服务设计概念衍生阶段的反思型设计
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摘要
本文选题源于七年来的设计教学和设计项目实践,针对两个基本研究问题：第一,服务设计概念衍生阶段设计师基本的设计活动规律。第二,服务设计概念衍生的思维模式、设计策略与驱动类型等。属于设计行为学(praxiology)-研究设计实践和设计过程的研究范畴。对概念衍生阶段的设计师思维认知和创新活动的“解密”具有重要的理论和实践指导意义。
针对论文研究问题及设计领域具有“未明确定义问题”的基本属性和设计活动中“设计问题与解决方案协同进化”的特征,采用现象学建构主义中舍恩的反思型实践作为研究的理论基础。并结合《服务设计与商业模式》课程、《摩托罗拉创新服务联合设计工作坊》、《诺基亚联合课程项目及相关工作坊》、《诺基亚移动教育服务设计工作坊》等实践案例,采用文献研究、口语分析、词语分析法、认知地图、心智图、扎根理论中的开放编码、分析性归纳和自由列表等方法展开研究。
研究的基本内容包括：首先以“反思型实践”理论为学术背景,界定了本文研究的概念、范围、范式方法论的选择和关键问题。综述了设计活动、设计思维、设计师式认知、新手和专家等研究文献、选题背景及意义。接着通过对舍恩反思型实践的框架进行介绍,并结合设计活动的文献研究成果,在多斯特(Kees Dorst)框定(frame)设计问题为单元核心的编码系统、芬克等设计活动编码的基础上,采用口语分析法对以小组构思为基本单元的概念衍生活动进行了编码分析。输出了服务设计概念衍生反思型活动的基本规律和区分类型。然后通过对实验中每组概念衍生的线性过程,经由“发散-收敛”的设计活动基本特征,利用认知地图、心智图等方法提炼出七种概念衍生思维模式,并依循扎根理论中开放编码的原则对设计活动进行多层截面解析,抽取出概念衍生的设计策略及驱动类型。随后归纳了反思型实践中从新手到专家不同级别的设计师在分析和处理设计问题、设计启发式、设计策略、设计知识等方面的异同。并通过词语分析法中正向和并发关系计量分析,获取了设计师在小组合作中的小组同质化特征以及各级别对象在概念衍生中互动机制上的区别。最后对五个层级概念衍生反思型活动特征进行了归纳并提出了小组构思的概念衍生反思型活动研究方法。
研究的主要创新成果包括：第一,通过对概念衍生反思型活动定性和定量的综合分析,分别从概念衍生反思型活动类、概念衍生反思型活动思维模式、设计策略、驱动类型和互动机制等方面归纳了五个层级的服务设计概念衍生活动特征。系统提炼了三类不同的概念衍生反思型活动类及互动机制；将服务设计概念衍生阶段的思维模式归纳为培养皿型、裂变型、漏斗型等七种；并提出了以寻求需求为重心的设计、以服务内容为重心的设计等四种设计策略；溯源了两种服务设计概念衍生阶段的驱动类型。
第二,在概念衍生活动实验组织和口语分析系统编码原则上的创新和探索反思。小组合作的组织形式有效规避了口语分析法中常见的因思维内隐或专家经验化而捕捉失效的弊端。对部分实验编码系统实行开放编码原则,对保持编码系统和结果类型的自然生成提供了基础条件。这种开放性、不穷尽的原则对于设计活动实验研究具有指导意义。
第三,系统分析了概念衍生反思型活动中设计师行为和认知层面的特征,提出了概念衍生反思型活动中活动类、思维模式、设计策略、驱动类型和互动机制这些特征要素,并最终提出了基于小组构思的概念衍生反思型活动研究方法。分别从服务设计师概念衍生活动行为层面和具体概念的线性衍生过程层面来解析反思型设计活动的特征本质。
Selection of this paper is profoundly rooted in seven years of design teaching and project practice, principally aiming at two basic problems belonging to research field of design praxiology (design practice and design process):the first one is about basic design principles for designers at the stage of concept generation for service design. And the second one is about thinking mode, design strategies and driven styles of concept generation for service design.
Concentrating on research problem and design field which contains basic properties of ill-defined problem and characteristics of synergistic evolution of design problems and solutions, we will utilize Donald A. Schon reflective practices of phenomenological constructivism as research theoretical foundations and incorporate the course of service design and business mode, combined design workshop of Motorola innovative service, Nokia joint programs as well as related workshops, service design workshop of Nokia mobile education and so forth. Meanwhile, we also exploit the methods of open coding, analytical induction and free lists deriving from literature research, oral analysis, lexical analysis, cognitive map, mind map and grounded theory.
