大学生网络成瘾倾向问卷的初步编制
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摘要
网络成瘾指一种心理上对网络的依赖，其概念与药物成瘾既有相似又有差异。网络成瘾倾向指网络用户发生网络成瘾的心理倾向。关于网络成瘾的研究，目前还缺乏编制精良、应用广泛的测量工具。因此本研究的目的是建立大学生网络成瘾倾向的心理结构理论模型，并基于此模型，根据心理测量学的原则编制出严格科学的测量工具。
本研究根据文献综述提出初步的理论模型，基于研究文献和日常生活体验和观察发现，听取专家意见，编制出大学生网络成瘾倾向的初测问卷。经过对390人的封闭式问卷的探索性因素分析，修订理论模型，并编制出正式问卷。对自编的大学生网络成瘾倾向问卷进行了较严格的信效度检测。最后通过对285人的封闭式问卷的验证性因素分析，验证大学生网络成瘾倾向的心理结构模型与数据的拟合程度。最后讨论了大学生网络成瘾倾向的一些表现特征。得出如下的研究结果：
(1) 对自编的“大学生网络成瘾倾向问卷”进行因素分析分别得到三类网络功能成瘾倾向的心理结构。网络关系成瘾倾向包括四个维度：问题倾向，依附倾向，人际认知倾向，失控倾向；网络娱乐成瘾倾向包括三个维度：问题倾向，依附倾向，失控倾向；信息收集成瘾倾向包括：问题倾向，依附倾向，失控倾向。
(2) 本研究所编制的大学生网络成瘾倾向问卷采用内部一致性系数(Cronbach a系数)和分半信度作为检验问卷信度的指标，采用内容效度和结构效度来考察问卷的效度。检验结果表明该问卷具有较好的信度和效度。可以作为后续研究的测量工具。
(3) 本研究进行了大学生网络成瘾倾向的总体特征分析，大学生网络成瘾倾向的年级、专业和性别差异检验，以及上网时间、上网频率与网络成瘾倾向之间的相关分析，得出的结论与已有的研究和实际情况基本相符合，进一步说明该问卷有较好的效度。
Internet addiction is a type of psychological dependence on internet use, and there are a lot of similarities and differences between it and traditional addictions. This research defined Internet addiction tendency as the psychological incline to be caught by internet addiction. The reliability and validity of the measurements in precedent researches have been criticized . So the aim of this research is to construct a theoretical psychological model of internet addiction tendency among the undergraduates, and to develop a measurement based on the model, which is supposed to have good reliability and validity.
In this research, a primary questionnaire was developed. According to the result of the explorative factor analysis (EFA) on a data set of 390 participants using the primary questionnaire., this research revised the primary theoretical model of internet addiction among the undergraduates. The EFA revealed that the Internet relationship addiction tendency was composed of four factors, the problematic tendency, attached tendency, internet interpersonal cognitive tendency, and the tendency of being out of control, while the Internet entertainment addiction tendency and the Information collecting addiction tendency include three factors, the problematic tendency, attached tendency and the tendency of being out of control.
The formal questionnaire was developed based on the revised model. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire were examined strictly to prove that the questionnaire has good reliability and validity, which could be used as a good measurement in other researches.
The present study used a confirmatory factor analysis on a data set of 285 participants using the formal questionnaire to examine how well the hypothesized model would fit with the data collected. The result of the CFA showed that the hypothesized model fits well with the data. Implications of the descriptive analysis on Internet Addiction Tendency among the undergraduates are also discussed .
本研究根据文献综述提出初步的理论模型，基于研究文献和日常生活体验和观察发现，听取专家意见，编制出大学生网络成瘾倾向的初测问卷。经过对390人的封闭式问卷的探索性因素分析，修订理论模型，并编制出正式问卷。对自编的大学生网络成瘾倾向问卷进行了较严格的信效度检测。最后通过对285人的封闭式问卷的验证性因素分析，验证大学生网络成瘾倾向的心理结构模型与数据的拟合程度。最后讨论了大学生网络成瘾倾向的一些表现特征。得出如下的研究结果：
(1) 对自编的“大学生网络成瘾倾向问卷”进行因素分析分别得到三类网络功能成瘾倾向的心理结构。网络关系成瘾倾向包括四个维度：问题倾向，依附倾向，人际认知倾向，失控倾向；网络娱乐成瘾倾向包括三个维度：问题倾向，依附倾向，失控倾向；信息收集成瘾倾向包括：问题倾向，依附倾向，失控倾向。
(2) 本研究所编制的大学生网络成瘾倾向问卷采用内部一致性系数(Cronbach a系数)和分半信度作为检验问卷信度的指标，采用内容效度和结构效度来考察问卷的效度。检验结果表明该问卷具有较好的信度和效度。可以作为后续研究的测量工具。
(3) 本研究进行了大学生网络成瘾倾向的总体特征分析，大学生网络成瘾倾向的年级、专业和性别差异检验，以及上网时间、上网频率与网络成瘾倾向之间的相关分析，得出的结论与已有的研究和实际情况基本相符合，进一步说明该问卷有较好的效度。
Internet addiction is a type of psychological dependence on internet use, and there are a lot of similarities and differences between it and traditional addictions. This research defined Internet addiction tendency as the psychological incline to be caught by internet addiction. The reliability and validity of the measurements in precedent researches have been criticized . So the aim of this research is to construct a theoretical psychological model of internet addiction tendency among the undergraduates, and to develop a measurement based on the model, which is supposed to have good reliability and validity.
