政府采购招标评标问题研究
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摘要
政府是世界各国国内市场最大的用户，政府采购市场庞大而稳定，是世界各国政府调控经济的重要手段。招投标由于其公开、公平、公正的特征和“竞争、优化”的功能，使其他成为政府采购最主要的方式。在政府采购招标的过程中，评标作为整个过程的关键环节，不仅是一项重要而复杂的综合性工作，而且关系到整个招标采购是否能使采购机构得到最大效应的关键。
然而，随着政府采购政策的不断出台，采购规模的不断扩大，政府采购所要达到的目标也不断增多，这时的采购评标过程就形成一个多目标评价的复杂系统。本文在这样的背景下对政府采购招标中的评标问题展开了研究。
本文在对国内外政府采购招标评标现状评述的基础上，阐述了政府采购招标及评标的概念、特点、原则及方法，分析了政府采购评标的内容、标准、原则及存在的问题，分析了政府采购评标中的影响因素，建立了政府采购评标指标体系，构想了评标指标库系统。阐述了《政府采购货物和服务招标投标管理办法》中规定的最低评标价法、综合评分法、性价比法三种评标方法，对这三种评标方法的特点及适用性进行了分析，研究了模糊综合评判法、层次分析法等现代数学方法在政府采购评标过程的应用及其适用性，并综合比较了这些评标方法。
在对各种评标方法研究之后，通过上述对政府采购评标过程中的评标因素的研究分类，针对政府采购招标评标系统的多目标多因素的特点，提出了综合评分法和模糊综合评判法的联合评标模式，可以对政府采购的社会部分的评价指标和其它评价指标分别采用两种方法进行评判，从而实现了对政府采购评标方法的改进。将密切值法应用到评标过程中，进而形成了一种新的评标方法密切值评标法，为招标工作人员在评标时提供了一种新的选择。
Government is one of the largest users in domestic market of every country all over the world. The government procurement, large and stable, is one of the most important measures of adjusting and controlling government economic. Bidding is widely used because of its character of openness, fairness and justness and its function of competition and optimization. In the process of bidding on government procurement, as the key link of the whole process, bidding-evaluation is not only the important and complicated all-around work, but also the key whether entire bidding procurement makes the government getting the maximal effect.
However, with the fact of the government procurement policies appeared, purchasing scale expanding, targets need to be reached of the government procurement increasing, the process of purchasing bidding-evaluating at this time forming a multiple target of complicated system. In such background, the paper starts to research the bidding-evaluation problem of the government procurement bidding.
On the base of study on the bidding-evaluation current situation to home and abroad government procurement, the paper has explained the concept, characteristic, principle and method of government procurement bidding and bidding-evaluation, analyzed the content, standard, principle and problem of bidding-evaluation, analyzed influencing factor of government bidding-evaluation, set up the government procurement bidding-evaluation index system, conceived of bid evaluation index warehouse system. The paper has expounded three methods of minimum evaluation price, grading synthetically and nature than price, analyzed the characteristic and serviceability of three kinds estimative method, has researched the blurred synthesis deciding method, arrangement analyzing method and so on, and has compared such bidding-evaluation.
After studying on various estimative methods, and studying on the bidding-evaluation factors in the process of the government procurement bidding-evaluation, contra posing the multiple targets and factors characters of the system of government procurement bidding-evaluation, the paper has brought forward the bidding-evaluation united pattern of grading synthetically and fuzzy synthetically evaluation, which can estimate the index using two kinds methods to carry out the improvement. I applied the close value method to the process of bidding-evaluation and got the new method of close value bidding-evaluation, brought a new chose for the tenders in the process of bidding-evaluation.
