的基础上,提出了模具设计的过程模型,并以此为依据提出了模具协同设计的功能需求。在对网络化模具协同设计过程进行全面分析之后,着重对其中的两个重点问题进行了研究,即设计目标与产品对象的分解问题以及成员选择策略问题。以模具设计过程和模具协同设计功能需求为依据,构建了模具协同设计系统的功能结构框架。
在分析了模具企业信息系统应用现状之后,研究了适合于模具企业协同设计的应用系统集成方案。采用面向服务的架构(SOA)对应用系统进行集成,将协同设计中的应用逻辑包装成为Web服务,并通过企业服务总线(ESB)对这些Web服务进行管理。使用适配器技术、Web服务技术和事件驱动技术为模具企业的协同应用集成提供了全面的解决方案。
针对模具设计过程的特点,提出了层次化的过程管理模式,将模具设计过程分为项目层和任务层两个层次。在分析了项目管理功能体系结构之后,对项目管理中的人员分配算法进行了研究。在对工作流管理运行过程进行研究的基础上,开发了图形化的工作流建模工具,并对开源工作流引擎进行二次开发,实现了工作流管理的核心功能。以共享数据库的方式将项目管理和工作流管理进行集成。
针对模具设计过程中信息感知的特点,将模具协同设计中的感知问题分为了三个层面进行分析,分别为面向几何数据模型应用的协同感知、面向几何数据模型操作的协同感知和面向设计环境的协同感知。针对面向几何数据模型应用的协同感知问题,采用适配器技术和事件驱动技术将模具企业常用的设计应用软件进行了集成,使其在设计过程中能够相互感知设计信息。针对面向几何数据操作的协同感知问题,采用活动树的方式将设计任务分解结构与模具的功能结构相对应,在保证良好的协同感知的前提下有效地避免了设计冲突的发生,采用操作集多播的方式实现操作数据的增量传输,大大减少了协同建模过程中数据的传输量,提高了协同感知的实时性能。针对面向设计环境的协同感知问题,采用NetMeeting作为感知工具,进一步增强了协同设计系统的协同感知性能。
在分析模具设计知识特点、抽取其共同特征的基础上,引入知识元模型结构,对模具知识用XML进行了统一的描述。在知识元模型的基础上,对知识的获取和知识的校验进行了研究,并针对对不同的知识类型,研究了知识应用的方法。
最后,在上述研究基础上,对模具协同设计系统进行了实现,开发出了原型系统。
Facing the keen market competition environment, most of the mold companies are seeking more advanced mode of design, so as to achieve greater competitive advantage. As a means of advanced design method, collaborative design can significantly improve the efficiency of product development and reduce product cost, so it is becoming the focus of attention in mold industry. Based on the characteristics of mold design, this paper has carried out the research on the basic theory, key technology and implementation of collaborative mold design.
After analyzing the features of mold design, its process model is presented, and the functional requirements of collaborative mold design are extracted according to this. Because that the networked collaborative mold design is a complicated process, the decomposition of design targets and product component, as well as the selection strategy of designers are two key issues of the collaborative design process, which are studied in detail. Take the functional requirements of collaborative mold design as the foundation, the function framework of collaborative mold design is established.
Aiming at the reality of the information system application in mold companies, the integration solution of application systems which is fit for collaborative design for mold industry is proposed. The Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) ideology is adopted to implement the system integration, and in these systems, the application logic is wrapped into web service, which is managed by the Enterprise Service Bus (ESB). In the course of systems integration, adapter method, Web services method and event-driven method are introduced for each kind of system application.
For the complexity of mold design process, hierarchical model, which divides the design process into project layer and task layer, is brought into the process management. The project layer belongs to the project management category and the activity layer belongs to the workflow management category. In workflow management module, a graphical interface for workflow modeling is developed and the key functions of workflow engine are accomplished on the basis of re-development on an open-source workflow product. By means of database integration, the project management and workflow management are organically combined together.
Group awareness is the critical issue in course of collaborative design, and it can be divided into three levels to analyse, including the application level of geometric data model, the operation level of geometric data model and the level of collaborative design environment. For the application level of geometric model, the adapter technology and event-driven method are utilized to integrate the commonly used design application systems of mold companies so as to make them work together smoothly. For the operation level of geometric model, the mechanism of activity tree makes the design task structure correspond to mold functional structure, which can effectively avoid the occurrence of design conflict and ensure good collaborative awareness; the multi-cast method of operation set is provided to transmit the design data incrementally, which greatly reduces the amount of transmission data and then improves the real-time performance of collaborative awareness. For the level of collaborative design environment, the use of NetMeeting as an awareness tool can further enhance the awareness quality.
On the basis of investigating the mold design knowledge and extracting the common features of it, the knowledge cell model is introduced which can describe the knowledge in a unified way by XML, after that how to acquire the knowledge and how to validate the knowledge are also discussed. Aiming at the various types of knowledge, the methods of application of them are explored in detail.
Finally, summing up the above research results, a prototype collaborative mold design system is achieved.
引文
[1]Sung H.Ahn,V.Sundararajan,Charles Smith,et al.CyberCut:an internet-based CAD/CAM system.Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering,2001,1(1):52-59.