In this research, a primary questionnaire was developed. According to the result of the explorative factor analysis (EFA) on a data set of 390 participants using the primary questionnaire., this research revised the primary theoretical model of internet addiction among the undergraduates. The EFA revealed that the Internet relationship addiction tendency was composed of four factors, the problematic tendency, attached tendency, internet interpersonal cognitive tendency, and the tendency of being out of control, while the Internet entertainment addiction tendency and the Information collecting addiction tendency include three factors, the problematic tendency, attached tendency and the tendency of being out of control.
The formal questionnaire was developed based on the revised model. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire were examined strictly to prove that the questionnaire has good reliability and validity, which could be used as a good measurement in other researches.
The present study used a confirmatory factor analysis on a data set of 285 participants using the formal questionnaire to examine how well the hypothesized model would fit with the data collected. The result of the CFA showed that the hypothesized model fits well with the data. Implications of the descriptive analysis on Internet Addiction Tendency among the undergraduates are also discussed .
引文
王重鸣(1990)：心理学研究方法．北京：人民教育出版社，1版。
汪向东主编(1993)：心理卫生评定量表手册．中国心理卫生协会出版．沙红(2001)：浅析大众传媒对青少年的影响．当代青年研究，1期，15-16页．
黄海，罗友丰，陈志英等(2001)：Spss 10.0 for windows统计分析．北京：人民邮电出版社．
周荣、周倩(1997)．网络上瘾现象、网络使用行为与传播快感经验之相关性初探．论文发表于中华传播学会1997年会，台北．
陈淑惠(2000)：我国学生计算机网络沉迷现象之整合研究—子计画一：网络沉迷现象的心理病因之初探(2／2)．台湾行政院科学委员会专题研究计画．
王澄华(2001)：网络人际互动特质与依附型态对网络成瘾的影响(未发表的硕士论文)．台湾：台湾大学心理学系．
李宏利，雷雳，王争艳，张雷(2001)：互联网对人的心理影响．心理学动态，4期，376—381页。
中国互联网络信息中心(2002)：中国互联网络发展状况统计报告．
陈侠，黄希庭，白纲(2003)：网络成瘾的心理学研究。心理科学进展，3期(待发)．
夏凌翔(2003)：当代大学生心理自立问卷的初步编制(未发表的硕士论文)．．西南师范大学心理学系．
Weissman, M. M., & Payle, E. S. (1974). The depressed woman: A study of social relationships. Evanston: University of Chicago Press.
Young K S(1996). Internet addiction: the emergence of a new clinical disorder. CyberPsychology and Behavior,, 1(3),237-244.
Rosnow, R. L., & Rosenthal, R. (1996). Beginning behavioral research: A conceptual primer. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Petrie, H., & Gunn, D. (1998). Internet "addiction": The effects of sex, age, depression and introversion Paner presented at the British Psvchological Societ
Loytsker, J., & Aiello, J, R. (1997). Internet addiction and its personality correlates. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, Washington, DC.
Young K S(1999). Internet addiction: symptoms, evaluation and treatment. In L.VandeCreek & Jackson (Ers.). Innovations in Clinical Practice: A Source Book, 17,19-31.
Goldberg I(1995). Internet addiction disorder. http://www.cog.brown.edu/brochure/people/duchon/humor/internet.addiction.html.
Davis R A(2001).A cognitive-behavioral model of pathological Internet use (PIU).Computers in Human Behavior, 17(2), 187-195.
Young K S, Rodgers R C(1998). Internet addiction: Personality traits associated with its development. Poster presented at The 69th annual meeting of the_Eastern Psychological Association, Boston.
Kraut R, Patterson M, Lundmark V, et al(1998). Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being? American Psychologist, 53(9),1017-1031.
Kraut R, Kiesler S, Bonka B, et al(2002).Internet Paradox Revisited. Journal of Social Issues, 58(1),49-74.
