电子商务中知识产权国际保护之研究
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摘要
我选择这个题目作为论文研究主要是基于以下三个考量因素，其一，在二十世纪的九○年代初期，由于信息技术的突飞猛进以及网际网络的迅速扩展，使得人类生活型态产生了种种明显的改变，例如，流动办公室(Mobil Office)、远距教学、远距医疗、网络电话、网络电视及电影等等皆是。这些改变目前还正在急速的发展着，其中最明显的改变之一就是电子商务(Electronic Commerce，EC)的兴起，一般预测，在二十一世纪电子商务的总交易金额就会超过实体世界中的传统贸易总额，然而由于电子商务的瞬间性与全球性，再加上涵盖范围相当广泛，其中包括对于物流、知识流、信息流、及金流的全面革新，导致各行各业欲在电子商务的竞赛中获致成功，就势必要从它的上游供应链、本身组织的经营与管理、到下游客户关系管理，进行各种不同层面的流程改造。然而，一则由于电子商务的交易是以数位方式在网络型态下完成而且往往是跨国际的，因此存在着种种的法律问题与技术问题，例如：(1)电子契约的法律地位、(2)如何辨识签约双方的真实身分以及交易内容俾产生法律效果、(3)法律与法院的管辖权适用、(4)有关知识产权的保护问题、(5)如何确保网络交易的安全等，由于电子商务的虚拟性以及全球性，这些问题一日不解决，电子商务的交易就一日充满着不确定性的危机与阻碍。但，这些问题通常不是单靠一个国家订定其国内法就可以解决的，必须藉由国际间政府与政府共同协议出来许多基本标准一致的法律来加以规范，否则，电子商务蓬勃发展之际，势必困难重重而且纠纷不断。其二，电子商务与知识产权之间的关系非常密切，一方面，电子商务的交易标的、表彰这些标的来源的品牌、以及网站的基础架构经常都是知识产权所保护的客体，例如，当交易的标的涉及影音、图案、文字、计算机程序、技术组件、物品、方法、使用者接口、商业模式、各种计算机软硬件、网域名称等等，都有可能构成是知识产权的客体。另一方面，尤其是在现今竞争激烈的高科技产业中，许多高科技公司都是藉由电子商务与知识产权的授权(Licensing)将产品的非核心零件部分委外开发及生产，这些开发商或制造商往往分散在不同的国家或地区，由于知识产权的属地主义以及电子商务的全球化特性，导致两者之间的关系更为复杂而密切；换句话说，如果知识产权不能在数位化世界的电子商务中获致像实体世界传统商务中一样的保护强度，那幺它们的客体就可能被抄袭、仿冒、瓢窃，电子商务也就无法正常发展，甚至可能被彻底摧毁。因此国际间，一些国际组织正致力推动知识产权的国际调和化，希望借着新的知识产权国际公约能化解掉各国在取得与保护知识产权方面的歧异，例如，专利合作条约(Patent Cooperation Treaty，简称PCT)、欧洲专利公约(European Patent Convention，简称EPC)、世界贸易组织(World Trade Organization，简称WTO)中的与贸易有关的知识产权协议(Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights，简称TRIPS)、马德里协议(Madrid Protocol)、世界知识产权组织著作权条约(WIPO Copyright Treaty，简称WCT)、及世界知识产权组织表演与录音条约(WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty，简称WPPT)。其三，不断推陈出新的破坏性信息技术(Disruptive Information Technology)除了促使电子商务的型态或方式急速改变之外，同时也挑战了传统的知识产权法律，致使知识产权的客体范围不断扩充，例如商业模式与计算机可读的记录媒体在一些先进国家都已成为可准专利的标的；又如将他人注册商标登记为网域名称在不少国家中将视为商标侵权；再如利用元标签(Meta tags)信息技术将他人注册商标隐藏在自己的网页中，一些先进的国家也已视为构成知识产权的侵权。凡此种种可以了解的是，随着世界各国在科技方面与法律方面发展程度上的不同，每个国家对于适应这些新高科技而产生的法律自然也可能会产生不同的内涵。然而由于电子商务具有全球性的特质，以致基于电子商务而产生的法律往往不但是国内法同时也是国际法，再者，就不成文法而言，国际习惯法的形成时间也会随着网络科技的进步而大幅缩短。正因为这些缘故，一些国际组织目前正积极致力于提出解决上述各种技术挑战法律的方案或模式，例如，WIPO、WTO、欧盟(EU)、及国际电讯同盟(ITU)等等。
我本身在台湾自1974年起就投入知识产权的专利代理行列，对于专利权的取得、维护、及执行累积了相当程度的国际实务经验，自从2004年考入中国政法大学攻读博士学位以来，从导师周忠海教授处得到多方面的启发，尤其是对电子商务中知识产权的国际保护产生浓厚的兴趣。亟思探讨：(1)目前电子商务中各式新颖科技如何挑战既有的知识产权制度；(2)于电子商务知识产权的保护在国际间尚未获得一致性的共识时，上述数位时代的知识产权条约的各成员，在将条约规定转化成国内法律之际，如何经由其立法过程、司法判解及行政机关的实务操作去寻求国内公益与私益之间的新平衡点，以期既尽了国际条约的义务，又能使本国产业获致最大利益。但是，由于电子商务的发展历程太短，因此，目前在这方面所发表的研究成果与资料虽不至于匮乏但仍相当的有限，尤其是一些先进国家的案例虽正方兴未艾，然而大部分的案件仍在持续发展中，各方见解至今仍多无定论，凡此，无可避免地会使问题研究及论文撰写造成某种程度的困难，然而经由导师一再的鼓励与支持，使我产生克服种种困难的决心，决定将“电子商务中知识产权的国际保护”作为博士论文的研究课题。
藉着本论文的研究课题，将有助于观察在数位时代的电子商务发展过程中，国际间对于知识产权制度的保护有着如何的因应与发展，并期待经过搜集、整理、分析、比较、辨正的研究过程中，探讨一些先进国家一方面如何透过立法程序将条约规定转化成国内法以尽其国际义务，以及另一方面如何藉由其行政机关与司法机关的法律执行以兼顾国家主权与产业利益，对于中国在参与国际条约及履行国际义务的同时，如何才能够以最佳模式来维护国家利益，应该是有其参考或借镜的作用与意义。
本论文将分成论文摘要(中、英文)、绪论、正文及结论等四个部分；其中，正文计有五章二十三节，总体的基本架构如下：
(一)论文摘要
(二)绪论
(三)正文
第一章电子商务与知识产权的概述
第二章电子商务有关的主要知识产权国际公约
第三章电子商务中专利权的国际保护
第四章电子商务中商标权的国际保护
第五章电子商务中著作权的国际保护
(四)结语
第一章电子商务与知识产权的概述，主要论述三大方面。其一，针对电子商务的定义、演变、主要类型、以及特征作概要性的论述，同时并点出在电子商务涉及的各项法律问题中知识产权所占的份量；其二，针对知识产权的定义内涵、演变、及国际保护的趋势作概要性的论述，同时并论述知识产权在电子商务中的作用与意义；其三，引入本论文研究的正题，概括性地指出知识产权在电子商务中受到的各项挑战，并特别说明本论文研究中的知识产权系专指专利权、商标权及著作权而言。以上三个方面的论述，将为本论文研究的问题作好铺路的工作。
第二章是对与电子商务有关之主要的知识产权国际条约作概要论述，虽说是针对各条约的宗旨及主要规定作个别论述，但将清楚说明三方面的问题，其一，知识产权国际条约一向是欲解决国际商务涉及人类智能活动所生法律问题的重要工具之一；其二，知识产权国际条约一向都是利益冲突的国家间经过对立谈判、协商及妥协的产物；其三，随着科技的急速发展与电子商务的兴起，一些新的知识产权国际条约与旧的条约之间的关系。将藉由这三个方面的论述，点出知识产权国际保护的趋势与问题。
