SBR工艺用滗水器的研究
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摘要
本文以序批式反应器(SBR)工艺中的滗水器作为研究对象，通过对其类型、结构、工作原理、水力学特征、自动控制方式及实际应用的研究，提出了滗水器的选型原则，并预测了滗水器的发展方向。
分析了滗水器的类型和各自的工作原理。随着SBR工艺的发展，各国均结合工艺和应用特点，研发了多种型式的滗水器。旋转式滗水器工作时堰口以出水管为回转轴，采用机械驱动方式控制滗水器的出水；浮筒式无动力滗水器利用重力与浮力的平衡配合出水阀往外排水；虹吸式滗水器利用池内外的液位差为动力，通过利用电磁阀控制U形管气阻的产生和破坏进行间隙周期排水。通过对滗水器工作原理和特点的分析，揭示了各种滗水器的优缺点。
分析了旋转式滗水器和虹吸式滗水器的水力学特征。旋转式滗水器的出水量由堰口过流量决定，是一种典型的堰流。当堰槽内不发生雍水现象时，堰口的过流量只与堰口的浸没深度H相关；若发生雍水现象，堰口的过流量则会减少，设计时应加以避免。通过控制旋转式滗水器的堰口浸没深度，可以方便地调节出水流量。在整个滗水过程中虹吸式滗水器的出水流量由大变小，其流量与出水管截面积和水头高度有关。因此，虹吸式滗水器的工作性能对水位高程要求严格，运行参数调节困难。
分析了滗水器的结构特点。以旋转式滗水器为重点，详细地研究了旋转式滗水器的结构。旋转式滗水器的水下部分采用不锈钢结构，以出水汇集管为回转轴，采用高性能的组合式动密封，使之具有结构坚固、可靠性强的特点。分析了垂直升降式滗水器和虹吸式滗水器的结构。还从结构设计和制造工艺的角度，对多堰口滗水器的设计要点作了探讨。
研究了滗水器的自动控制方式及其出水流量特征。针对旋转式滗水器工作时堰口的运行轨迹为一弧线，重点分析了三种控制方式，并提出PLC+变频作为优选方案。同时还探讨了同一反应池内布置多台滗水器时，保持工作同步性的方式。
以机械驱动旋转式滗水器在海门水质净化中心和虹吸式滗水器在天津经济
技术开发区污水处理厂的应用为例，通过分析，提出了浑水器的设计选型原则，
认为不同场合须选用相应的渗水器，提出小水量工况下采用无动力建水器，大
水量工况下采用机械驱动旋转式溪水器，并与相应的自动控制方式相匹配。
探讨了浑水器的发展方向。提出湾水器应在无动力、自动控制、浮渣撇除
功能方面加以改进。
Decanters used for sequencing batch reactor (SBR) were systematically studied through analyzing their structure, operation principle, hydraulic characteristics and models for automatic control. The criterions for decanter selection were brought out and the developing tendency of decanters was predicted.
With the evolution of SBR process, various types of decanters were developed. Rotary decanters were driven by linear electromechanical actuators. Floating decanters were operated to control effluent drainage with valves while keeping balance between gravity and floatation. Siphon decanters were operated by inducing the siphon pipe to discharge with airlift effect.
Hydraulic characteristics and performance of rotary decanter and siphon decanter were studied respectively. As for rotary decanters, their effluents were typical weir flows and the overflow capacities were related to height (the distance between weir and water surface). As for siphon decanters, their drainage capacities were related to the level differences between inlet and outlet.
The rugged construction of rotary decanter was fabricated of stainless steel. The seals and bearing assembly were tolerant to the harsh conditions. The structure of vertical traveling decanters and siphon decanters were also analyzed. The key points of design and fabrication of multi-weir decanter were made out.
Automatic control model and hydraulic performance were studied. Three control models were compared and the model of PLC + Frequency Converter was recommended. Synchronization of the operation for two or more decanters in one reactor was investigated.
The criterions for decanter selection were put forward after the case study of
decanters. As for a small-scale reactor, no-power-driven decanters were recommended. As for a large-scale reactor, rotary decanters driven by motors were recommended.
The future development of decanter was discussed and the decanters should be modified in the automatic control, scum float removing and powerless requirement.