[2]R.Bidarra,E.van den Berg,W.F.Bronsvoort.Collaborative modeling with features.In CD-ROM Proceedings of the 2001 ASME Computers and Information in Engineering Conference:Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania,2001.
[3]张威.面向企业协同设计的若干关键技术研究:[博士学位论文].北京:中国科学院计算技术研究所,2000.
[4]史美林.计算机支持的协同工作理论与应用.第一版.电子工业出版社,2000.
[5]Leslie Monplaisir.An integrated CSCW architecture for integrated product/process design and development.Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing,1999,15:145-153.
[6]Liam J.Bannon,Kjeld Schmidt.CSCW:four characters in search of context.Proceedings of the First European Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work,1989.358-372.
[7]Irene Grief.Computer-supported cooperative work:a book of readings.San Mateo,California:Morgan Kaufmann Publishers,1988.
[8]Duska Rosenberg,Chris Hutchison.Design issues in CSCW.Secaucus,New Jersey:Springer-Verlag New York,1994.
[9]童秉枢.现代CAD技术.第一版.北京:清华大学出版社,2000.
[10]Jian Xun Wang,Ming Xi Tang.Product data modeling for design collaboration.In Proceedings of the 2007 11th International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design:2007.
[11]Milad Saad,Mary Lou Maher.Shared understanding in computer-supported collaborative design.Computer-Aided Design,1996,99(4):183-192.
[12]Kyoung-Yun Kim,Yan Wang,Obinna S.Muogboh,et al.Design formalism for collaborative assembly design.Computer-Aided Design,2004,36(9):849-871.
[13]Kao,Y.C,Lin Grier C.I.Development of a collaborative CAD/CAM system,Journal of Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing,1998,14(1):55-68.
[14]芮延年,刘文杰,郭旭红.协同设计.第一版.北京:机械工业出版社,2003.
[15]Tek-Jin Nam,David Wright.The development and evaluation of Syco3D:a real-time collaborative 3D CAD system.Design Studies,2001,22(6):557-582.
[16]Lin-fu Sun.Computer supported collaborative design based on knowledge.In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design:2004.
[17]沈友徽.基于网络的注塑模具协同设计与仿真分析研究:[硕士学位论文].青岛:山东科技大学,2006.
[18]L.Qiang,Y.F.Zhang,A.Y.C.Nee.A distributive and collaborative concurrent product design system through the WWW/Internet.The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,2001,17(5):315-322.
[19]Noll,S.,Rix,J.,Schendel,M.G.Distributed SketchPad system:a tool for cooperative sketching in a network environment.In COMICS'91:Fraunhofer IGD,1991.
[20]L.Qiang,Y.F.Zhang,A.Y.Nee.A distributed and collaborative concurrent product design system through the WWW/internet.The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,2001,17(5):315-322.
[21]张友良,汪惠芬.异地协同设计制造关键技术及系统实现.工程设计,2002,9(02):53-59.
[22]张蒙,陈泽琳,温武.基于VRML和JAVA的虚拟现实协同系统研究与设计.计算机工程与应用,2001,(13):156-157.
[23]丁毓峰.汽车转向器分布式协同设计环境研究:[博士学位论文].武汉:武汉理工大学,2001.
[24]王成勇,刘全坤,胡龙飞等.基于CAD命令流组播的模具协同设计研究.中国机械工程,2008,19(6):694-698.
[25]王成勇.基于Web的模具动态联盟关键技术研究:[博士学位论文].合肥:合肥工业大学,2007.
[26]Prateek Mishra,Amitabh Varshney,Arie Kaufman.CollabCAD:a toolkit for integrateed synchronous and asynchronous sharing of CAD applications.In Proceedings TeamCAD:GVU/NIST Workshop on Collaborative Design,Atlanta,GA,USA,1997.
[27]B.T.Cheok,A.Y.C.Nee.Trends and developments in the automation of design and manufacture of tools for metal stampings.Journal of Materials Processing Technology,1998,75(1):240-252.
[28]J.Sun,Y.F.Zhang,A.Y.C.Nee.A distributed multi-agent environment for product design and manufacturing planning.International Journal of Production Research,2001,38(4):625-645.
[29]Y.-C.Eric Li,Wade H.Shaw.Simulation modeling of a dynamic job shop rescheduling with machine availability constraints.Computers and industrial engineering,1998,35(1-2):117-120.
[30]S.Q.Xie,P.L.Tu,D.Aitchison,et al.A WWW-based integrated product development platform for sheet metal parts intelligent concurrent design and manufacturing.International Journal of Production Research,2001,39(17):3829-3852.
[31]Dunbing Tang.An agent-based collaborative design system to facilitate active die-maker involvement in stamping part design.Computers in Industry,2004,54(3):253-271.
[32]Namiki Kunio.Tool Steels.Trend of new die and mold production technology and tool steels.For shorter delivery times.Electric Furnace Steel,2000,71(2):157-165.
[33]杨煜俊.网络化协同产品开发理论及其关键技术研究:[博士学位论文].武汉:华中科技大学,2005.
[34]Jai-Kyung Lee,Seung Hak Kuk,Hyeon Soo Kim,et al.Service oriented architecture based e-Engineering framework to support collaborative design.In IEEE International Conference on Service Computing:2007.
