陕西农业标准化经济效应研究
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摘要
标准化生产方式产生于工业革命后期,在工业领域的经济效益已充分显现。从企业角度看,标准化生产有利于降低企业生产经营成本,增加市场信息对称性,提高市场交易效率。农业标准化是工业标准化原理在农业领域的具体应用。发达国家农业生产具备了标准化实施的条件,使得标准化的规模效应、交易成本降低等经济功能在农业领域充分实现。近年来,我国国家各级部门不断地加大农业标准的制修订任务,探索有效的农业标准化实施模式,一定程度上促进了农业经济的发展。我国农业标准化实施中突出问题在于政府一方面热衷于农业标准制定及其推广实施,而农户及农业企业层面对标准的采纳不积极,反应迟缓。因此,在当前分散的小农生产经营模式下,探讨农业标准化宣传贯彻的可行性,实施效果等方面的研究非常必要。关于农业标准化的必要性及重要性已有众多学者讨论,但关于农业标准化对农业经济、农产品国际贸易等方面的影响效应进行系统深入的研究非常少见。因此,加强农业标准化经济效应研究,显得必然而紧迫。
     本文在借鉴国内外关于标准经济学丰富研究成果的基础上,详细探讨了地方农业标准化发展的现状、存在问题及其制约因素。最后分别从微观视角和宏观视角定量研究标准化对农业经济经发展的影响效应。论文研究得出的主要结论如下:
     (1)对农业标准及农业标准化研究范围界定。本文在已有文献对农业标准及农业标准化概念定义的基础上,对农业标准及农业标准化的研究范围进行了重新界定。然后从经济学角度,探讨了农业标准化促进农业经济的作用机理。农业标准化通过促进技术进步,从而提高农业生产效率。农业技术标准作为连结农户与龙头企业、市场的纽带,使农业标准化对农业产业化的推进机制自发实现,提高市场交易效率。另外,技术标准制定对农产品国际贸易具有双重作用。进口国制定更严格的技术标准短期内抑制了农产品出口,但长期来看,进口国设置新的标准对出口国的贸易效应具有不确定性。
     (2)通过对陕西农业标准化现状描述,概括了农业标准化实施问题及其制约因素,对陕西农业标准化政策指导方向有一定借鉴意义。陕西农业标准体系基本形成,地方标准制修订工作有一定加强。但与其他省份相比仍有一定差距,存在农业标准体系产前、产后环节标准欠缺,农户标准化生产主动意识不强等问题。制约陕西农业标准化发展的因素主要包括:参与标准化的主体利益驱动力不足、传统农耕文化意识限制、农业科学技术发展水平及政府层面的标准化保障制度不完善等。
     (3)农户参与标准化生产决策行为受农户自身特征、标准化认知水平、周边标准化生产组织的示范效应、产品市场需求等因素综合影响。结果表明,政府政策的引导性及周边标准化生产组织的示范效应及农户标准化认知水平越强,农户标准化生产参与意识越强。农产品市场特征方面,市场对水果质量要求越高,农户越倾向于标准化生产。但农户个体特征诸如年龄、种植年限、受教育水平等特征由于调查样本差异性较小导致这些变量不够显著。
     (4)农户标准化生产决策对其种植收入影响效应。40%的农户认为标准化生产对其作物收入影响小于10%,60%农户认为标准化决策对其收入影响显著,增加幅度10-30%之间。运用有序logit分类模型,得出农户年龄越大,传统农耕意识影响越深,标准化生产对其收入影响程度越小。标准化生产组织提供科技信息、按照该组织要求使用化肥农药可以显著增加农户收入,但该组织其他职能诸如技术培训、农资统一采购等服务功能对农户收入影响不显著。政府发布新标准、宣传标准等职能对农户收入也有积极影响。最后,农产品采摘后商品化处理、市场价格公平交易等因素,在一定程度上也能提高农户收入。
     (5)农业各级标准对陕西农业经济增长具有显著促进效应。本文运用扩展的柯布-道格拉斯生产函数,以人均农业产值作为被解释变量,人均农业投入品数额、农业标准数量、农业专利申请数量等三个指标为解释变量,探讨了农业标准化对陕西农业经济增长的贡献。结果表明,农业生产投入的增加,显著促进农业产出增长。各个层级农业标准存量显著促进了农业生产效率的提高。而农业专利对经济影响程度微乎其微。陕西农业产值中很大一部分来自于农户农业生产,由于农业专利本身的属性,分散农户不具备专利使用条件,可以解释农业专利对地方农业经济贡献欠缺原因。
     (6)农业标准化对陕西农产品出口贸易有一定积极影响。本文选取代表地方农业经济发展水平、农业技术创新及农业标准化发展水平的七个指标作为解释变量,运用主成分回归方法,探讨标准化对农产品出口贸易的影响。结果表明,农业专利申请数量对陕西农产品出口贸易影响程度最大,国家层面农业标准、农业标准化示范区建设等衡量标准化水平的指标显著地促进了陕西农产品出口贸易。但陕西的地方农业标准主要为地方的农业生产服务,被出口导向型企业应用较少,因此,地方农业标准对农产品出口贸易产生了抑制作用。
Standardization begins with the late industrial revolution and applies first in the filed ofindustry. From the enterprise perspective, standardized production declines operationmonitoring costs, improves market information symmetry, and reduces transaction costs.Agricultural standardization applies the principle of industry standardization and realizeseconomies of scale and transaction cost reduction in agriculture.In developed countries,agricultural standardization implemented well for their high efficient agricultural operationalsystems. In recent years, Chinese government at all level continues to increase agriculturalstandards stocks and explore the effective implementation of agricultural standardization,Standardization, to some extent, promotes the development of agricultural economy.Inpractice,Chinese government is keen to carry forward agricultural standardization while thefarmers and agricultural enterprises show inactive attitudes on the adoption of agriculturalstandards.Under the Household Contracted Managerial Responsibility System,whetheragricultural standardization implements well and how to evaluate its implementationeffects.Many scholars have discussed the necessity and the importance of agriculturalstandardization production, but the research on how agricultural standardization affectsagricultural economy development, affects agricultural foreign trade, even if affects nationaleconomy, is rare. Therefore, it is inevitable and urgent to discuss the economic effects ofagricultural standardization.