然而，随着政府采购政策的不断出台，采购规模的不断扩大，政府采购所要达到的目标也不断增多，这时的采购评标过程就形成一个多目标评价的复杂系统。本文在这样的背景下对政府采购招标中的评标问题展开了研究。
本文在对国内外政府采购招标评标现状评述的基础上，阐述了政府采购招标及评标的概念、特点、原则及方法，分析了政府采购评标的内容、标准、原则及存在的问题，分析了政府采购评标中的影响因素，建立了政府采购评标指标体系，构想了评标指标库系统。阐述了《政府采购货物和服务招标投标管理办法》中规定的最低评标价法、综合评分法、性价比法三种评标方法，对这三种评标方法的特点及适用性进行了分析，研究了模糊综合评判法、层次分析法等现代数学方法在政府采购评标过程的应用及其适用性，并综合比较了这些评标方法。
在对各种评标方法研究之后，通过上述对政府采购评标过程中的评标因素的研究分类，针对政府采购招标评标系统的多目标多因素的特点，提出了综合评分法和模糊综合评判法的联合评标模式，可以对政府采购的社会部分的评价指标和其它评价指标分别采用两种方法进行评判，从而实现了对政府采购评标方法的改进。将密切值法应用到评标过程中，进而形成了一种新的评标方法密切值评标法，为招标工作人员在评标时提供了一种新的选择。
Government is one of the largest users in domestic market of every country all over the world. The government procurement, large and stable, is one of the most important measures of adjusting and controlling government economic. Bidding is widely used because of its character of openness, fairness and justness and its function of competition and optimization. In the process of bidding on government procurement, as the key link of the whole process, bidding-evaluation is not only the important and complicated all-around work, but also the key whether entire bidding procurement makes the government getting the maximal effect.
However, with the fact of the government procurement policies appeared, purchasing scale expanding, targets need to be reached of the government procurement increasing, the process of purchasing bidding-evaluating at this time forming a multiple target of complicated system. In such background, the paper starts to research the bidding-evaluation problem of the government procurement bidding.
On the base of study on the bidding-evaluation current situation to home and abroad government procurement, the paper has explained the concept, characteristic, principle and method of government procurement bidding and bidding-evaluation, analyzed the content, standard, principle and problem of bidding-evaluation, analyzed influencing factor of government bidding-evaluation, set up the government procurement bidding-evaluation index system, conceived of bid evaluation index warehouse system. The paper has expounded three methods of minimum evaluation price, grading synthetically and nature than price, analyzed the characteristic and serviceability of three kinds estimative method, has researched the blurred synthesis deciding method, arrangement analyzing method and so on, and has compared such bidding-evaluation.
After studying on various estimative methods, and studying on the bidding-evaluation factors in the process of the government procurement bidding-evaluation, contra posing the multiple targets and factors characters of the system of government procurement bidding-evaluation, the paper has brought forward the bidding-evaluation united pattern of grading synthetically and fuzzy synthetically evaluation, which can estimate the index using two kinds methods to carry out the improvement. I applied the close value method to the process of bidding-evaluation and got the new method of close value bidding-evaluation, brought a new chose for the tenders in the process of bidding-evaluation.
引文
[1] 朱建元主编．政府采购的招标与投标．北京：人民法院出版社，2000．
[2] 方芳，方强．政府采购招标投标指南．上海：上海财经大学出版社，2001．
[3] 孟春主编．政府采购理论与实践．北京：经济科学出版社，2001．
[4] 楼继伟．政府采购．北京：经济科学出版社，1998．
[5] Travis K. Taylor. Modeling offset policy in government procurement. Journal of policy Modeling, 2003 (25): 13-17.
[6] 朱建元，戴昌久主编．招标投标法律问答与案例．北京：人民法院出版社，2000．
[7] 王敏．我国政府采购所面临的困境及对策．财政与税务，2000(1)：19-21．
[8] 刘尔烈主编．工程项目招标投标实务．北京：人民交通出版社，2000．
[9] Steven Kelman. Procurement and Public Management. Gheaei Press.