第三章是针对电子商务中专利权国际保护遭遇到的问题与发展进行论述。其中，第一节是阐述专利制度中的一些主要内涵：第二节是论述因应电子商务的需要，国际间如何将专利权客体范围作扩充及因而引起的争议，特别针对计算机程序与商业模式作为本论文的研究问题；第三、四节是分别论述目前知识产权国际条约所留下来在专利权保护方面的一些问题，进言之，系针对国际条约尚未对间接侵权及网络上先存技艺的证据能力作出规定，点出在进行电子商务专利权保护时，分别从公益与私益的角度必须面对的问题；第五节，从发达国家及发展中国家有关电子商务专利争讼的案例中，尝试分析国际间对电子商务专利保护方面的异同点。
第四章是针对电子商务中商标权国际保护遭遇到的问题与发展进行论述。其中，第一节是对商标制度的基本内涵作一阐述；第二节是论述传统商标权受到现代科技的各项挑战与国际间的因应，特别是对运用元标签信息技术将商标植入网页中，使人类肉眼观察不到但可令市面绝大部分的网络搜寻引擎搜寻得到，造成传统商标制度中对商标的定义以及对商标使用的定义受到冲击，同时，由于电子商务的全球性与瞬间性，造成相同或近似商标分别在不同国家或地区被不同的商标专用权人所拥有的机率大幅增加，对商标权的属地原则造成实质的冲击，进而针对这些冲击国际间的因应，作为本论文的研究问题核心；第三节是论述网域名称与商标权的冲突，针对网域名称的意义与作用、网域名称对商标权带来的冲击及国际间的因应展开论述；第四节是从发达国家及发展中国家有关电子商务商标争讼的案例中，尝试分析国际间对电子商务商标保护方面的发展。
第五章是针对电子商务中著作权国际保护遭遇到的问题与发展进行论述。其中，第一节是将著作权制度的基本精神作一阐述；第二节就电子商务中信息与通讯技术如何冲击传统著作权中的重制权能、公开传播权能、间接侵权，数位化数据库的保护，及P2P资源分享技术对网络著作权的冲击等，以及国际间的因应展开论述；第三节是特别针对电子商务中线上信息提供者及线上服务提供者的法律责任，论述有无可能构成著作权的直接侵权与间接侵权，以及有无义务提供客户名单；第四节是欲从发达国家及发展中国家有关电子商务著作权争讼的案例中，尝试分析国际间对电子商务著作权保护方面的发展。
在本论文的结语部分，乃针对研究核心及中心论点进行总体分析、提出对本论文研究后的认识与见解、以及针对目前国际间对电子商务知识产权保护的岐异与不足进行剖析并提出建议。
Since the 1990's, information technology has become a strong and useful tool in the development of new products, as well as in the improvement of process flows and operating efficiency. In tandem with the development of information technology, the application of the Internet has rapidly spread in various industries. As such, people have experienced significant changes in their daily lives. These changes, which are still ongoing at an ever increasing pace, have not only altered the conventional way information is obtained, but also resulted in the establishment of new working, learning and medical treatment environments, such as mobil offices, distance learning, and remote medical treatment. Furthermore, through the joint development of the Internet and information technology, e-commerce has ushered in a new era of business transactions, a brand-new way of conducting commercial activities relying on network and digital environments. As generally anticipated, by the 21~(st) century, total global turnover achieved through means of e-commerce might exceed that realized through trade taking place via more traditional means. In view of the wide range and specific nature of e-commerce which brings about revolutionary transformations in logistics, knowledge streams and currency flow, those enterprises which intend to thrive in the environment of keen e-commerce competition need to make an all-out effort to progress in the areas of marketing networks, internal organization management and external environment, including coordination with upstream suppliers and meeting the needs of downstream customers.
With the global boom in the e-commerce sector, there have arisen legal and technical issues to be resolved in the intellectual property community, such as (1) how to determine the legal position of digital contracts; (2) how to verify the identify of contracting parties and the contents of digital contracts; (3) how to determine jurisdictions over disputes in the digital world; (4) which e-commerce related subject matters should be protected under the umbrella of the intellectual property system; and (5) how to ensure a secure digital business environment. Undeniably, only when a certain degree of global consent is reached in these aspects can the legal certainty and predictability of e-commerce transactions be enhanced.