[35]董红召,陈鹰,赵燕伟.企业网络协同制造中目标分解的时序约束.机械工程学报,2004,40(6):28-33.
[36]Sa'Ed Salhieh,Leslie Monplaisir.Collaboration planning framework(CPF) to support distributed product development.Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, 2003,14(6):581-597.
[37]Yang Yujun,Zhang Jinsong,Wan Li et al.Internet-based collaborative product development chain for networked product development.The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,2006,28(7-8):845-853.
[38]Gartner.Service-Oriented Architecture Scenario.Technical report.2003.
[39]黄俊斌,汤德佑.基于SOA的数据交换中间件研究.株洲工学院学报,2006,20(6):55-57.
[40]Mike P.Papazoglou,Willem-Jan van den Heuvel.Service oriented architectures:approaches,technologies and research issues.The VLDB Journal,2007,16(3):389-415.
[41]熊安萍,王化晶,瞿中.基于面向服务体系结构的遗留系统集成方法研究.计算机科学,2008,35(4):273-275.
[42]Weiming Shen,Qi Hao,Shuying Wang,et al.An agent-based service-oriented integration architecture for collaborative intelligent manufacturing,Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing,2007,22(3):315-325.
[43]Hui Xu,Debao Xiao.Towards Web services-based collaborative design.In the CSCWD'06.10th International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design,2006.
[44]范国磊,戴跃洪,杨永明.基于SOA&Web的PDM系统异地协同的研究.机械,2008,35(5):29-34.
[45]王金玲,朱诗生,符群卫.基于Web Service的SOA软件部署的研究.现代电子技术,2007,(4):155-158.
[46]Fang Liu,Li Yao,Weiming Zhang,et al.A conceptual model of agent mediated Web service.In 2004 IEEE International Conference on(SCC'04):2004.
[47]Luba Cherbakov,G.Galambos,R.Harishankar,et al.Impact of service orientation at the business level.IBM Systems Journal,2005,44(4):653-668.
[48]M.-T.Schmidt,B.Hutchison,P.Lambros,et al.The enterprise service bus:making service-oriented architecture real,IBM Corp,2005,44(4):781-797.
[49]Xuxian Jiang,Dongyan Xu.SODA:a service-on-demand architecture for application service hosting utility platforms.In Proceedings of the 12th IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Distributed Computing (HPDC'03):2003.
[50]Eric Newcomer,Greg Lomow.Understanding SOA with Web Services.徐涵 译.北京:电子工业出版社,2006.
[51]M.B.Juric,I.Rozman,M.Hericko.Performance comparison of CORBA and RMI.Information and Software Technology,2000,42(13):915-933.
[52]Matjaz B.Juric,Ivan Rozrnan,Bostjan Brumen,et al.Comparison of performance of Web services,WS-Security,RMI,and RMI-SSL.Journal of Systems and Software,2006,79(5):689-700.
[53]Alexander Davis,Du Zhang.A comparative study of SOAP and DCOM.Journal of Systems and Software,2005,76(2):157-169.
[54]Ying Qu,Fa-Chao Li,Xiao-Dan Wu.A Multi-agent based information integration platform for computer supported collaborative design.In 2006 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics:2006.
[55]Thomas Erl.SOA概念、技术与设计.王满红,陈荣华 译.北京:机械工业出版社,2007.
[56]黄安安,王丽芳,蒋泽军等.基于ESB的企业应用集成研究.微计算机应用,2007,28(9):965-970.
[57]Yan Liu,Ian Gorton,Liming Zhu.Performance prediction of service-oriented applications based on an enterprise service bus.In Computer Software and Application Conference:2007.
[58]胡沙,李建军,李蓓.基于SOA的数字化模具设计制造集成平台研究.锻压技术,2009,34(1):93-97.
[59]蔡昭权.基于ESB的异构系统集成实现.计算机应用,2008,28(2):538-540.
[60]李福盛,曹宝香,闫伟.基于ESB的集成式PLM系统实现.电子技术,2009,(2):40-42.
[61]左荣国,简斌,闫光荣等.基于Web服务的制造企业过程集成研究.组合机床与自动化加工技术,2006,(10):96-99.
[62]D.Fensel,C.Bussler.The Web service modeling framework WSMF.Electronic Commerce Research and Applications.2002,1(2):113-137.
[63]胡沙,李建军,李蓓.面向模具企业数据集成的事件驱动ESB框架研究.计算机应用研究,2009,26(6):2325-2327.
[64]梁峰,江志斌,陶俐言等.基于事件驱动的制造资源冲突实时消解方法.计算机集成制造系统,2007,13(2):356-362.
[65]David C.Luckham,Brian Frasca.Complex event processing in distributed systems.Stanford University Technical Report,CSL-TR-98-754,1998.
[66]张建富,郝永平,刘永贤.基于活动理论的适应性过程集成框架.计算机集成制造系统-CIMS,2003,9(9):765-770.
[67]陈小安,尹佑盛,郑小光等.分布式协同设计技术及其模型实例设计.机械工程学报,2000,4(36):1-4.
[68]魏宝刚,潘云鹤.协同设计技术的研究.中国机械工程,1999,10(4):454-457.
[69]曹健,张申生,胡锦敏.面向并行工程的集成化产品开发过程管理系统研究.中国机械工程,2002,13(1):80-83.