分析了滗水器的类型和各自的工作原理。随着SBR工艺的发展，各国均结合工艺和应用特点，研发了多种型式的滗水器。旋转式滗水器工作时堰口以出水管为回转轴，采用机械驱动方式控制滗水器的出水；浮筒式无动力滗水器利用重力与浮力的平衡配合出水阀往外排水；虹吸式滗水器利用池内外的液位差为动力，通过利用电磁阀控制U形管气阻的产生和破坏进行间隙周期排水。通过对滗水器工作原理和特点的分析，揭示了各种滗水器的优缺点。
分析了旋转式滗水器和虹吸式滗水器的水力学特征。旋转式滗水器的出水量由堰口过流量决定，是一种典型的堰流。当堰槽内不发生雍水现象时，堰口的过流量只与堰口的浸没深度H相关；若发生雍水现象，堰口的过流量则会减少，设计时应加以避免。通过控制旋转式滗水器的堰口浸没深度，可以方便地调节出水流量。在整个滗水过程中虹吸式滗水器的出水流量由大变小，其流量与出水管截面积和水头高度有关。因此，虹吸式滗水器的工作性能对水位高程要求严格，运行参数调节困难。
分析了滗水器的结构特点。以旋转式滗水器为重点，详细地研究了旋转式滗水器的结构。旋转式滗水器的水下部分采用不锈钢结构，以出水汇集管为回转轴，采用高性能的组合式动密封，使之具有结构坚固、可靠性强的特点。分析了垂直升降式滗水器和虹吸式滗水器的结构。还从结构设计和制造工艺的角度，对多堰口滗水器的设计要点作了探讨。
研究了滗水器的自动控制方式及其出水流量特征。针对旋转式滗水器工作时堰口的运行轨迹为一弧线，重点分析了三种控制方式，并提出PLC+变频作为优选方案。同时还探讨了同一反应池内布置多台滗水器时，保持工作同步性的方式。
以机械驱动旋转式滗水器在海门水质净化中心和虹吸式滗水器在天津经济
技术开发区污水处理厂的应用为例，通过分析，提出了浑水器的设计选型原则，
认为不同场合须选用相应的渗水器，提出小水量工况下采用无动力建水器，大
水量工况下采用机械驱动旋转式溪水器，并与相应的自动控制方式相匹配。
探讨了浑水器的发展方向。提出湾水器应在无动力、自动控制、浮渣撇除
功能方面加以改进。
Decanters used for sequencing batch reactor (SBR) were systematically studied through analyzing their structure, operation principle, hydraulic characteristics and models for automatic control. The criterions for decanter selection were brought out and the developing tendency of decanters was predicted.
With the evolution of SBR process, various types of decanters were developed. Rotary decanters were driven by linear electromechanical actuators. Floating decanters were operated to control effluent drainage with valves while keeping balance between gravity and floatation. Siphon decanters were operated by inducing the siphon pipe to discharge with airlift effect.
Hydraulic characteristics and performance of rotary decanter and siphon decanter were studied respectively. As for rotary decanters, their effluents were typical weir flows and the overflow capacities were related to height (the distance between weir and water surface). As for siphon decanters, their drainage capacities were related to the level differences between inlet and outlet.
The rugged construction of rotary decanter was fabricated of stainless steel. The seals and bearing assembly were tolerant to the harsh conditions. The structure of vertical traveling decanters and siphon decanters were also analyzed. The key points of design and fabrication of multi-weir decanter were made out.
Automatic control model and hydraulic performance were studied. Three control models were compared and the model of PLC + Frequency Converter was recommended. Synchronization of the operation for two or more decanters in one reactor was investigated.
The criterions for decanter selection were put forward after the case study of
decanters. As for a small-scale reactor, no-power-driven decanters were recommended. As for a large-scale reactor, rotary decanters driven by motors were recommended.
The future development of decanter was discussed and the decanters should be modified in the automatic control, scum float removing and powerless requirement.