The interrelationship between e-commerce and intellectual property is multifold. While the intellectual property system plays a critical role in shaping the digital world, the Internet will have a profound effect on the intellectual property community. However, owing to the different levels of innovative capacity, different countries may have disparate concepts on intellectual property. This would inevitably hinder the development of e-commerce and bring about unsolvable disputes. As such, many international treaties as well as organizations, including the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT), European Patent Convention (EPC), World Trade Organization (WTO) , Agreement on Trade-Related aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs), Madrid Protocol, WIPO Copyright Treaty and WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT) , have launched a far-reaching program of activities in a bid to respond to the impact of the Internet and information technologies on the intellectual property system, and vice-versa, as well as to encourage harmonization of intellectual property laws. These tasks have especially been welcomed by companies seeking outsourcing as a more effective means to a more profitable end.
As a patent attorney in Taiwan, the writer has been a part of the international intellectual property community since 1974. For the three years starting 2004, under the guidance of Professor Zhou Zhong-Hai at China University of Political Science and Law, the writer has carried out research on the following two topics: (1) how the current intellectual property system is challenged by new Internet and information technologies emerging at a rapid pace; and (2) before a unanimous consent is reached globally, how a member country to an international intellectual property treaty could seek a balance between the protection of the domestic industry and fulfillment of its obligations as a contracting member by coordinating the country's intellectual property policies.
After going through a large number of publications, articles and legal precedents related to the above two topics, as well as integrating relevant information generated by research, the writer has chosen "International Protection of E-commerce Related Intellectual Property" as the theme of his thesis. The thesis consists of three parts. The first part is an introduction. The second part contains five chapters. The first chapter offers a brief description on e-commerce and intellectual property. The second chapter discusses the provisions in several international intellectual property treaties relating to e-commerce. The third, fourth and fifth chapters analyze respectively trends in international patent, trademark and copyright protection with respect to e-commerce related subjects. The third part concludes the thesis.
The first chapter of the second part discusses (1) the definition, evolvement and types of e-commerce, as well as the weight of unsolved intellectual property issues in the legal problems encountered in the e-commerce sector; ( 2) the definition and evolvement of, and international trends in intellectual property protection, as well as the influence of the intellectual property system on e-commerce; and (3 ) the challenges (in terms of patents, trademarks, and copyright) the intellectual property community has faced as a consequence of the popularity of e-commerce.
The second chapter elaborates on (1) the role the international intellectual property treaties have played in resolving problems arising from transnational commercial disputes; (2) why the international intellectual property treaties are the by-products of negotiation and settlement among opposing countries; and (3) a comparison among the long-existent and new international intellectual property treaties, with highlights on the trends in the international intellectual property system and inadequacies in the treaties.
The third chapter describes (1) the spirit and essential contents of the patent system; (2) the cross-country disputes arising from the broadening of patentable subject matters, especially computer programs and business models; and (3) patent related issues that remain to be resolved by international intellectual property organizations, such as indirect infringement and competency of prior art references from the Internet; and (4) the common and disparate concepts on intellectual property held by developing and developed countries that could be drawn from several instances of e-commerce related patent disputes.
The fourth chapter describes (1) the spirit and essential contents of the trademark system; (2) the impact of the information and Internet technologies on the realm of "trademarks" and definition of "use of trademarks" and responses from the international intellectual property community; (3) the definition and ultimate function of domain names, its interference relationship with trademarks and opinions from the international intellectual property community; and (4) the common and disparate concepts on intellectual property held by developing and developed countries that could be drawn from several instances of e-commerce related trademark disputes.
The fifth chapter describes (1) the essential spirit of the copyright system; (2) the impact of the information and Internet technologies on the enforcement of copyright, such as the right to re-production, public dissemination, and editing, as well as responses from the international intellectual property community; (3) legal liability issues arising from online information provision and online service provision; and (4) common and disparate concepts on intellectual property held by developing and developed countries that could be drawn from several instances of e-commerce related copyright disputes.
After delving into an in-depth study on the mutual impact of the intellectual property system and e-commerce, as well as the inadequacies in the international intellectual property treaties in dealing with the various legal issues inherent in the relationship between e-commerce and intellectual property, in the last part the writer proposes his observations and suggestions as the conclusion of the thesis.