[70]李忠勇,李淑娟,刘朴生.Microsoft Project 98中文版使用教程.第一版.西安:西安电子科技出版社,1999.
[71]范玉顺.工作流管理技术基础.第一版.北京:清华大学出版社,2001.
[72]Workflow Management Coalition.Workflow management coalition terminology &glossary[WfMC-TC-1011].1999.
[73]Dongming Xu,Huaiqing Wang.Multi-agent collaboration for B2B workflow monitoring.Knowledge-Based Systems,2002,15(8):485-491.
[74]Goh A,Koh Y.-K,Domazet D.S.ECA rule-based support for workflows.Artificial Intelligence in Engineering,2001,15(1):37-46.
[75]Carl K.Chang,Mark Christensen.A net practice for software project management.IEEE Software.,1999,16(6):80-88.
[76]Sigrid Goldmann.Procura:a project management model of concurrent planning and design.In the 5th International Workshops of Enable Technologies:1996.
[77]Raul Medina-Mora,Terry Winograd,Rodrigo Flores,et al.The action workflow approach to workflow management technology.In Proceedings of the 1992 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work,Toronto,Ontario,Canada:1992.
[78]G.Alonso,D.Agrawal,El Abbadi,et al.Advanced transaction models in workflow contexts.In Proceedings of ther International Conference on Data Engineering:1996.
[79]孔建寿.面向协同产品开发过程的集成管理技术研究:[博士学位论文].南京:南京理工大学,2004.
[80]孔建寿,张友良,汪惠芬等.协同开发环境中项目管理与工作流管理的集成.中国机械工程,2003,14(7):1122-1125.
[81]沈春龙,张友良,孔建寿.基于分布式并行产品开发的项目管理系统设计.计算机集成制造系统-CIMS,2001,7(4):44-47.
[82]S.M.T.Fatemi Ghomi,B.Ashjari.A simulation model for multi-project resource allocation.International Journal of Project Management,2002,20(2):127-130.
[83]Hartmann Sonke,Sprecher Arno.A note on hierarchical models for multi-project planning and scheduling.European Journal of Operational Research,1996,94(2):377-383.
[84]凌敏,唐发根,林广艳.基于XPDL的工作流管理系统的研究.计算机与数字工程,2006,34(6):95-98.
[85]齐建军.基于XML的制造过程集成框架的研究与实现:[博士学位论文].北京:北京航空航天大学,2005.
[86]周峰.产品设计过程的建模、仿真及优化研究:[博士学位论文].大连:大连理工大学,2008.
[87]王贻发.基于Web的模具生产主计划与设计过程管理:[硕士学位论文].武汉:华中科技大学,2006.
[88]童星.基于XPDL的工作流模型研究.计算机工程应用技术,2008,(14):961-963.
[89]Workflow Management Coalition.Workflow process definition interface-XML process definition language[WFMC-TC-1025],2005.
[90]杜栓柱.分布式协同工作环境中时间工作流建模技术研究:[博士学位论文].杭州:浙江大学,2004.
[91]http://www.mxgraph.com/.
[92]Petia Wohed,Nick Russell,Arthur H.M,et al.Patterns-based evaluation of open source BPM systems:The cases of Jbpm,OpenWFE,and Enhydra Shark.Information and Software Technology,2009,51(8):1187-1216.
[93]袁静.基于CAD平台的协同感知系统的研究与实现:[硕士学位论文]西安:西北大学,2007.
[94]Paul Dourish,Victoria Bellotti.Awaremess and coordination in shared workspaces.In Proceedings of the 1992 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work,Toronto,Ontario,Canada,1992.
[95]Michael.Rounding,Saul.Greenberg,Sheelagh.Carpendale.Awareness projected:moving awareness to a public space.In Proceeding of the Western Computer Graphics Symposium 2000,Panorama Mountain Village,BC,Canada,2000.
[96]He Fazhi,Gao Shuming.Telepointers and cooperative awareness in semi-transparency and semi-awareness CSCW systems.Chinese Journal of Computer Research and Development,2002,39(9):1009-1105.
[97]Manuele Kirsch-Pinheiro,Jose Valdeni de Lima,Marcos R.S.Borges.A framework for awareness support in groupware systems.Computers in Industry,2003,52(1):47-57.
[98]Chyng-Yang Jang,Charles Steinfield,Ben Pfaff.Virtual team awareness and groupware support:an evaluation of the TeamSCOPE system.International Journal of Human-Computer Studies,2002,56(1):109-126.
[99]廖敏.基于资源集成的协同产品开发原理与实施方法研究:[博士学位论文].成都:四川大学,2005.
[100]Guk-Heon Choi,Duhwan Mun,Soonhung Han.Exchange of CAD part models based on the macro-parametric approach.International Journal of CAD/CAM,2002,2(1):13-21.
[101]K.K.Leong,K.M.Yu,W.B.Lee.Product data allocation for distributed product data management system.Computers in Industry,2002,47(3):289-298.
[102]X.Chen,Y.C.Lam,D.Q.Li.Analysis of thermal residual stress in plastic injection molding.Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2000,101(1-3):275-280.