[10] 曹均华，黄智猛等．关于激励机制问题的研究．系统工程理论方法与应用，2000(1)：23-26．
[11] 王俊安．招标投标案例分析．北京：中国建材工业出版社，2005．
[12] 聂宗萍．完善我国政府采购招投标制度的思考．政府采购，2003(12)：12-16．
[13] 曹富国，李庭鹏．李爱斌．政府采购与招标投标法的适用．北京：企业管理出版社，2002．
[14] Harry Robert Page. Public Purchasing and Material Mangement. Mass. D.C. Heath&Company, 1998:18-23.
[15] McAfee, R. Preston, McMillan, John. Government Procurement and International Trade. Journal of International Economics, 1989(26):291-308.
[16] 马俊，邱菀华，张浩．招标与投标竞争系统决策模型及其应用．中国管理科学，1999(7)：35-39．
[17] Branco, Pernando. The design of multidimensional auctions. Band Journal of Economics, Spring, 1997(28):63-80.
[18] 徐志，王俭，倪学军，王玉建．我国现行政府采购制度实施的现状分析及对策研究．浙江学刊，2003(2)：42-46．
[19] 王俊安主编．招标投标与合同管理．北京：中国建材工业出版社，2003．
[20] 甘红．政府招标采购的新内容．中国招标，2004(5)：32-37．
[21] 郝建新尹贻林．美国政府工程采购管理研究．技术经济与管理研究，2003(3)：91-92．
[22] Branco, Fernando. Favoring domestic firms in procurement contracts. Journal of International Economics, 1994(37): 65-80.
[23] Ishiguro S. Collusion and discrimination in organizations. Ritsumeikan University, 2001:104-112.
[24] Friedman L. Competitive bidding strategy. Case Institute of Technology, 1957, 4 (1) 89-96.
[25] 国家发展计划委员会等7部委．评标委员会和评标办法暂行规定．国务院公报第24号，2001．
[26] 佟一哲．国际工程投标理论与实务，中国经济出版社，1989．
[27] Laffont J-J. and D. Martimort. Mechanism design with collusion and correlation. Econometrica, 2000(68):309-342.
[28] 卞耀武．中华人民共和国招标投标法释义．北京：法律出版社，2000．
[29] Naegelen, Florence and Mougeot, Michel. Discriminatory public procurement policy and cost reduction. Journal of Public Economics, 1998(67): 349-367.
[30] 穆素娉，吴可增，刘彤．技术招标与投标．北京：科学技术文献出版社，1989．
[31] Engelbrecht Wiggans R. Auctions and bidding models. Management Science, 1980(2):46-51.
[32] 尹贻林等．政府工程采购管理模式研究．天津：南开大学出版社，2002．
[33] 韩薇，高峰．AHP法在政府采购评标中的应用．中国政府采购，2001(5)：24-28．
[34] 谢子龙．机电设备招标评标流程及注意．中国招标，2003(2)：33-36．
[35] 王禄超．模糊综合评价法在评标中的应用研究．建筑技术开发，2005(2)：15-19．
[36] 贺仲雄．模糊数学及其应用．天津：天津科学技术出版社，1983．
[37] 童坚锋．多指标模糊决策法在建筑工程招标评标中的应用．苏州城建环保学院学报，1998(04)：27-31．
[38] 陈守愚．招标投标理论研究与实务．北京：中国经济出版社，1998．
[39] Rubinstein A. Perfect equilibrium in a bargaining model. Econometrica, 1982(1):36-41.
[40] 马俊，邱菀华，张浩．招投标决策模型及其应用．北京航空航天大学学报，2000(4)：43-47．
[2] 方芳，方强．政府采购招标投标指南．上海：上海财经大学出版社，2001．
[3] 孟春主编．政府采购理论与实践．北京：经济科学出版社，2001．
[4] 楼继伟．政府采购．北京：经济科学出版社，1998．
[5] Travis K. Taylor. Modeling offset policy in government procurement. Journal of policy Modeling, 2003 (25): 13-17.