我本身在台湾自1974年起就投入知识产权的专利代理行列，对于专利权的取得、维护、及执行累积了相当程度的国际实务经验，自从2004年考入中国政法大学攻读博士学位以来，从导师周忠海教授处得到多方面的启发，尤其是对电子商务中知识产权的国际保护产生浓厚的兴趣。亟思探讨：(1)目前电子商务中各式新颖科技如何挑战既有的知识产权制度；(2)于电子商务知识产权的保护在国际间尚未获得一致性的共识时，上述数位时代的知识产权条约的各成员，在将条约规定转化成国内法律之际，如何经由其立法过程、司法判解及行政机关的实务操作去寻求国内公益与私益之间的新平衡点，以期既尽了国际条约的义务，又能使本国产业获致最大利益。但是，由于电子商务的发展历程太短，因此，目前在这方面所发表的研究成果与资料虽不至于匮乏但仍相当的有限，尤其是一些先进国家的案例虽正方兴未艾，然而大部分的案件仍在持续发展中，各方见解至今仍多无定论，凡此，无可避免地会使问题研究及论文撰写造成某种程度的困难，然而经由导师一再的鼓励与支持，使我产生克服种种困难的决心，决定将“电子商务中知识产权的国际保护”作为博士论文的研究课题。
藉着本论文的研究课题，将有助于观察在数位时代的电子商务发展过程中，国际间对于知识产权制度的保护有着如何的因应与发展，并期待经过搜集、整理、分析、比较、辨正的研究过程中，探讨一些先进国家一方面如何透过立法程序将条约规定转化成国内法以尽其国际义务，以及另一方面如何藉由其行政机关与司法机关的法律执行以兼顾国家主权与产业利益，对于中国在参与国际条约及履行国际义务的同时，如何才能够以最佳模式来维护国家利益，应该是有其参考或借镜的作用与意义。
本论文将分成论文摘要(中、英文)、绪论、正文及结论等四个部分；其中，正文计有五章二十三节，总体的基本架构如下：
(一)论文摘要
(二)绪论
(三)正文
第一章电子商务与知识产权的概述
第二章电子商务有关的主要知识产权国际公约
第三章电子商务中专利权的国际保护
第四章电子商务中商标权的国际保护
第五章电子商务中著作权的国际保护
(四)结语
第一章电子商务与知识产权的概述，主要论述三大方面。其一，针对电子商务的定义、演变、主要类型、以及特征作概要性的论述，同时并点出在电子商务涉及的各项法律问题中知识产权所占的份量；其二，针对知识产权的定义内涵、演变、及国际保护的趋势作概要性的论述，同时并论述知识产权在电子商务中的作用与意义；其三，引入本论文研究的正题，概括性地指出知识产权在电子商务中受到的各项挑战，并特别说明本论文研究中的知识产权系专指专利权、商标权及著作权而言。以上三个方面的论述，将为本论文研究的问题作好铺路的工作。
第二章是对与电子商务有关之主要的知识产权国际条约作概要论述，虽说是针对各条约的宗旨及主要规定作个别论述，但将清楚说明三方面的问题，其一，知识产权国际条约一向是欲解决国际商务涉及人类智能活动所生法律问题的重要工具之一；其二，知识产权国际条约一向都是利益冲突的国家间经过对立谈判、协商及妥协的产物；其三，随着科技的急速发展与电子商务的兴起，一些新的知识产权国际条约与旧的条约之间的关系。将藉由这三个方面的论述，点出知识产权国际保护的趋势与问题。
第三章是针对电子商务中专利权国际保护遭遇到的问题与发展进行论述。其中，第一节是阐述专利制度中的一些主要内涵：第二节是论述因应电子商务的需要，国际间如何将专利权客体范围作扩充及因而引起的争议，特别针对计算机程序与商业模式作为本论文的研究问题；第三、四节是分别论述目前知识产权国际条约所留下来在专利权保护方面的一些问题，进言之，系针对国际条约尚未对间接侵权及网络上先存技艺的证据能力作出规定，点出在进行电子商务专利权保护时，分别从公益与私益的角度必须面对的问题；第五节，从发达国家及发展中国家有关电子商务专利争讼的案例中，尝试分析国际间对电子商务专利保护方面的异同点。
第四章是针对电子商务中商标权国际保护遭遇到的问题与发展进行论述。其中，第一节是对商标制度的基本内涵作一阐述；第二节是论述传统商标权受到现代科技的各项挑战与国际间的因应，特别是对运用元标签信息技术将商标植入网页中，使人类肉眼观察不到但可令市面绝大部分的网络搜寻引擎搜寻得到，造成传统商标制度中对商标的定义以及对商标使用的定义受到冲击，同时，由于电子商务的全球性与瞬间性，造成相同或近似商标分别在不同国家或地区被不同的商标专用权人所拥有的机率大幅增加，对商标权的属地原则造成实质的冲击，进而针对这些冲击国际间的因应，作为本论文的研究问题核心；第三节是论述网域名称与商标权的冲突，针对网域名称的意义与作用、网域名称对商标权带来的冲击及国际间的因应展开论述；第四节是从发达国家及发展中国家有关电子商务商标争讼的案例中，尝试分析国际间对电子商务商标保护方面的发展。
第五章是针对电子商务中著作权国际保护遭遇到的问题与发展进行论述。其中，第一节是将著作权制度的基本精神作一阐述；第二节就电子商务中信息与通讯技术如何冲击传统著作权中的重制权能、公开传播权能、间接侵权，数位化数据库的保护，及P2P资源分享技术对网络著作权的冲击等，以及国际间的因应展开论述；第三节是特别针对电子商务中线上信息提供者及线上服务提供者的法律责任，论述有无可能构成著作权的直接侵权与间接侵权，以及有无义务提供客户名单；第四节是欲从发达国家及发展中国家有关电子商务著作权争讼的案例中，尝试分析国际间对电子商务著作权保护方面的发展。
在本论文的结语部分，乃针对研究核心及中心论点进行总体分析、提出对本论文研究后的认识与见解、以及针对目前国际间对电子商务知识产权保护的岐异与不足进行剖析并提出建议。
Since the 1990's, information technology has become a strong and useful tool in the development of new products, as well as in the improvement of process flows and operating efficiency. In tandem with the development of information technology, the application of the Internet has rapidly spread in various industries. As such, people have experienced significant changes in their daily lives. These changes, which are still ongoing at an ever increasing pace, have not only altered the conventional way information is obtained, but also resulted in the establishment of new working, learning and medical treatment environments, such as mobil offices, distance learning, and remote medical treatment. Furthermore, through the joint development of the Internet and information technology, e-commerce has ushered in a new era of business transactions, a brand-new way of conducting commercial activities relying on network and digital environments. As generally anticipated, by the 21~(st) century, total global turnover achieved through means of e-commerce might exceed that realized through trade taking place via more traditional means. In view of the wide range and specific nature of e-commerce which brings about revolutionary transformations in logistics, knowledge streams and currency flow, those enterprises which intend to thrive in the environment of keen e-commerce competition need to make an all-out effort to progress in the areas of marketing networks, internal organization management and external environment, including coordination with upstream suppliers and meeting the needs of downstream customers.
With the global boom in the e-commerce sector, there have arisen legal and technical issues to be resolved in the intellectual property community, such as (1) how to determine the legal position of digital contracts; (2) how to verify the identify of contracting parties and the contents of digital contracts; (3) how to determine jurisdictions over disputes in the digital world; (4) which e-commerce related subject matters should be protected under the umbrella of the intellectual property system; and (5) how to ensure a secure digital business environment. Undeniably, only when a certain degree of global consent is reached in these aspects can the legal certainty and predictability of e-commerce transactions be enhanced.