Joinson A(1998).Causes and implications of disinhibited behavior on the internet. In J Gackenbach (Ers.). Psychology and the internet: Intrapersonal, interpersonal, and transpersonal implications San Diego: Academic Press,43-60.
Armstrong L(2001).How to beat addiction to cyberspace, http://www.netaddiction.com/.
Grohol J(1999).Internet addiction guide, http://psychcentral.com/netaddiction/.
Young K S(1996).Internet addiction: the emergence of a new clinical disorder. CyberPsyehology and Behavior, 1(3),237-244.
Griffiths M(1998). Internet addiction: Does it really exist? In J Gackenbach (Eds.). Psychology and the internet: Intrapersonal, interpersonal, and transpersonal implications. San Diego: AcademicPress,61-75.
Young K S, Rodgers R(1997).The relationship between depression using the BDI and pathological Internet use. Poster presented at The 105th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Chicago.
Morahan-Martin J, Schumacher P(2000).Incidence and correlates of pathological internet use among college student. Computers in Human Behavior, 16,13-29.
Davis R A(2001).Internet addicts think differently: An inventory of online cognitions. http://www.internetaddiction.ca/scale.htm.
Armstrong L, Phillips J G, Saling L L(2000).Potential determinants of heavier internet usage. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies,53,537-550.
MeKenna K Y A, Bargh J A(2000).Plan 9 from cyberspace: The implication of the internet for personality and social psychology. Personality and Social Psychology Review,4,57-75.
Joinson A(1999).Social desirability, anonymity, and internet-based questionnaires. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments and Computers,31,433-438.
Pitkow J E, Kehoe C M(1996).Emerging trends in the www user population. Communication of the ACM,39,106-108.
Brenner V(1997).Psychology of computer use: XLⅦ. Parameters of internet use, abuse and addiction: The first 90 days of the internet usage survey. Psychological Reports,80,879-882.
Greenfield D N(1999).The nature of internet addiction: Psychological factors in compulsive internet use. http://www.virtual-addiction.com/internetaddiction.htm.
Young K S(1997).What makes on-line usage stimulating: potential explanations for pathological Internet use. Poster presented at The 105th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Chicago.
Schuman E(2002). It's official: Net abusers are pathological. http://www.cnnic.net.cn/develst/2002-7/8.shtml.
Y. A. Hamburger, E. Ben-Artzi(2000).The relationship between extraversion and neuroticism and the different uses of the Internet. Computers in Human Behavior, 16,441-449.
Rhonda J. Swickert, James B. Hittner, Jamie L. Harris, Jennifer A. Herring(2002).Relationships among Internet use, personality, and social support. Computers in Human Behavior, 18,437-451.
Marc E. Pratarelli, Blaine L. Browne(2002).Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Internet Use and Addiction. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 5(1),53-64.
Yair Amichai-Hamburger, Galit Wainapel & Shaul Fox(2002). "On the internet no one knows I'm an introvert":Extroversion, Neuroticism, and Internet Interaction. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 5(2), 125-128.
Lindsay H.Shaw, Larry M.Gant(2002).In defense of the internet:The relationship between internet communication and depression, loneliness, self-esteem, and perceived social support.Cyberpsychology & Behavior,5(2),157-171.
汪向东主编(1993)：心理卫生评定量表手册．中国心理卫生协会出版．沙红(2001)：浅析大众传媒对青少年的影响．当代青年研究，1期，15-16页．
黄海，罗友丰，陈志英等(2001)：Spss 10.0 for windows统计分析．北京：人民邮电出版社．
周荣、周倩(1997)．网络上瘾现象、网络使用行为与传播快感经验之相关性初探．论文发表于中华传播学会1997年会，台北．
陈淑惠(2000)：我国学生计算机网络沉迷现象之整合研究—子计画一：网络沉迷现象的心理病因之初探(2／2)．台湾行政院科学委员会专题研究计画．
王澄华(2001)：网络人际互动特质与依附型态对网络成瘾的影响(未发表的硕士论文)．台湾：台湾大学心理学系．
李宏利，雷雳，王争艳，张雷(2001)：互联网对人的心理影响．心理学动态，4期，376—381页。
中国互联网络信息中心(2002)：中国互联网络发展状况统计报告．
陈侠，黄希庭，白纲(2003)：网络成瘾的心理学研究。心理科学进展，3期(待发)．
夏凌翔(2003)：当代大学生心理自立问卷的初步编制(未发表的硕士论文)．．西南师范大学心理学系．
Weissman, M. M., & Payle, E. S. (1974). The depressed woman: A study of social relationships. Evanston: University of Chicago Press.