[6] 朱建元，戴昌久主编．招标投标法律问答与案例．北京：人民法院出版社，2000．
[7] 王敏．我国政府采购所面临的困境及对策．财政与税务，2000(1)：19-21．
[8] 刘尔烈主编．工程项目招标投标实务．北京：人民交通出版社，2000．
[9] Steven Kelman. Procurement and Public Management. Gheaei Press.
[10] 曹均华，黄智猛等．关于激励机制问题的研究．系统工程理论方法与应用，2000(1)：23-26．
[11] 王俊安．招标投标案例分析．北京：中国建材工业出版社，2005．
[12] 聂宗萍．完善我国政府采购招投标制度的思考．政府采购，2003(12)：12-16．
[13] 曹富国，李庭鹏．李爱斌．政府采购与招标投标法的适用．北京：企业管理出版社，2002．
[14] Harry Robert Page. Public Purchasing and Material Mangement. Mass. D.C. Heath&Company, 1998:18-23.
[15] McAfee, R. Preston, McMillan, John. Government Procurement and International Trade. Journal of International Economics, 1989(26):291-308.
[16] 马俊，邱菀华，张浩．招标与投标竞争系统决策模型及其应用．中国管理科学，1999(7)：35-39．
[17] Branco, Pernando. The design of multidimensional auctions. Band Journal of Economics, Spring, 1997(28):63-80.
[18] 徐志，王俭，倪学军，王玉建．我国现行政府采购制度实施的现状分析及对策研究．浙江学刊，2003(2)：42-46．
[19] 王俊安主编．招标投标与合同管理．北京：中国建材工业出版社，2003．
[20] 甘红．政府招标采购的新内容．中国招标，2004(5)：32-37．
[21] 郝建新尹贻林．美国政府工程采购管理研究．技术经济与管理研究，2003(3)：91-92．
[22] Branco, Fernando. Favoring domestic firms in procurement contracts. Journal of International Economics, 1994(37): 65-80.
[23] Ishiguro S. Collusion and discrimination in organizations. Ritsumeikan University, 2001:104-112.
[24] Friedman L. Competitive bidding strategy. Case Institute of Technology, 1957, 4 (1) 89-96.
[25] 国家发展计划委员会等7部委．评标委员会和评标办法暂行规定．国务院公报第24号，2001．
[26] 佟一哲．国际工程投标理论与实务，中国经济出版社，1989．
[27] Laffont J-J. and D. Martimort. Mechanism design with collusion and correlation. Econometrica, 2000(68):309-342.
[28] 卞耀武．中华人民共和国招标投标法释义．北京：法律出版社，2000．
[29] Naegelen, Florence and Mougeot, Michel. Discriminatory public procurement policy and cost reduction. Journal of Public Economics, 1998(67): 349-367.
[30] 穆素娉，吴可增，刘彤．技术招标与投标．北京：科学技术文献出版社，1989．
[31] Engelbrecht Wiggans R. Auctions and bidding models. Management Science, 1980(2):46-51.
[32] 尹贻林等．政府工程采购管理模式研究．天津：南开大学出版社，2002．
[33] 韩薇，高峰．AHP法在政府采购评标中的应用．中国政府采购，2001(5)：24-28．
[34] 谢子龙．机电设备招标评标流程及注意．中国招标，2003(2)：33-36．
[35] 王禄超．模糊综合评价法在评标中的应用研究．建筑技术开发，2005(2)：15-19．
[36] 贺仲雄．模糊数学及其应用．天津：天津科学技术出版社，1983．
[37] 童坚锋．多指标模糊决策法在建筑工程招标评标中的应用．苏州城建环保学院学报，1998(04)：27-31．
[38] 陈守愚．招标投标理论研究与实务．北京：中国经济出版社，1998．
[39] Rubinstein A. Perfect equilibrium in a bargaining model. Econometrica, 1982(1):36-41.
[40] 马俊，邱菀华，张浩．招投标决策模型及其应用．北京航空航天大学学报，2000(4)：43-47．