The interrelationship between e-commerce and intellectual property is multifold. While the intellectual property system plays a critical role in shaping the digital world, the Internet will have a profound effect on the intellectual property community. However, owing to the different levels of innovative capacity, different countries may have disparate concepts on intellectual property. This would inevitably hinder the development of e-commerce and bring about unsolvable disputes. As such, many international treaties as well as organizations, including the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT), European Patent Convention (EPC), World Trade Organization (WTO) , Agreement on Trade-Related aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs), Madrid Protocol, WIPO Copyright Treaty and WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT) , have launched a far-reaching program of activities in a bid to respond to the impact of the Internet and information technologies on the intellectual property system, and vice-versa, as well as to encourage harmonization of intellectual property laws. These tasks have especially been welcomed by companies seeking outsourcing as a more effective means to a more profitable end.
As a patent attorney in Taiwan, the writer has been a part of the international intellectual property community since 1974. For the three years starting 2004, under the guidance of Professor Zhou Zhong-Hai at China University of Political Science and Law, the writer has carried out research on the following two topics: (1) how the current intellectual property system is challenged by new Internet and information technologies emerging at a rapid pace; and (2) before a unanimous consent is reached globally, how a member country to an international intellectual property treaty could seek a balance between the protection of the domestic industry and fulfillment of its obligations as a contracting member by coordinating the country's intellectual property policies.
After going through a large number of publications, articles and legal precedents related to the above two topics, as well as integrating relevant information generated by research, the writer has chosen "International Protection of E-commerce Related Intellectual Property" as the theme of his thesis. The thesis consists of three parts. The first part is an introduction. The second part contains five chapters. The first chapter offers a brief description on e-commerce and intellectual property. The second chapter discusses the provisions in several international intellectual property treaties relating to e-commerce. The third, fourth and fifth chapters analyze respectively trends in international patent, trademark and copyright protection with respect to e-commerce related subjects. The third part concludes the thesis.
The first chapter of the second part discusses (1) the definition, evolvement and types of e-commerce, as well as the weight of unsolved intellectual property issues in the legal problems encountered in the e-commerce sector; ( 2) the definition and evolvement of, and international trends in intellectual property protection, as well as the influence of the intellectual property system on e-commerce; and (3 ) the challenges (in terms of patents, trademarks, and copyright) the intellectual property community has faced as a consequence of the popularity of e-commerce.
The second chapter elaborates on (1) the role the international intellectual property treaties have played in resolving problems arising from transnational commercial disputes; (2) why the international intellectual property treaties are the by-products of negotiation and settlement among opposing countries; and (3) a comparison among the long-existent and new international intellectual property treaties, with highlights on the trends in the international intellectual property system and inadequacies in the treaties.
The third chapter describes (1) the spirit and essential contents of the patent system; (2) the cross-country disputes arising from the broadening of patentable subject matters, especially computer programs and business models; and (3) patent related issues that remain to be resolved by international intellectual property organizations, such as indirect infringement and competency of prior art references from the Internet; and (4) the common and disparate concepts on intellectual property held by developing and developed countries that could be drawn from several instances of e-commerce related patent disputes.
The fourth chapter describes (1) the spirit and essential contents of the trademark system; (2) the impact of the information and Internet technologies on the realm of "trademarks" and definition of "use of trademarks" and responses from the international intellectual property community; (3) the definition and ultimate function of domain names, its interference relationship with trademarks and opinions from the international intellectual property community; and (4) the common and disparate concepts on intellectual property held by developing and developed countries that could be drawn from several instances of e-commerce related trademark disputes.
The fifth chapter describes (1) the essential spirit of the copyright system; (2) the impact of the information and Internet technologies on the enforcement of copyright, such as the right to re-production, public dissemination, and editing, as well as responses from the international intellectual property community; (3) legal liability issues arising from online information provision and online service provision; and (4) common and disparate concepts on intellectual property held by developing and developed countries that could be drawn from several instances of e-commerce related copyright disputes.
After delving into an in-depth study on the mutual impact of the intellectual property system and e-commerce, as well as the inadequacies in the international intellectual property treaties in dealing with the various legal issues inherent in the relationship between e-commerce and intellectual property, in the last part the writer proposes his observations and suggestions as the conclusion of the thesis.
引文
248 参见TRIPS协议第19条的规定，取得商标权后至少连续三年以上的时间未使用该商标，得遭致撤销商标权。
249 参见中国商标法第38条。
250 如参见中国大陆商标法第44条及台湾商标法第57条。
251 参见Recommendation Concerning the Protection of Marks and Other Industrial Property Rights in Signs, on the lntemet by WIPO.
252 迄2006年12月1日止，计有169个缔约成员。参见网站：http://www.wip0.int/treaties/en/ShowResults.jsp。
253 迄2006年12月1日止，计有183个缔约成员。参见网站：http://www.wipo.int。
254 不止是采先使用主义的国家，也包括采先申请主义的国家。
255 参见WIPO文件SCT/2/9 (1999)，supra note 201,at paras.60-61。
256 此处所言冲突的商标是指分属不同的专用权人用于相同或类似商品上之相同或近似商标。
257 参见德国案例SG2 v.Brokat Informations systeme GmbH,Kammergericht Berlin,5U 659/97(March 25,1997)。
258 参见WIPO文件SCT/2/9(1999),supra note 200,at para.62。
259 参见WIPO文件SCT/2/9(1999),supra note 200, at paras 59, 127, and 145-148。
260 参见Playboy Enterprises vs. Welles, 2002 U.S. App. LEXIS 1561 (9th Cir., Fcb-1,2002 )。
261 关键词及描述性文字之元卷标是两种最普遍使用的元卷标技术，尤其是关键词元卷标更是被绝大多数的搜寻引擎都能找到。
262 参见发表于1998年AIPLA季刊第147～178页，T.E.Prison & J.R.Bamey所着：“Trademarks as Metatags：Infringement or Fair Use?”一文。
263 参见Brookfield Communications Inc. v. West Coast Entertainment Corp. 50 U.S.P.Q. 2d 1545 (9th Cir.1999)。
264 参见Societe Kaysersberg Packaging v. Societe Kargil decided by the Tribunal de grande instance de Paris(March 24, 1999)。
265 参见Tata Sons Limited v. Bodacious Tatas ＆ ors, referred to by Pravin Anand, First WIPO E-Commerce Conference (September 1999).
