海洋石油平台大直径超长桩贯入特性及原位测试研究
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摘要
随着我国对海洋石油、天然气资源的大力开发,在浅海中应用十分广泛的固定式导管架石油平台的建设方兴未艾。导管架平台钢管桩基础呈现出大直径、超长桩身、深贯入度、单桩承载力大的发展趋势,这样的基础结构设计可以节省桩基的用钢量,降低平台基础造价。但同时也加大了施工中的打桩难度。近年来,在渤海湾进行的石油平台桩基打桩过程中多次出现拒锤现象,造成了巨大的经济损失。这凸显出目前海洋石油平台桩基工程中,以桩基的可打入性分析为核心的亟待解决的诸多问题,主要有：第一,目前可打入性分析中只进行了桩基连续贯入条件下的模拟计算,对由于接桩需要而停锤,间隔一定休止期后的重新打桩(Restart)环节没有考虑,然而Restart是整个打桩过程中拒锤风险最大的环节；第二,缺乏能够降低桩基拒锤风险的有效工程对策。设计中进行的可打入性分析很难兼顾到海上施工中受到的诸如气象、海浪以及施工机械故障等因素对打桩进程的影响,因此,通过可打入性分析研究提出能够降低拒锤风险的工程措施是十分重要的；第三,缺少针对海上平台桩基承载力的检测方法。无论是桩基被顺利贯入到设计深度,还是打桩过程中出现了拒锤,最根本的问题是桩基承载力是否能够满足设计要求。本文密切结合海上平台打桩工程实践,研究和分析实测打桩记录,通过室内土性模拟试验研究及现场原位测试,力图建立更加完善和符合实际的桩基可打入性分析方法。并在此基础上,对出现的拒锤现象进行分析研究,提出能有效降低桩基拒锤风险的工程对策,并用于指导工程实践。本文的主要研究内容和成果如下：
(1)在模拟桩基连续贯入的可打入性分析中,桩周土的疲劳效应是影响计算结果的关键。通过室内动三轴试验模拟连续打桩的往复作用使得桩周粘性土发生大应变塑性变形,研究了粘性土因疲劳效应而产生强度衰减的机理。并与砂性土做了对比分析研究。在此基础上提出了改进的模拟连续打桩过程中桩周土体疲劳效应的计算方法。
(2)进行了国内首次完整的针对海洋石油平台桩基的高应变动测打桩过程监控试验,以及检测桩基承载力的高应变复打测试。通过与现场高应变实测结果对比,验证了可打入性分析计算的准确性。建立了通过打桩结束一周后的复打测试结果复核桩基设计承载力的方法,在此基础上研究并提出了停锤后桩周土强度随时间的增长变化规律。
(3)在一维波动方程有限差分解答理论的基础上,建立了模拟打桩过程中拒锤风险最大的接桩、停锤一定时间的后继打桩Restart时的计算方法。该方法采用本文提出的改进的桩周土疲劳效应模拟方法对桩基连续打桩进行可打入性分析。同时,还能考虑打桩过程中接桩,停锤一定时间的后继打桩Restart时桩周土中超孔压消散和强度恢复对可打入性的影响。
(4)利用本课题的研究成果,对渤海湾某建设中的油田发生打桩拒锤的工程进行了分析研究,在此基础上提出了通过改变桩基结构设计降低打桩中拒锤风险的工程对策,并为工程单位所采用,已取得了良好的效果。
With the rapid exploitation of the offshore oil and gas resources, the constructionof the fixed jacket platforms that have been widely used in the shallow sea is in theascendant. Pile foundations of the jacket platform are taking on some new characters,such as larger diameter, longer length and deeper penetration. These characters canreduce the steel consumption in foundation structure and decrease the cost, but at thesame time, they make the pile driving more difficult. Recent years, several pile refusalcases have been reported during the pile driving of the platform construction in BohaiGulf, and caused enormous economic losses. This highlights three essential problemswith the pile drivability analysis, which need urgent concern in the pile construction ofthe offshore oil platform. Firstly, the conventional pile drivability analysis methodsfocus on the situation when the pile is driven continuously, without considering therestarting drivability after assembling pile segments, while pile refusal is more likely toocure at this period of time. Secondly, there is lack of effective measures to ease therisk of pile refusal during construction. Such as weather, waves and mechanical failurescan intermit the successive pile penetration for some time on the sea, and that will raisethe feasibility of refusal greatly. It is hardly possible to consider those unexpectablefactors in the pile drivability analysis in the design stage. Therefore, the effectivemeasures to relieve the likelihood of pile refusal are quite important for the pile drivingon the sea. Thirdly, there is no field testing method to evaluate the bearing capacity ofthe offshore platform pile in domestic up to now. Either driving to the designpenetration or refusing during the penetration, the key to pile foundation is whether thepile bearing capacity can satisfy the design requirement. In this thesis engineeringpractices and the driving records were discussed; laboratory simulation tests and fieldtests were carried out in order to establish an improved pile driving analysis program.Based on the improved program, the causes of pile refusal was analyzed andengineering measures to low the risk of pile refusal were suggested. Also theengineering practice in Bohai Gulf has proved the adopted measures very effective.The content of the thesis covers the following aspects:
(1) The simulation of soil fatigue in analyzing the pile driving continuously canaffect the results greatly. Based on laboratory dynamic triaxial tests, the mechanism of strength fatigue decrease of clay soil around the pile caused by pile driving is studied.The comparative theoretic analysis for sandy soil is also studied. Based on this, animproved method for simulating soil fatigue during the pile continuously driving is putforward.