[103]Y.-M.Deng,Y.C.Lam,S.B.Tor.A CAD-CAE Integrated injection molding design system.Engineering with Computers,2002,18(1):80-92.
[104]Di Wu,Radha Sarma.Dynamic segmentation and incremental editing of boundary representations in a collaborative design environment.In Proceedings of the sixth ACM symposium on Solid modeling and applications,Ann Arbor,Michigan,United States:2001.
[105]Flavio De Paoli,Andrea Sosio.Requirements for a layered software architecture supporting cooperative multi-user interaction.In Proceedings of the 18th international conference on Software engineering,Berlin,Germany:1996.
[106]Chengzheng Sun,Rok Sosic.Optional locking integrated with operational transformation in distributed real-time group editors.In Proceedings of the eighteenth annual ACM symposium on Principles of distributed computing,Atlanta,Georgia,United States:1999.
[107]Beau Willamson.Developing IP multicast networks.Cisco Systems Inc,2000.
[108]Emad Eldin Mohamed,Hussein Abdel-Wahab.Multicast routing for multimedia collaborative applications.Computer Communications,2004,27(7):604-615.
[109]刘彭闵.计算机支持的协同工作工具平台设计与实现:[硕士学位论文].成都:西南交通大学,2006.
[110]代科学,涂丹,张稚等.基于NetMeeting底层服务构建远程维修支持系统.计算机工程应用,2005,(4):213-215.
[111]Steffen Staab,Rudi Studer,Hans-Peter Schnurr,et al.Knowledge processes and ontologies.In IEEE Intelligent Systems,2001,16(1):26-34.
[112]Alun Preece,Alan Flett,Derek Sleeman,et al.Better knowledge management through knowledge engineering.In IEEE Intelligent Systems,2001,16(1):36-43.
[113]Gerhard Fischer,Jonathan Ostwald.Knowledge management problems,promises,realities,and challenges.In IEEE Intelligent Systems,2001,16(1):60-72.
[114]李畅.面向模具的协同设计关键技术研究:[博士学位论文]武汉:华中科技大学,2007.
[115]Lang,K,Burnett,M.XML,Metadata and efficient knowledge discovery.Knowledge-Based Systems,2000,13(5):321-331.
[116]Rezayat M.Knowledge-based product development using XML and KCs.Computer-Aided Design,2000,32(5):299-309.
[117]刘忠途,王启付,陈立平.三维CAD系统的知识融合与驱动技术研究.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2005,17(5):1013-1018.
[118]Kalyan Moy Gupta,Ali Reza Montazemi.A connectionist approach for similarity assessment in case-based reasoning systems.Decision Support System,1997,19(4):237-253.
[2]R.Bidarra,E.van den Berg,W.F.Bronsvoort.Collaborative modeling with features.In CD-ROM Proceedings of the 2001 ASME Computers and Information in Engineering Conference:Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania,2001.
[3]张威.面向企业协同设计的若干关键技术研究:[博士学位论文].北京:中国科学院计算技术研究所,2000.
[4]史美林.计算机支持的协同工作理论与应用.第一版.电子工业出版社,2000.
[5]Leslie Monplaisir.An integrated CSCW architecture for integrated product/process design and development.Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing,1999,15:145-153.
[6]Liam J.Bannon,Kjeld Schmidt.CSCW:four characters in search of context.Proceedings of the First European Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work,1989.358-372.
[7]Irene Grief.Computer-supported cooperative work:a book of readings.San Mateo,California:Morgan Kaufmann Publishers,1988.
[8]Duska Rosenberg,Chris Hutchison.Design issues in CSCW.Secaucus,New Jersey:Springer-Verlag New York,1994.
[9]童秉枢.现代CAD技术.第一版.北京:清华大学出版社,2000.
[10]Jian Xun Wang,Ming Xi Tang.Product data modeling for design collaboration.In Proceedings of the 2007 11th International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design:2007.
[11]Milad Saad,Mary Lou Maher.Shared understanding in computer-supported collaborative design.Computer-Aided Design,1996,99(4):183-192.
[12]Kyoung-Yun Kim,Yan Wang,Obinna S.Muogboh,et al.Design formalism for collaborative assembly design.Computer-Aided Design,2004,36(9):849-871.
[13]Kao,Y.C,Lin Grier C.I.Development of a collaborative CAD/CAM system,Journal of Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing,1998,14(1):55-68.
[14]芮延年,刘文杰,郭旭红.协同设计.第一版.北京:机械工业出版社,2003.
[15]Tek-Jin Nam,David Wright.The development and evaluation of Syco3D:a real-time collaborative 3D CAD system.Design Studies,2001,22(6):557-582.
[16]Lin-fu Sun.Computer supported collaborative design based on knowledge.In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design:2004.
[17]沈友徽.基于网络的注塑模具协同设计与仿真分析研究:[硕士学位论文].青岛:山东科技大学,2006.
[18]L.Qiang,Y.F.Zhang,A.Y.C.Nee.A distributive and collaborative concurrent product design system through the WWW/Internet.The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,2001,17(5):315-322.
[19]Noll,S.,Rix,J.,Schendel,M.G.Distributed SketchPad system:a tool for cooperative sketching in a network environment.In COMICS'91:Fraunhofer IGD,1991.