266 参见General SpA v. Crowe Italia Srl, (January 18, 2001 ), in International IT and New Media Update,Freshfields Bruckhaus Definger, (Summer 2001 ).
267 参见Numtec Interstahl, OGH, December 19, 2000, 40b 308/00y.
268 参见Promatek Industries Ltd. v. Equitrac Corporation, (No. 00-4276, August 13, 2002).
269 参见985 F.Supp. 1220 (N.D.Cal. 1997).
270 参见1998 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 10459 (E.D. Va. 1998).
271 同注30。
272 以下所示即是一个运用元卷标技术将Playboy及Playmate商标植入Terri Welles网页的例子：
Terri Welles-Playboy Playmate Of The Year 1981-Erotica and Photos</TITL(?)
<br> <META NAME="desoription" CONTENT="Playboy Playmate Of The Year 1981 Terri Wnude photos, semi-nude photos, softcore and exclusive Members Club'>
<br> <HETA NAME="keywords" CONTENT="terri, welles, playmate, playboy, playmate of Of The Year 1981, playboy centerfold, model, playboy modelss semi-nudity, naked, I nipple, nipples, ass, butt, nude, Terri Welles, welles, terri,">
<br> <HETA NAME="rating" CONTENT="aduR only"><meta http-equiv="PICS-Label" cont 1.1 "http://www.rsas.org/ratingsvO1.html" I gen true comment "RSACi North Amerid by "terri@terriwelles.com" for "http://www.berriwelles.com" on "1997,09.09T14:02-00))'>
<br> <script language="Javascript">
<br> 273 参见55 F. Supp. 2d 1070 (C.D. Cal.) affirmed without opinion 202 E 3d 278 (9th Cir. 1999),
<br> 274 参见Washingtonpost Newsweek Interactive Co. v. Gator Corp., E. D. Va., Civil Action No. 02-909-A, July 16, 2002.
<br> 317 Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v. Netscape Communications Corp., 2000 WL 1308815 at 1(C.D. Cal. Sept. 13, 2000 )
<br> 318 参见Brookfield Communications, Inc. v. West Coast Entertainment Corp. 174 F. 3d 1036 (9th Cir. 1999).
<br> 353 参见http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/openlaw/DVD/NY/appeals/opinion.html。
<br> 354 参见Chamberlain Group v. Skylink Technologies, Inc., 381 F.3d 1178 (Fed. Cir. 2004)。
<br> 362 参见网站：http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/eeurope/2005/all_about/digital_rights_man/doc/directive_copyright_en.pdf
<br> 373 参见台湾著作权法第3条第1项第17款。
<br> 374 参见台湾著作权法第80条之1第1项。
<br> 375 参见台湾著作权法第80条之1第2项。
<br> 376 参见台湾著作权法第96条之1。
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<br> 1. Marshall A. Leafier edited 《lntemational Treaties on Intellectual Property》, published by The Bureau of National Affairs, Inc., 1997, 2nd edition.
<br> 2. Toshiyuki Kono, Christoph G Paulus and Harry Rajak edited 《Selected Legal Issues of E-commerce》 , published by Kluwer Law International, in 2002, 1st edition.
<br> 3. David Lee Baumer and J.C. Poindexter wrote 《Cyberlaw and E-commerce》 , published by Mcgraw-Hill Education-Europe, in 2001,1~(st) edition.
<br> 4. Michael Rustad and Cyrus Daftary wrote 《E-Business Legal Handbook 2003 edition》 , published by Aspen Law & Business, in 2003.
<br> 5. Patrick Quirk and Jay Forder wrote 《Electronic Commerce and the Law》 , published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd., in 2003, 2~(nd) edition.
<br> 6. Graham J.H. Smith edited 《Internet Law and Regulation》 , published by FT Law & Tax, in 1998, 2~(nd) edition.
<br> 7. Efraim Turban, David King, Jae K. Lee, and Dennis Viehland wrote 《Electronic Commerce 2004》 , published by Prentice Hall, in 2003, 3~(rd) edition.
<br> 8. Richard Raysman, III William E. Bandon, and Jeffrey D. Neuburger edited 《Emerging Technologies and the Law》, published by Law Journal Press, in 2002, 1st edition.
<br>
<br> 9. Gerald R. Ferrera, Stephen D. Lichtenstein, Margo E. K. Reder, Robert Bird, and William T. Schiano wrote 《Cyberlaw Text and Cases》 , published by South-Western College/West, in 2003,2~(nd) edition.
<br> 10. Dennis Campbell and Susan Woodley edited 《 E-Commerce: Law and Jurisdiction》 , published by Kluwer Law International, in 2002, 1st edition.
<br> 11. Christopher Arup, et al wrote 《The New World Trade Organization Agreements: Globalizing Law through Services and Intellectual Property》 , published by Cambridge University Press, in 2000, 1~(st) edition.
<br> 12. Robert L. Ostergard, Jr. wrote 《The Development Dilemma : The Political Economy of Intellectual Property Rights in the International System》 , published by LFB Scholarly Publishing, in 2002, 1st edition.
<br> 13. J. Marshall J. wrote 《The Relative Roles of Patent and Copyright in the Protection of Computer Programs》, Computer & Info. L. 41 (Fall 1998 ) .
<br> 14. J.T.McCarthy wrote 《Trademarks and Unfair Competition, § 27.03 [2] [b]》 3~(rd) ed. 1992.