Primary contents of research are consisted of five chapters. The first chapter introduces this paper by the theory of "reflective practice", which defines not only concept and scope of this paper but also choices and key issues of the paradigmatic methodology. It summarizes the background and significance of paper's selection and research literature such as design activities, design thinking, designers'cognition, and novices and experts as well. The second chapter takes group ideation as a basic unit of coding analysis for concept generation by the mean of oral analysis and concludes basic principles and distinguishing types of reflective activities for concept generation of service design through the way of introducing the frame of Donald Schon's reflective practices combining with the achievements of literature research and depending on Dorst's coding system that frames design problem as the core unit and Finke's coding system of design activities. The third chapter mainly focuses extracting seven thinking modes of concept generation using cognitive map, mind map and divergent and convergent characteristics of deign through the linear process of concept generation by group and makes design analysis of multiple sections following the open coding rule of grounded theory and extracting design strategies and driven types of concept generation. The fourth concept concludes the differences of analyzing and processing design problems, design heuristic and strategies and design knowledge among diverse designers ranging from expert to novice. Additionally, we acquire the homogenous characteristics of group cooperation of designers by positive and concurrent relationships of qualitative lexical analysis and clarify the differences of interaction mechanism among all-level objects. The fifth chapter emphasizes proposing the research method of reflective activities based on group ideation for concept generation and concludes the characteristics of five levels of concept generation for reflective activities.
Primary innovative achievements of research are listed as following:
Firstly, we successfully draw conclusions of five-level characteristics of concept generation for service design by the qualitative and quantitative comprehensive analysis of concept generation for reflective activities, respectively from many aspects such as concept generation for reflective activities, thinking modes of reflective activities, design strategies, driven types and interaction mechanisms. Furthermore, we systematically refine three different kinds of concept generation for reflective activities and interaction mechanisms and perfectly conclude seven thinking modes of concept generation for service design such as the type of Petri dish, fission and funnel.
Secondly, we make reflective discoveries and innovations based on experiments of concept generation and coding principles of oral analysis. Practically, we effectively dodge the drawbacks of capturing failure owing to thinking implication or experts'experience which commonly exists in oral analysis and efficiently provide the foundations of maintaining coding system and natural generation of result types by partially implementing experimental coding system with the principles of open coding, which is instructive to research of design activities under the guidelines of openness and infiniteness.
Thirdly, we systematically analyse design behavior of concept generation of reflective activities and characteristic of cognitive levels, which points out significant elements of activities, thinking modes, design strategies, driven types and interaction mechanisms of reflective activities. Eventually, we propose the method of reflective design based on group ideation for concept generation of service design, which elaborates intrinsic characteristics of reflective activities separately from the aspects of concept generation of service designers and linear generation of concrete concept.
针对论文研究问题及设计领域具有“未明确定义问题”的基本属性和设计活动中“设计问题与解决方案协同进化”的特征,采用现象学建构主义中舍恩的反思型实践作为研究的理论基础。并结合《服务设计与商业模式》课程、《摩托罗拉创新服务联合设计工作坊》、《诺基亚联合课程项目及相关工作坊》、《诺基亚移动教育服务设计工作坊》等实践案例,采用文献研究、口语分析、词语分析法、认知地图、心智图、扎根理论中的开放编码、分析性归纳和自由列表等方法展开研究。
研究的基本内容包括：首先以“反思型实践”理论为学术背景,界定了本文研究的概念、范围、范式方法论的选择和关键问题。综述了设计活动、设计思维、设计师式认知、新手和专家等研究文献、选题背景及意义。接着通过对舍恩反思型实践的框架进行介绍,并结合设计活动的文献研究成果,在多斯特(Kees Dorst)框定(frame)设计问题为单元核心的编码系统、芬克等设计活动编码的基础上,采用口语分析法对以小组构思为基本单元的概念衍生活动进行了编码分析。输出了服务设计概念衍生反思型活动的基本规律和区分类型。然后通过对实验中每组概念衍生的线性过程,经由“发散-收敛”的设计活动基本特征,利用认知地图、心智图等方法提炼出七种概念衍生思维模式,并依循扎根理论中开放编码的原则对设计活动进行多层截面解析,抽取出概念衍生的设计策略及驱动类型。随后归纳了反思型实践中从新手到专家不同级别的设计师在分析和处理设计问题、设计启发式、设计策略、设计知识等方面的异同。并通过词语分析法中正向和并发关系计量分析,获取了设计师在小组合作中的小组同质化特征以及各级别对象在概念衍生中互动机制上的区别。最后对五个层级概念衍生反思型活动特征进行了归纳并提出了小组构思的概念衍生反思型活动研究方法。
研究的主要创新成果包括：第一,通过对概念衍生反思型活动定性和定量的综合分析,分别从概念衍生反思型活动类、概念衍生反思型活动思维模式、设计策略、驱动类型和互动机制等方面归纳了五个层级的服务设计概念衍生活动特征。系统提炼了三类不同的概念衍生反思型活动类及互动机制；将服务设计概念衍生阶段的思维模式归纳为培养皿型、裂变型、漏斗型等七种；并提出了以寻求需求为重心的设计、以服务内容为重心的设计等四种设计策略；溯源了两种服务设计概念衍生阶段的驱动类型。
第二,在概念衍生活动实验组织和口语分析系统编码原则上的创新和探索反思。小组合作的组织形式有效规避了口语分析法中常见的因思维内隐或专家经验化而捕捉失效的弊端。对部分实验编码系统实行开放编码原则,对保持编码系统和结果类型的自然生成提供了基础条件。这种开放性、不穷尽的原则对于设计活动实验研究具有指导意义。
第三,系统分析了概念衍生反思型活动中设计师行为和认知层面的特征,提出了概念衍生反思型活动中活动类、思维模式、设计策略、驱动类型和互动机制这些特征要素,并最终提出了基于小组构思的概念衍生反思型活动研究方法。分别从服务设计师概念衍生活动行为层面和具体概念的线性衍生过程层面来解析反思型设计活动的特征本质。