[20]L.Qiang,Y.F.Zhang,A.Y.Nee.A distributed and collaborative concurrent product design system through the WWW/internet.The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,2001,17(5):315-322.
[21]张友良,汪惠芬.异地协同设计制造关键技术及系统实现.工程设计,2002,9(02):53-59.
[22]张蒙,陈泽琳,温武.基于VRML和JAVA的虚拟现实协同系统研究与设计.计算机工程与应用,2001,(13):156-157.
[23]丁毓峰.汽车转向器分布式协同设计环境研究:[博士学位论文].武汉:武汉理工大学,2001.
[24]王成勇,刘全坤,胡龙飞等.基于CAD命令流组播的模具协同设计研究.中国机械工程,2008,19(6):694-698.
[25]王成勇.基于Web的模具动态联盟关键技术研究:[博士学位论文].合肥:合肥工业大学,2007.
[26]Prateek Mishra,Amitabh Varshney,Arie Kaufman.CollabCAD:a toolkit for integrateed synchronous and asynchronous sharing of CAD applications.In Proceedings TeamCAD:GVU/NIST Workshop on Collaborative Design,Atlanta,GA,USA,1997.
[27]B.T.Cheok,A.Y.C.Nee.Trends and developments in the automation of design and manufacture of tools for metal stampings.Journal of Materials Processing Technology,1998,75(1):240-252.
[28]J.Sun,Y.F.Zhang,A.Y.C.Nee.A distributed multi-agent environment for product design and manufacturing planning.International Journal of Production Research,2001,38(4):625-645.
[29]Y.-C.Eric Li,Wade H.Shaw.Simulation modeling of a dynamic job shop rescheduling with machine availability constraints.Computers and industrial engineering,1998,35(1-2):117-120.
[30]S.Q.Xie,P.L.Tu,D.Aitchison,et al.A WWW-based integrated product development platform for sheet metal parts intelligent concurrent design and manufacturing.International Journal of Production Research,2001,39(17):3829-3852.
[31]Dunbing Tang.An agent-based collaborative design system to facilitate active die-maker involvement in stamping part design.Computers in Industry,2004,54(3):253-271.
[32]Namiki Kunio.Tool Steels.Trend of new die and mold production technology and tool steels.For shorter delivery times.Electric Furnace Steel,2000,71(2):157-165.
[33]杨煜俊.网络化协同产品开发理论及其关键技术研究:[博士学位论文].武汉:华中科技大学,2005.
[34]Jai-Kyung Lee,Seung Hak Kuk,Hyeon Soo Kim,et al.Service oriented architecture based e-Engineering framework to support collaborative design.In IEEE International Conference on Service Computing:2007.
[35]董红召,陈鹰,赵燕伟.企业网络协同制造中目标分解的时序约束.机械工程学报,2004,40(6):28-33.
[36]Sa'Ed Salhieh,Leslie Monplaisir.Collaboration planning framework(CPF) to support distributed product development.Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, 2003,14(6):581-597.
[37]Yang Yujun,Zhang Jinsong,Wan Li et al.Internet-based collaborative product development chain for networked product development.The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,2006,28(7-8):845-853.
[38]Gartner.Service-Oriented Architecture Scenario.Technical report.2003.
[39]黄俊斌,汤德佑.基于SOA的数据交换中间件研究.株洲工学院学报,2006,20(6):55-57.
[40]Mike P.Papazoglou,Willem-Jan van den Heuvel.Service oriented architectures:approaches,technologies and research issues.The VLDB Journal,2007,16(3):389-415.
[41]熊安萍,王化晶,瞿中.基于面向服务体系结构的遗留系统集成方法研究.计算机科学,2008,35(4):273-275.
[42]Weiming Shen,Qi Hao,Shuying Wang,et al.An agent-based service-oriented integration architecture for collaborative intelligent manufacturing,Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing,2007,22(3):315-325.
[43]Hui Xu,Debao Xiao.Towards Web services-based collaborative design.In the CSCWD'06.10th International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design,2006.
[44]范国磊,戴跃洪,杨永明.基于SOA&Web的PDM系统异地协同的研究.机械,2008,35(5):29-34.
[45]王金玲,朱诗生,符群卫.基于Web Service的SOA软件部署的研究.现代电子技术,2007,(4):155-158.
[46]Fang Liu,Li Yao,Weiming Zhang,et al.A conceptual model of agent mediated Web service.In 2004 IEEE International Conference on(SCC'04):2004.
[47]Luba Cherbakov,G.Galambos,R.Harishankar,et al.Impact of service orientation at the business level.IBM Systems Journal,2005,44(4):653-668.
[48]M.-T.Schmidt,B.Hutchison,P.Lambros,et al.The enterprise service bus:making service-oriented architecture real,IBM Corp,2005,44(4):781-797.
[49]Xuxian Jiang,Dongyan Xu.SODA:a service-on-demand architecture for application service hosting utility platforms.In Proceedings of the 12th IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Distributed Computing (HPDC'03):2003.
[50]Eric Newcomer,Greg Lomow.Understanding SOA with Web Services.徐涵 译.北京:电子工业出版社,2006.
[51]M.B.Juric,I.Rozman,M.Hericko.Performance comparison of CORBA and RMI.Information and Software Technology,2000,42(13):915-933.