<br> 15. Laura Rush wrote 《Top E-Commerce Companies Analyzed, Insights-Trends》 , Wells Fargo eStore, (July 25, 2002)
<br> 16. Masouye wrote 《Guide to the Berne Convention》 ,WIPO 1978
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<br> 1．1883年《巴黎公约》。
<br> 2．1886年《伯尔尼公约》。
<br> 3．1891年《马德里协议》。
<br> 4．1970年《专利合作条约》。
<br> 5．1973年《欧洲专利公约》。
<br> 6．1995年《在国际贸易组织框架下的与贸易有关的知识产权协议》。
<br> 7．2002年《世界知识产权组织版权条约》。
<br> 8．2002年《世界知识产权组织录音制品条约》。
<br> 9．1998年美国的《数字千禧年著作权法》。
<br> 10．2000年《专利法条约》。
<br> 11．1994年《商标法条约》。
<br> 12．2001年《欧盟指令》。
<br> 13．1996年《欧盟数据库指令》。
<br> 14．2004年联合国《电子商务及发展的报告》。
<br> 15．《世界知识产权组织2002—2003计划和预算》(WIP0第W0/PBC/4/2号出版物)第76和77页。
<br> 16．WIP0第399(FE)Rev．3号出版物。
<br> 17．WIPO文件SCT/2/9(1999),supra note 201.at paras.60-61。
<br> 18．台湾计算机软件相关之发明专利审查基准
<br> 19. WIPO文件WCT/A/1/1。
<br> 20. WIPO文SCT/2/9(1999), supra note 200, at para. 62。
<br> 21. WIPO文件SCT/2/9(1999), supra note 200, at paras 59, 127, and 145-148。
<br> 22. WIPO document SCP/4/5/及WIPO document SCP/5/4。
<br> 23. WIPO document SCP/5/6, paras 180 to 182 (November 27, 2001 )。
<br> 24．美国MPEP。
<br> 25. WT/DS50/R, 5 September 1997、及 WT/DS50/AB/R, 19 December 1997。
<br> 26. Final Report of the First WIPO Internet Domain Name Process.
<br> 27. Recommendation Concerning the Protection of Marks and Other Industrial Property Rights in Signs, on the Internet by WIPO.
<br> 28. Joint Recommendation Concerning Provisions on the Protection of Well-Known Marks.
<br> 29. UN E-Commerce and Development Report 2004.
<br> 30. Review of Patent Protection on Software, e-Commerce and Business Methods Based on Voluntary Responses From Delegates of FICPI Members Countries(2001)
<br> 31. Special Session on the Report of the Second WIPO Internet Domain Name Process.
<br> 32. Communication of the European Commission to the European Council, the European Parliament and the Economic and Social Committee, February 5, 1999 COM (1999)42.
<br> 33．中国大陆《最高人民法院关于审理涉及计算器网络著作权纠纷案件适用法律若干问题的解释》
<br> 1．美国，Chamberlain Group v.Skylink Technologies,Inc.,38 1 F.3d 1178(Fed.Cir. 2004)。
<br> 2．美国，Universal City Studios,Inc.et al v.Reimerdes,et al,(S.D.N.Y,January 14, 2000), 82 F.Supp．2nd 211;2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 906; 53 U.S.P.Q.2D(BNA) 1780(N0.00-CV-0277)。
<br> 3．美国，United States of America v. Elcom Ltd. a/k/a ElcomSoft Co. Ltd. and Dmitry Sklyarov,preliminary denial of defendant'S motion to dismiss, 2003 F. Supp. 2d 1111;(CR)01-20138RMW)。
<br> 4．美国，Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd., N0. 04. 480 Supreme Court of the United States。
<br> 5．美国，In re Beauregard, 53 E 3d 1583, 35 U.S.P.Q.2d 1383(Fed. Cir. 1995)。
<br> 6．美国，State Street Bank&Trust V. Signature Financial Group, 47 USPQ 2d 1 596(CAFC l998)。
<br> 7．美国，AT&T Corp. v. Excel Communications Inc. N0. 98. 1338, 1999, Wl. 216234, E 3d.
<br> 8．美国，Arnazon.com, Inc. v. Bamesandnoble.com, Inc. and Barnesandnoble.com, LLC, 73E Supp. 2nd 1228。
<br> 9．美国，Arnazon.com, Inc. v. Barnesandnoble.com, Inc. and Bamesandnoble.com, LLC, 239 E3d 1343; 2001 U.S. App. LEXIS 2163; 57 U.S.P.Q. 2D(BNA) 1747。
<br> 10．美国，Pellegriniv. Analog Devices, Inc., 375 F.3d 1113 (Fed. Cir. 2004)。
<br> 11．美国，Diamondv. Diehr, 450U.S. 175, 185 (1981)。
<br> 12．美国，Diamond v. Chakrabarty, 447 U.S. 303,309 (1980)。
<br> 13．美国，Gottschalk v. Benson. 409 U.S. 63 (1972); Parker v. Flook, 437 U.S. 584 (1978)。
<br> 14．美国，Block v. News America Publishing, Inc., 971 E 2d 302 (9th Cir. 1992)。
<br> 15．美国，Wendy's International, Inc. v. Big Bite, Inc., 576 F. Supp. 816 (S.D. Ohio 1983)
<br> 16. 美国L.L.Bean, Inc. vs. Drake Publ. Inc., 811 F. 2d 26, 28 (1st Cir.), cert. Denied, 483 U.S. 1013 (1987)。
<br> 17．美国，Hotel Security Checking Co. v. Lorraine Co., 160 E 467 (2nd Cir. 1908)
<br> 18．美国，In re Wait, 24 USPQ 88, 22 CCPA 822 (1934)两案例。
<br> 19．美国，Parkerv. Flook, 437U.S. 584 (1978)。
<br> 20．美国，SG2 v. Brokat Informations systerne GmbH, Kammergericht Berlin, 5 U 659/97 (March 25, 1997)。
<br> 21．美国，Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v. Netseape Communications Corp., 2000 WL 1308815 at 1 (C.D. Cal. Sept. 13, 2000)。
<br> 22．美国，Brookfield Communications, Inc. v. West Coast Entertainment Corp. 174 F. 3d 1036 (9th Cir. 1999)。
<br> 23．欧洲，T935/97 )及T 1173/97 IBM/Computer Programs。
<br> 24．欧洲，T769/92, Decision of the EPO Board of Appeal (1992)。
<br> 25．台湾，财团法人国际唱片业交流基金会控诉全球数码科技股份有限公司及其负责人，台湾士林地方法院于2005年6月30日判决文。
<br> 26．台湾，财团法人国际唱片业交流基金会控诉飞行网，台北地方法院于2005年9月9日判决文。
<br> 27．台湾，2006年5月24日台湾高等法院刑事判决95年度上易字第715号。
<br> 28．欧洲，Case Law of the Boards of Appeal of the European Patent Office, 3rd edition, 1998。
<br> 29．美国，UMG Recordings v Bertelsmann AG (04-2121 ), the US District Court for the Northern District of Califomia.