Selection of this paper is profoundly rooted in seven years of design teaching and project practice, principally aiming at two basic problems belonging to research field of design praxiology (design practice and design process):the first one is about basic design principles for designers at the stage of concept generation for service design. And the second one is about thinking mode, design strategies and driven styles of concept generation for service design.
Concentrating on research problem and design field which contains basic properties of ill-defined problem and characteristics of synergistic evolution of design problems and solutions, we will utilize Donald A. Schon reflective practices of phenomenological constructivism as research theoretical foundations and incorporate the course of service design and business mode, combined design workshop of Motorola innovative service, Nokia joint programs as well as related workshops, service design workshop of Nokia mobile education and so forth. Meanwhile, we also exploit the methods of open coding, analytical induction and free lists deriving from literature research, oral analysis, lexical analysis, cognitive map, mind map and grounded theory.
Primary contents of research are consisted of five chapters. The first chapter introduces this paper by the theory of "reflective practice", which defines not only concept and scope of this paper but also choices and key issues of the paradigmatic methodology. It summarizes the background and significance of paper's selection and research literature such as design activities, design thinking, designers'cognition, and novices and experts as well. The second chapter takes group ideation as a basic unit of coding analysis for concept generation by the mean of oral analysis and concludes basic principles and distinguishing types of reflective activities for concept generation of service design through the way of introducing the frame of Donald Schon's reflective practices combining with the achievements of literature research and depending on Dorst's coding system that frames design problem as the core unit and Finke's coding system of design activities. The third chapter mainly focuses extracting seven thinking modes of concept generation using cognitive map, mind map and divergent and convergent characteristics of deign through the linear process of concept generation by group and makes design analysis of multiple sections following the open coding rule of grounded theory and extracting design strategies and driven types of concept generation. The fourth concept concludes the differences of analyzing and processing design problems, design heuristic and strategies and design knowledge among diverse designers ranging from expert to novice. Additionally, we acquire the homogenous characteristics of group cooperation of designers by positive and concurrent relationships of qualitative lexical analysis and clarify the differences of interaction mechanism among all-level objects. The fifth chapter emphasizes proposing the research method of reflective activities based on group ideation for concept generation and concludes the characteristics of five levels of concept generation for reflective activities.
Primary innovative achievements of research are listed as following:
Firstly, we successfully draw conclusions of five-level characteristics of concept generation for service design by the qualitative and quantitative comprehensive analysis of concept generation for reflective activities, respectively from many aspects such as concept generation for reflective activities, thinking modes of reflective activities, design strategies, driven types and interaction mechanisms. Furthermore, we systematically refine three different kinds of concept generation for reflective activities and interaction mechanisms and perfectly conclude seven thinking modes of concept generation for service design such as the type of Petri dish, fission and funnel.
Secondly, we make reflective discoveries and innovations based on experiments of concept generation and coding principles of oral analysis. Practically, we effectively dodge the drawbacks of capturing failure owing to thinking implication or experts'experience which commonly exists in oral analysis and efficiently provide the foundations of maintaining coding system and natural generation of result types by partially implementing experimental coding system with the principles of open coding, which is instructive to research of design activities under the guidelines of openness and infiniteness.
Thirdly, we systematically analyse design behavior of concept generation of reflective activities and characteristic of cognitive levels, which points out significant elements of activities, thinking modes, design strategies, driven types and interaction mechanisms of reflective activities. Eventually, we propose the method of reflective design based on group ideation for concept generation of service design, which elaborates intrinsic characteristics of reflective activities separately from the aspects of concept generation of service designers and linear generation of concrete concept.
引文
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