[52]Matjaz B.Juric,Ivan Rozrnan,Bostjan Brumen,et al.Comparison of performance of Web services,WS-Security,RMI,and RMI-SSL.Journal of Systems and Software,2006,79(5):689-700.
[53]Alexander Davis,Du Zhang.A comparative study of SOAP and DCOM.Journal of Systems and Software,2005,76(2):157-169.
[54]Ying Qu,Fa-Chao Li,Xiao-Dan Wu.A Multi-agent based information integration platform for computer supported collaborative design.In 2006 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics:2006.
[55]Thomas Erl.SOA概念、技术与设计.王满红,陈荣华 译.北京:机械工业出版社,2007.
[56]黄安安,王丽芳,蒋泽军等.基于ESB的企业应用集成研究.微计算机应用,2007,28(9):965-970.
[57]Yan Liu,Ian Gorton,Liming Zhu.Performance prediction of service-oriented applications based on an enterprise service bus.In Computer Software and Application Conference:2007.
[58]胡沙,李建军,李蓓.基于SOA的数字化模具设计制造集成平台研究.锻压技术,2009,34(1):93-97.
[59]蔡昭权.基于ESB的异构系统集成实现.计算机应用,2008,28(2):538-540.
[60]李福盛,曹宝香,闫伟.基于ESB的集成式PLM系统实现.电子技术,2009,(2):40-42.
[61]左荣国,简斌,闫光荣等.基于Web服务的制造企业过程集成研究.组合机床与自动化加工技术,2006,(10):96-99.
[62]D.Fensel,C.Bussler.The Web service modeling framework WSMF.Electronic Commerce Research and Applications.2002,1(2):113-137.
[63]胡沙,李建军,李蓓.面向模具企业数据集成的事件驱动ESB框架研究.计算机应用研究,2009,26(6):2325-2327.
[64]梁峰,江志斌,陶俐言等.基于事件驱动的制造资源冲突实时消解方法.计算机集成制造系统,2007,13(2):356-362.
[65]David C.Luckham,Brian Frasca.Complex event processing in distributed systems.Stanford University Technical Report,CSL-TR-98-754,1998.
[66]张建富,郝永平,刘永贤.基于活动理论的适应性过程集成框架.计算机集成制造系统-CIMS,2003,9(9):765-770.
[67]陈小安,尹佑盛,郑小光等.分布式协同设计技术及其模型实例设计.机械工程学报,2000,4(36):1-4.
[68]魏宝刚,潘云鹤.协同设计技术的研究.中国机械工程,1999,10(4):454-457.
[69]曹健,张申生,胡锦敏.面向并行工程的集成化产品开发过程管理系统研究.中国机械工程,2002,13(1):80-83.
[70]李忠勇,李淑娟,刘朴生.Microsoft Project 98中文版使用教程.第一版.西安:西安电子科技出版社,1999.
[71]范玉顺.工作流管理技术基础.第一版.北京:清华大学出版社,2001.
[72]Workflow Management Coalition.Workflow management coalition terminology &glossary[WfMC-TC-1011].1999.
[73]Dongming Xu,Huaiqing Wang.Multi-agent collaboration for B2B workflow monitoring.Knowledge-Based Systems,2002,15(8):485-491.
[74]Goh A,Koh Y.-K,Domazet D.S.ECA rule-based support for workflows.Artificial Intelligence in Engineering,2001,15(1):37-46.
[75]Carl K.Chang,Mark Christensen.A net practice for software project management.IEEE Software.,1999,16(6):80-88.
[76]Sigrid Goldmann.Procura:a project management model of concurrent planning and design.In the 5th International Workshops of Enable Technologies:1996.
[77]Raul Medina-Mora,Terry Winograd,Rodrigo Flores,et al.The action workflow approach to workflow management technology.In Proceedings of the 1992 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work,Toronto,Ontario,Canada:1992.
[78]G.Alonso,D.Agrawal,El Abbadi,et al.Advanced transaction models in workflow contexts.In Proceedings of ther International Conference on Data Engineering:1996.
[79]孔建寿.面向协同产品开发过程的集成管理技术研究:[博士学位论文].南京:南京理工大学,2004.
[80]孔建寿,张友良,汪惠芬等.协同开发环境中项目管理与工作流管理的集成.中国机械工程,2003,14(7):1122-1125.
[81]沈春龙,张友良,孔建寿.基于分布式并行产品开发的项目管理系统设计.计算机集成制造系统-CIMS,2001,7(4):44-47.
[82]S.M.T.Fatemi Ghomi,B.Ashjari.A simulation model for multi-project resource allocation.International Journal of Project Management,2002,20(2):127-130.
[83]Hartmann Sonke,Sprecher Arno.A note on hierarchical models for multi-project planning and scheduling.European Journal of Operational Research,1996,94(2):377-383.
[84]凌敏,唐发根,林广艳.基于XPDL的工作流管理系统的研究.计算机与数字工程,2006,34(6):95-98.
[85]齐建军.基于XML的制造过程集成框架的研究与实现:[博士学位论文].北京:北京航空航天大学,2005.
[86]周峰.产品设计过程的建模、仿真及优化研究:[博士学位论文].大连:大连理工大学,2008.