Young K S(1996). Internet addiction: the emergence of a new clinical disorder. CyberPsychology and Behavior,, 1(3),237-244.
Rosnow, R. L., & Rosenthal, R. (1996). Beginning behavioral research: A conceptual primer. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Petrie, H., & Gunn, D. (1998). Internet "addiction": The effects of sex, age, depression and introversion Paner presented at the British Psvchological Societ
Loytsker, J., & Aiello, J, R. (1997). Internet addiction and its personality correlates. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, Washington, DC.
Young K S(1999). Internet addiction: symptoms, evaluation and treatment. In L.VandeCreek & Jackson (Ers.). Innovations in Clinical Practice: A Source Book, 17,19-31.
Goldberg I(1995). Internet addiction disorder. http://www.cog.brown.edu/brochure/people/duchon/humor/internet.addiction.html.
Davis R A(2001).A cognitive-behavioral model of pathological Internet use (PIU).Computers in Human Behavior, 17(2), 187-195.
Young K S, Rodgers R C(1998). Internet addiction: Personality traits associated with its development. Poster presented at The 69th annual meeting of the_Eastern Psychological Association, Boston.
Kraut R, Patterson M, Lundmark V, et al(1998). Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being? American Psychologist, 53(9),1017-1031.
Kraut R, Kiesler S, Bonka B, et al(2002).Internet Paradox Revisited. Journal of Social Issues, 58(1),49-74.
Joinson A(1998).Causes and implications of disinhibited behavior on the internet. In J Gackenbach (Ers.). Psychology and the internet: Intrapersonal, interpersonal, and transpersonal implications San Diego: Academic Press,43-60.
Armstrong L(2001).How to beat addiction to cyberspace, http://www.netaddiction.com/.
Grohol J(1999).Internet addiction guide, http://psychcentral.com/netaddiction/.
Young K S(1996).Internet addiction: the emergence of a new clinical disorder. CyberPsyehology and Behavior, 1(3),237-244.
Griffiths M(1998). Internet addiction: Does it really exist? In J Gackenbach (Eds.). Psychology and the internet: Intrapersonal, interpersonal, and transpersonal implications. San Diego: AcademicPress,61-75.
Young K S, Rodgers R(1997).The relationship between depression using the BDI and pathological Internet use. Poster presented at The 105th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Chicago.
Morahan-Martin J, Schumacher P(2000).Incidence and correlates of pathological internet use among college student. Computers in Human Behavior, 16,13-29.
Davis R A(2001).Internet addicts think differently: An inventory of online cognitions. http://www.internetaddiction.ca/scale.htm.
Armstrong L, Phillips J G, Saling L L(2000).Potential determinants of heavier internet usage. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies,53,537-550.
MeKenna K Y A, Bargh J A(2000).Plan 9 from cyberspace: The implication of the internet for personality and social psychology. Personality and Social Psychology Review,4,57-75.
Joinson A(1999).Social desirability, anonymity, and internet-based questionnaires. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments and Computers,31,433-438.
Pitkow J E, Kehoe C M(1996).Emerging trends in the www user population. Communication of the ACM,39,106-108.
Brenner V(1997).Psychology of computer use: XLⅦ. Parameters of internet use, abuse and addiction: The first 90 days of the internet usage survey. Psychological Reports,80,879-882.
Greenfield D N(1999).The nature of internet addiction: Psychological factors in compulsive internet use. http://www.virtual-addiction.com/internetaddiction.htm.
Young K S(1997).What makes on-line usage stimulating: potential explanations for pathological Internet use. Poster presented at The 105th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Chicago.
Schuman E(2002). It's official: Net abusers are pathological. http://www.cnnic.net.cn/develst/2002-7/8.shtml.
Y. A. Hamburger, E. Ben-Artzi(2000).The relationship between extraversion and neuroticism and the different uses of the Internet. Computers in Human Behavior, 16,441-449.
Rhonda J. Swickert, James B. Hittner, Jamie L. Harris, Jennifer A. Herring(2002).Relationships among Internet use, personality, and social support. Computers in Human Behavior, 18,437-451.
Marc E. Pratarelli, Blaine L. Browne(2002).Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Internet Use and Addiction. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 5(1),53-64.
Yair Amichai-Hamburger, Galit Wainapel & Shaul Fox(2002). "On the internet no one knows I'm an introvert":Extroversion, Neuroticism, and Internet Interaction. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 5(2), 125-128.
Lindsay H.Shaw, Larry M.Gant(2002).In defense of the internet:The relationship between internet communication and depression, loneliness, self-esteem, and perceived social support.Cyberpsychology & Behavior,5(2),157-171.