(2) The high strain tests are carried out in an offshore platform project to monitorthe process of the pile drivability and check the bearing capacity by re-strike. The piledrivability analysis results can be verified by the high strain testing results during piledriving. The pile bearing capacity is checked through re-strike a week after penetrating.Based on this, strength changes of soil surrounding the pile after penetrating arestudied.
(3) Based on the method of finite difference on one-dimentional wave equations, asimulation model for the restarting drivability analysis after pile segments assemblingis proposed. A complete pile drivability analysis program is presented, it can analyzethe drivability of driving continuously with the improved soil fatigue simulationmethod, and consider soil strength recovery after pile segments assembling caused bythe dissipation of excess pore water pressure.
(4) Pile refusal case study is carried out. The prediction analysis of pile drivabilityfor one refused pile is performed with the pile drivability analysis program proposed bythis thesis. And the causation of pile refusal is analyzed by the pile drivability analysisprogram. The measures to low risk of refusing by changing the structure of the pile areintroduced. And these measures have been applied to other platforms in the same areaand approved very effective.
(1)在模拟桩基连续贯入的可打入性分析中,桩周土的疲劳效应是影响计算结果的关键。通过室内动三轴试验模拟连续打桩的往复作用使得桩周粘性土发生大应变塑性变形,研究了粘性土因疲劳效应而产生强度衰减的机理。并与砂性土做了对比分析研究。在此基础上提出了改进的模拟连续打桩过程中桩周土体疲劳效应的计算方法。
(2)进行了国内首次完整的针对海洋石油平台桩基的高应变动测打桩过程监控试验,以及检测桩基承载力的高应变复打测试。通过与现场高应变实测结果对比,验证了可打入性分析计算的准确性。建立了通过打桩结束一周后的复打测试结果复核桩基设计承载力的方法,在此基础上研究并提出了停锤后桩周土强度随时间的增长变化规律。
(3)在一维波动方程有限差分解答理论的基础上,建立了模拟打桩过程中拒锤风险最大的接桩、停锤一定时间的后继打桩Restart时的计算方法。该方法采用本文提出的改进的桩周土疲劳效应模拟方法对桩基连续打桩进行可打入性分析。同时,还能考虑打桩过程中接桩,停锤一定时间的后继打桩Restart时桩周土中超孔压消散和强度恢复对可打入性的影响。
(4)利用本课题的研究成果,对渤海湾某建设中的油田发生打桩拒锤的工程进行了分析研究,在此基础上提出了通过改变桩基结构设计降低打桩中拒锤风险的工程对策,并为工程单位所采用,已取得了良好的效果。
With the rapid exploitation of the offshore oil and gas resources, the constructionof the fixed jacket platforms that have been widely used in the shallow sea is in theascendant. Pile foundations of the jacket platform are taking on some new characters,such as larger diameter, longer length and deeper penetration. These characters canreduce the steel consumption in foundation structure and decrease the cost, but at thesame time, they make the pile driving more difficult. Recent years, several pile refusalcases have been reported during the pile driving of the platform construction in BohaiGulf, and caused enormous economic losses. This highlights three essential problemswith the pile drivability analysis, which need urgent concern in the pile construction ofthe offshore oil platform. Firstly, the conventional pile drivability analysis methodsfocus on the situation when the pile is driven continuously, without considering therestarting drivability after assembling pile segments, while pile refusal is more likely toocure at this period of time. Secondly, there is lack of effective measures to ease therisk of pile refusal during construction. Such as weather, waves and mechanical failurescan intermit the successive pile penetration for some time on the sea, and that will raisethe feasibility of refusal greatly. It is hardly possible to consider those unexpectablefactors in the pile drivability analysis in the design stage. Therefore, the effectivemeasures to relieve the likelihood of pile refusal are quite important for the pile drivingon the sea. Thirdly, there is no field testing method to evaluate the bearing capacity ofthe offshore platform pile in domestic up to now. Either driving to the designpenetration or refusing during the penetration, the key to pile foundation is whether thepile bearing capacity can satisfy the design requirement. In this thesis engineeringpractices and the driving records were discussed; laboratory simulation tests and fieldtests were carried out in order to establish an improved pile driving analysis program.Based on the improved program, the causes of pile refusal was analyzed andengineering measures to low the risk of pile refusal were suggested. Also theengineering practice in Bohai Gulf has proved the adopted measures very effective.The content of the thesis covers the following aspects:
(1) The simulation of soil fatigue in analyzing the pile driving continuously canaffect the results greatly. Based on laboratory dynamic triaxial tests, the mechanism of strength fatigue decrease of clay soil around the pile caused by pile driving is studied.The comparative theoretic analysis for sandy soil is also studied. Based on this, animproved method for simulating soil fatigue during the pile continuously driving is putforward.
(2) The high strain tests are carried out in an offshore platform project to monitorthe process of the pile drivability and check the bearing capacity by re-strike. The piledrivability analysis results can be verified by the high strain testing results during piledriving. The pile bearing capacity is checked through re-strike a week after penetrating.Based on this, strength changes of soil surrounding the pile after penetrating arestudied.
(3) Based on the method of finite difference on one-dimentional wave equations, asimulation model for the restarting drivability analysis after pile segments assemblingis proposed. A complete pile drivability analysis program is presented, it can analyzethe drivability of driving continuously with the improved soil fatigue simulationmethod, and consider soil strength recovery after pile segments assembling caused bythe dissipation of excess pore water pressure.
(4) Pile refusal case study is carried out. The prediction analysis of pile drivabilityfor one refused pile is performed with the pile drivability analysis program proposed bythis thesis. And the causation of pile refusal is analyzed by the pile drivability analysisprogram. The measures to low risk of refusing by changing the structure of the pile areintroduced. And these measures have been applied to other platforms in the same areaand approved very effective.
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