[87]王贻发.基于Web的模具生产主计划与设计过程管理:[硕士学位论文].武汉:华中科技大学,2006.
[88]童星.基于XPDL的工作流模型研究.计算机工程应用技术,2008,(14):961-963.
[89]Workflow Management Coalition.Workflow process definition interface-XML process definition language[WFMC-TC-1025],2005.
[90]杜栓柱.分布式协同工作环境中时间工作流建模技术研究:[博士学位论文].杭州:浙江大学,2004.
[91]http://www.mxgraph.com/.
[92]Petia Wohed,Nick Russell,Arthur H.M,et al.Patterns-based evaluation of open source BPM systems:The cases of Jbpm,OpenWFE,and Enhydra Shark.Information and Software Technology,2009,51(8):1187-1216.
[93]袁静.基于CAD平台的协同感知系统的研究与实现:[硕士学位论文]西安:西北大学,2007.
[94]Paul Dourish,Victoria Bellotti.Awaremess and coordination in shared workspaces.In Proceedings of the 1992 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work,Toronto,Ontario,Canada,1992.
[95]Michael.Rounding,Saul.Greenberg,Sheelagh.Carpendale.Awareness projected:moving awareness to a public space.In Proceeding of the Western Computer Graphics Symposium 2000,Panorama Mountain Village,BC,Canada,2000.
[96]He Fazhi,Gao Shuming.Telepointers and cooperative awareness in semi-transparency and semi-awareness CSCW systems.Chinese Journal of Computer Research and Development,2002,39(9):1009-1105.
[97]Manuele Kirsch-Pinheiro,Jose Valdeni de Lima,Marcos R.S.Borges.A framework for awareness support in groupware systems.Computers in Industry,2003,52(1):47-57.
[98]Chyng-Yang Jang,Charles Steinfield,Ben Pfaff.Virtual team awareness and groupware support:an evaluation of the TeamSCOPE system.International Journal of Human-Computer Studies,2002,56(1):109-126.
[99]廖敏.基于资源集成的协同产品开发原理与实施方法研究:[博士学位论文].成都:四川大学,2005.
[100]Guk-Heon Choi,Duhwan Mun,Soonhung Han.Exchange of CAD part models based on the macro-parametric approach.International Journal of CAD/CAM,2002,2(1):13-21.
[101]K.K.Leong,K.M.Yu,W.B.Lee.Product data allocation for distributed product data management system.Computers in Industry,2002,47(3):289-298.
[102]X.Chen,Y.C.Lam,D.Q.Li.Analysis of thermal residual stress in plastic injection molding.Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2000,101(1-3):275-280.
[103]Y.-M.Deng,Y.C.Lam,S.B.Tor.A CAD-CAE Integrated injection molding design system.Engineering with Computers,2002,18(1):80-92.
[104]Di Wu,Radha Sarma.Dynamic segmentation and incremental editing of boundary representations in a collaborative design environment.In Proceedings of the sixth ACM symposium on Solid modeling and applications,Ann Arbor,Michigan,United States:2001.
[105]Flavio De Paoli,Andrea Sosio.Requirements for a layered software architecture supporting cooperative multi-user interaction.In Proceedings of the 18th international conference on Software engineering,Berlin,Germany:1996.
[106]Chengzheng Sun,Rok Sosic.Optional locking integrated with operational transformation in distributed real-time group editors.In Proceedings of the eighteenth annual ACM symposium on Principles of distributed computing,Atlanta,Georgia,United States:1999.
[107]Beau Willamson.Developing IP multicast networks.Cisco Systems Inc,2000.
[108]Emad Eldin Mohamed,Hussein Abdel-Wahab.Multicast routing for multimedia collaborative applications.Computer Communications,2004,27(7):604-615.
[109]刘彭闵.计算机支持的协同工作工具平台设计与实现:[硕士学位论文].成都:西南交通大学,2006.
[110]代科学,涂丹,张稚等.基于NetMeeting底层服务构建远程维修支持系统.计算机工程应用,2005,(4):213-215.
[111]Steffen Staab,Rudi Studer,Hans-Peter Schnurr,et al.Knowledge processes and ontologies.In IEEE Intelligent Systems,2001,16(1):26-34.
[112]Alun Preece,Alan Flett,Derek Sleeman,et al.Better knowledge management through knowledge engineering.In IEEE Intelligent Systems,2001,16(1):36-43.
[113]Gerhard Fischer,Jonathan Ostwald.Knowledge management problems,promises,realities,and challenges.In IEEE Intelligent Systems,2001,16(1):60-72.
[114]李畅.面向模具的协同设计关键技术研究:[博士学位论文]武汉:华中科技大学,2007.
[115]Lang,K,Burnett,M.XML,Metadata and efficient knowledge discovery.Knowledge-Based Systems,2000,13(5):321-331.
[116]Rezayat M.Knowledge-based product development using XML and KCs.Computer-Aided Design,2000,32(5):299-309.
[117]刘忠途,王启付,陈立平.三维CAD系统的知识融合与驱动技术研究.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2005,17(5):1013-1018.
[118]Kalyan Moy Gupta,Ali Reza Montazemi.A connectionist approach for similarity assessment in case-based reasoning systems.Decision Support System,1997,19(4):237-253.