     Based on the abundant research results of economics of standards, the paper describesthe local agricultural standardization status, problems and its restraining forces. Finally, fromthe micro household and regional level, the paper takes quantitative research on thecontribution of standardization influcencing economy development. The major results of thispaper are as follows:
     1. This paper defines the research scope of agricultural standardization.From economicsperspective; it analyzes the inherent mechanism for standardization promoting agriculturaleconomy development. To a great degree, technical standards show technology progress,agricultural standards implementation facilitates technology transformation and improvesagricultural production efficiency. As the link farmers with agricultural leading enterprises, consumers, agricultural technical standards transfer the market signal and reduce the markettranction cost. Standardization has a dual role on the agricultural international trade. The newstringent technical standards set by developed countries could in fact inhibit export ofagricultural product from developing countries in the short term, but in the long run, the tradeeffects are uncertainty.
     2. This paper describes the status and problem of local agricultural standardizationimplementation, which shows the local standardization policy direction.Agriculturalstandardization system in Shaanxi, has been formed, and local agricultural standards risesteadily. Compared with other provinces, agricultural standardization in Shaanxi lags behind,especially in lack of standards before and after agructural production satge, farmers’sstandardization awareness; etc.These restraing forces explain the reason why localstandardization develops slowly, which include motivation lacks of farmers and enterprises,limitations of traditional farming culture, techonology lags behind and imperfect system ofsupervision for local government.
     3. Farmers’ behavior of participating in standardization production is affected bypersonal characheters, standardization cognitive level, the surrounding standardizationorganization demonstration, production decision and market demand.Under the threehypotheses, Logit model is employed in analyzing the factors, of affecting farmersstandardization production participation. The results show that government policy guide,surrounding standardization organization demonstrate effects, and market strong quality needsand high standardization cognitive level have actively influenced their behavior ofstandardization participation. While farmers’ personal characters such as age, educationallevel and their planting experience reveal insignificance on farmers’standardization decisionbehavior, which coule be explained by the smaller survey samples.
     4. Most of farmers’crop earnings improved significantly because of standardizationproduction selection.40%of farmers believe standardization production leads their cropincome less than10%, while60%of farmers insist standardization production affects theircrop income siginificantly, which growth rate reaches10-30%. A Cumulative LogitRegression Model (CLRM) is developed for analyzing crop income effects of standardizationproduction. The results show that the following factors have significant effects on farmers’crop income, which include scientific and technologic information provided by agriculturalcoorperative organization (ACO), new standard information propagated by government,postharvest commercialization of agricultural products and fair transaction in the market.Factors such as age, traditional planting ideology have negative impacts on farmers’ cropincome after them implementing standardized agricultural production. While factors like technical training, the main agricultural inputs offered by ACO are less significant in terms offarmers crop income improved.
     5. The empirical study clearly shows that agricultural standards play an important role inenhancing agricultural production efficiency. An extended Cobb-Douglas production model isemployed. Per capita agricultural output value is selected as dependent variable, and percapita amount of agricultural inputs, the collection of agricultural standards and the collectionof agricultural patent applications, these three variables are taken as independent. The modelexamines that all level of agricultural standards, whether local agricultural standards ornational standards, both could improve agricultural productivity, while agricultural patentsmakes less contribution to agricultural economic growth. This may be explained that Chinafamily farming does not meet the conditions of agricultural patents application.
     6. Agricultural standardization could facilitate local agricultural products exportingtrade.This paper select seven factors as explained variables, which stand for the level ofagricultural development, the level of agricultural technology innovation and the level ofagricultural standardization, respectively. By the Principal Component Regression (PCR)analysis, agricultural patents make the most contribution to export trade.The variables onagricultural standardization,such as the national agricultural standard and the number ofnational agricultural standardization demonstrations,promote local agricultural exportsignificantly,while the local agricultural standards prevent local agricultural exportingtrade.This could be explained that local standards mainly meet the requirements of localagricultural produntion,but the export-led agribusiness seldom adopts these standards.
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