引文
[1] 杨云龙，陈启斌 SBR 工艺的现状与发展[J]．工业用水与废水，2002，32(1)：44—47
[2] 王凯军，宋英豪．SBR工艺的发展类型及其应用特性[J]．中国给水排水，2002，18(7)：
[3] 1.999-2.002 Environmental Expert, S.L. SBR Wastewater Treatment Provides Large Clean-up on Small Site [EB/OL]. http://www. Environmental-center.com/articles/article7/article7.htm, 2002-09-27 347-354
[4] 王秀朵，周雹．DAT-IAT工艺处理城市污水[J]．中国给水排水，1999，15(1)：15-17
[5] 李探微，彭永臻等．一种新的污水处理技术—MSBR法[J]．给水排水，1999，25 (6)：26-27
[6] 陈郭建．PAC—SBR法处理高浓度有机废水[J]．环境工程，1995，13(5)：3—6．
[7] 詹伯君，等．膜法SBR工艺处理印染废水工程设计[J]．给水排水，1997，(7)：25-28．
[8] 王乾扬，等，膜法SBR工艺处理皮革废水研究[J]．中国给水排水，1999，15(3)：54-56．
[9] 邓良伟．水解-SBR工艺处理规模化猪场粪污研究[J]．中国给水排水，2001，17 (3)：8-11．
[10] 王东海，文湘华，钱易．SBR在难降解有机物处理中的研究和应用[J]．中国给水排水，1999，15(11)：22-24
[11] 肖大松．SBR法处理城市生活污水的研究[J]．重庆环境科学，1996，(4)；39-41．
[12] 沈光范．关于城市污水处理厂设计的若干问题[J]．中国给水排水，2000，16(3)：20-23
[13] 王杉．对小城市污水处理工程设计的思考[J]．给水排水，2001，27(9)：25-28．
[14] 金宏，张大群等．旋转式滗水器的开发设计[J]．中国给水排水，2002，18(5)：
56-57
[15] 西南交通大学水力学教研室 水力学 高等教育出版社
[16] 王守中，张统等．北京航天城污水处理厂CASS法工艺调试及运行[J]．给水排水，1999，25(8)：20-23
[17] TERRY L. Kirschenman and Shahid Hameed. A Regulatory guide to Sequencing Batch Reactors [R]. The 2~(nd) International Symposium on Sequencing Batch Reactor Technology, 10-12 July, 2000, Narbonne, France
[18] T.G. Flapper, N.J. Ashbolt, A.T. Lee and M. O'Neill. From the Lab to full-scale SBR operation: treating high strength and variable industrial wastewaters[R]. The 2~(nd) International Symposium on Sequencing Batch Reactor Technology, 10-12 July, 2000, Narbonne, France
[19] 李健，陈双星等．大型SBR工艺启动特点及活性污泥培养驯化[J]．给水排水，2001，27(5)：25-27
[20] Strecter V L,Wylie E B．周均长译．流体力学[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，1987．
[2] 王凯军，宋英豪．SBR工艺的发展类型及其应用特性[J]．中国给水排水，2002，18(7)：
[3] 1.999-2.002 Environmental Expert, S.L. SBR Wastewater Treatment Provides Large Clean-up on Small Site [EB/OL]. http://www. Environmental-center.com/articles/article7/article7.htm, 2002-09-27 347-354
[4] 王秀朵，周雹．DAT-IAT工艺处理城市污水[J]．中国给水排水，1999，15(1)：15-17
[5] 李探微，彭永臻等．一种新的污水处理技术—MSBR法[J]．给水排水，1999，25 (6)：26-27
[6] 陈郭建．PAC—SBR法处理高浓度有机废水[J]．环境工程，1995，13(5)：3—6．
[7] 詹伯君，等．膜法SBR工艺处理印染废水工程设计[J]．给水排水，1997，(7)：25-28．
[8] 王乾扬，等，膜法SBR工艺处理皮革废水研究[J]．中国给水排水，1999，15(3)：54-56．
[9] 邓良伟．水解-SBR工艺处理规模化猪场粪污研究[J]．中国给水排水，2001，17 (3)：8-11．
[10] 王东海，文湘华，钱易．SBR在难降解有机物处理中的研究和应用[J]．中国给水排水，1999，15(11)：22-24
[11] 肖大松．SBR法处理城市生活污水的研究[J]．重庆环境科学，1996，(4)；39-41．
[12] 沈光范．关于城市污水处理厂设计的若干问题[J]．中国给水排水，2000，16(3)：20-23
[13] 王杉．对小城市污水处理工程设计的思考[J]．给水排水，2001，27(9)：25-28．
[14] 金宏，张大群等．旋转式滗水器的开发设计[J]．中国给水排水，2002，18(5)：
56-57
[15] 西南交通大学水力学教研室 水力学 高等教育出版社
[16] 王守中，张统等．北京航天城污水处理厂CASS法工艺调试及运行[J]．给水排水，1999，25(8)：20-23
[17] TERRY L. Kirschenman and Shahid Hameed. A Regulatory guide to Sequencing Batch Reactors [R]. The 2~(nd) International Symposium on Sequencing Batch Reactor Technology, 10-12 July, 2000, Narbonne, France
[18] T.G. Flapper, N.J. Ashbolt, A.T. Lee and M. O'Neill. From the Lab to full-scale SBR operation: treating high strength and variable industrial wastewaters[R]. The 2~(nd) International Symposium on Sequencing Batch Reactor Technology, 10-12 July, 2000, Narbonne, France
[19] 李健，陈双星等．大型SBR工艺启动特点及活性污泥培养驯化[J]．给水排水，2001，27(5)：25-27
[20] Strecter V L,Wylie E B．周均长译．流体力学[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，1987．