<br> 30．日本，JASRAC v Nihon MMO, Tokyo High Court made on March 31, 2005。
<br> 31．美国， MercExchange, L.L.C.v. Ebay, Inc., 275 F. Supp.2d 695 (E.D. Va. 2003), the Federal District Court for the Eastern District of Virginiao
<br> 32．美国，Eolas Techs. Inc. v. Microsoft Corp., 399 F.3d 1325 (Fed. Cir. 2005 )
<br> 33．美国 AT&TCorp. v. Microsoft Corp.,414F.3d 1366 (Fed. Cir. 2005).
<br> 34．美国，Playboy Enterprises vs. Welles, 2002 U.S. App. LEXIS 1561 (9th Cir.,Feb-1,2002 )。
<br> 35．美国，Brookfield Communications Inc. v. West Coast Entertainment Corp. 50 U.S.P.Q. 2d 1545 (9th Cir. 1999)。
<br> 36．德国，Societe Kaysersberg Packaging v. Societe Kargil decided by the Tribunal de grande instance de Paris (March 24, 1999)。
<br> 37．美国，Washingtonpost Newsweek Interactive Co. v. Gator Corp., E. D. Va., Civil Action No. 02-909-A, July 16, 2002。
<br> 38．美国，FTC v. Zuccarini, Civil Action No. 01-CV-4854; U. S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, 2002, U. S. Dist. LEXIS 13324。
<br> 39．美国，Ticketmaster Corp. v. Microsoft Corp. CV 97-3055 RAP (C.D. Cal. Filed April 28, 1997)。
<br> 40．美国，Universal City Studios, lnc. et al v. Reimerdes, et al, (S.D.N.Y., January 14, 2000), 82 F. Supp. 2nd 2111; 20.00 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 906; 53 U.S.P.Q. 2D (BNA) 1780 (No. 00-CV-0277)。
<br> 41．美国，United States of America v. Elcom Ltd. a/k/a ElcomSoft Co. Ltd. and Dmitry Sklyarov, preliminary denial of defendant's motion to dismiss, 2003 F. Supp. 2d 1111; (CR) 01-20138RMW)。
<br> 42．美国，Chamberlain Group v. Skylink Technologies, Inc., 381 F.3d 1178 (Fed. Cir. 2004)。
<br> 43．美国，Wow & Flutter Music v.s. Len's Tom Hones Tavern, 606 Supp. 554 (W.D>N.Y. 1985 )。
<br> 44．美国，Warner Bros. Inc. v.s. Lobster Pot. Inc., 582 F. Supp. 478 (N.D. Ohio 1984)。</div>
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249 参见中国商标法第38条。
250 如参见中国大陆商标法第44条及台湾商标法第57条。
251 参见Recommendation Concerning the Protection of Marks and Other Industrial Property Rights in Signs, on the lntemet by WIPO.
252 迄2006年12月1日止，计有169个缔约成员。参见网站：http://www.wip0.int/treaties/en/ShowResults.jsp。
253 迄2006年12月1日止，计有183个缔约成员。参见网站：http://www.wipo.int。
254 不止是采先使用主义的国家，也包括采先申请主义的国家。
255 参见WIPO文件SCT/2/9 (1999)，supra note 201,at paras.60-61。
256 此处所言冲突的商标是指分属不同的专用权人用于相同或类似商品上之相同或近似商标。
257 参见德国案例SG2 v.Brokat Informations systeme GmbH,Kammergericht Berlin,5U 659/97(March 25,1997)。
258 参见WIPO文件SCT/2/9(1999),supra note 200,at para.62。
259 参见WIPO文件SCT/2/9(1999),supra note 200, at paras 59, 127, and 145-148。
260 参见Playboy Enterprises vs. Welles, 2002 U.S. App. LEXIS 1561 (9th Cir., Fcb-1,2002 )。
261 关键词及描述性文字之元卷标是两种最普遍使用的元卷标技术，尤其是关键词元卷标更是被绝大多数的搜寻引擎都能找到。
262 参见发表于1998年AIPLA季刊第147～178页，T.E.Prison & J.R.Bamey所着：“Trademarks as Metatags：Infringement or Fair Use?”一文。
263 参见Brookfield Communications Inc. v. West Coast Entertainment Corp. 50 U.S.P.Q. 2d 1545 (9th Cir.1999)。
264 参见Societe Kaysersberg Packaging v. Societe Kargil decided by the Tribunal de grande instance de Paris(March 24, 1999)。
265 参见Tata Sons Limited v. Bodacious Tatas ＆ ors, referred to by Pravin Anand, First WIPO E-Commerce Conference (September 1999).
266 参见General SpA v. Crowe Italia Srl, (January 18, 2001 ), in International IT and New Media Update,Freshfields Bruckhaus Definger, (Summer 2001 ).
267 参见Numtec Interstahl, OGH, December 19, 2000, 40b 308/00y.
268 参见Promatek Industries Ltd. v. Equitrac Corporation, (No. 00-4276, August 13, 2002).
269 参见985 F.Supp. 1220 (N.D.Cal. 1997).
270 参见1998 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 10459 (E.D. Va. 1998).
271 同注30。
272 以下所示即是一个运用元卷标技术将Playboy及Playmate商标植入Terri Welles网页的例子：