对我国取消强制婚检的伦理思考
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摘要
早在上世纪五十年代,《中华人民共和国婚姻法》就规定：患有性病、严重肺结核、麻风病未治愈者禁止结婚。1953年12月,政务院文化教育委员会同意卫生部制定了《婚前健康检查试行办法》(草案),并交已经试行婚前健康检查及个别有条件试行的地方参考,我国开始在一些医疗条件好的地区推行婚前健康检查。至八十年代中期,计划生育政策在全国范围推行,为全面提高人口素质,有效引导公民优生优育,通过婚检来维护后代健康,促进家庭幸福,稳定社会秩序,1985年12月31日经国务院批准,国家民政部于1986年3月15日发布了《婚姻登记办法》,并于1986年9月1日与国家卫生部联合发布了《关于婚前健康检查问题的通知》,对办理婚姻登记手续做出必须出具《婚前健康检查证明》的明确规定,我国开始全面实行强制婚检制度。2003年7月30日国务院第16次常务会议通过第387号《婚姻登记条例》,并宣布自2003年10月1日起在全国范围实施。该条例没有继续规定审验《婚前医学检查证明》是登记结婚的一个必须要求,至此,我国取消了实行十多年的强制婚检制度。
在我国公民社会发展进程中,取消强制婚检无疑是一件具有里程碑意义的大事。尽管它是适应我国社会转型的必然结果,是我国政府为更好地维护和促进公共健康而采取的具体举措,但婚检自愿后,最突出的问题就是全国范围内婚检率的急剧下降,公众对自愿婚检并不买账,婚检工作陷入僵局。与此同时,婚检自愿还引发了一系列的伦理问题,如婚检法律规范的不明确引发法律争议；婚检自愿后部分不婚检者过度依赖对方诚信；主动婚检者知情权与隐私权之争等等。为此,社会各界反响强烈,说法不一。
任何公共制度的变革往往都隐含着深层次的伦理原因,体现着社会价值观的某些改变,我国正处于社会的转型期,各种制度都处于调整和变革之中。如何辩证地看待婚检制度变革的价值内涵及其与现实之间的张力,如何应对婚检制度变迁所引发的各种问题,是我们需要研究的重要课题。本文透过种种争论,从我国自愿婚检的现状入手,概括强制婚检在我国的实施历程,指出强制婚检存在的弊端,阐明取消强制婚检的历史必要性。同时对比国外婚检发展的伦理趋势,强调自愿婚检的伦理价值,分析我国取消强制婚检的伦理原因,揭示自愿婚检的历史进步性。对婚检自愿进行伦理思考,并提出自愿婚检完善的伦理建议,指导人们的实践。相信这些对于探讨今后我国婚检工作如何开展具有一定的现实意义。
Back in the fifties of last century. One of the regulations of Marriage Law of the People's Republic of China is that who is suffering from venereal disease, severe pulmonary tuberculosis, leprosy is not allowed to marry. On Dec 1953. Administration Council Committee on Culture and Education approved Ministry of Public Health to pass the Trial methods of Premarital Examinition (draft) and submitted to the places where the trial has been carried out as reference.Since then China began the implementation of premarital examinition in some areas with good medical conditions.Since the mid of 1980s, the family planning policy was implemented in the country.To improve the comprehensive of population quality and effectively guide prenatal care, premarital examinition is helpful to keep future generations health,promote family happiness and stabilize social order. Dec 31, 1985, committed by the state council. Ministry of Civil Affairs issued Marriage Registration Method on Mar 15,1986, and jointly issued Notice of Premarital Examinition with the Ministry of Health on Sep 1,1986.The clear provisions of premarital examinition should be taken before registration of marriage symbolized that China began a comprehensive system of compulsory premarital examination. The 16th executive meeting of the State Council got across No.387,Marriage Registration Ordinance on Jul 30,2003, and announced the implementation across the country on Oct 1.2003, which did not continue to require premarital examination certificate is a must to registration of marriage.Thus the practice of ten-year compulsory premarital examination system was abolished.
During the development process of civil society.the abolition of mandatory premarital examination system is undoubtedly a landmark event.Although it is the inevitable result of social transformation and specific measures to safeguard and promote public health in China, the public didn't accept a voluntary premarital examination. After the voluntary premarital examination, the most prominent problem is a nationwide sharp decline in the rate of premarital. Premarital examination work became at a deadlock. At the same time. Voluntary premarital examination also caused a series of ethical issues, such as Legal disputes caused by the uncertainty of premarital examination norms, over-dependence on each others'good faith and disputes of the right to know and the privacy right of premarital examination volunteers and so on. Society reacted strongly and varily.
Any change in the public system of ten implies deep ethical reasons and certain changes in social values. China is in the social transition. Various systems are in the adjustment and change.How to dialectically judge the gap between the value of premarital examination institutional change and its application. How to deal a variety of issues triggered by premarital examination institutional change is very important. Started from the present situation of voluntary premarital examination, the author summarizes the implementation of mandatory premarital examination in China, pointed out the drawbacks and clarifies the history need of abolition the mandatory premarital examination. Also compared with the ethical trend of foreign premarital examination, the author emphasizes ethical values on voluntary premarital examination, analyzes ethical reasons of the abolition of mandatory premarital examination, reveals the historical progress of voluntary premarital examination,carries out the ethical reflection on the voluntary premarital examination, and improves the ethical recommendations of voluntary premarital examination which can guide people's practices and show practical significance on exploring how to do the future premarital examination work.
在我国公民社会发展进程中,取消强制婚检无疑是一件具有里程碑意义的大事。尽管它是适应我国社会转型的必然结果,是我国政府为更好地维护和促进公共健康而采取的具体举措,但婚检自愿后,最突出的问题就是全国范围内婚检率的急剧下降,公众对自愿婚检并不买账,婚检工作陷入僵局。与此同时,婚检自愿还引发了一系列的伦理问题,如婚检法律规范的不明确引发法律争议；婚检自愿后部分不婚检者过度依赖对方诚信；主动婚检者知情权与隐私权之争等等。为此,社会各界反响强烈,说法不一。
任何公共制度的变革往往都隐含着深层次的伦理原因,体现着社会价值观的某些改变,我国正处于社会的转型期,各种制度都处于调整和变革之中。如何辩证地看待婚检制度变革的价值内涵及其与现实之间的张力,如何应对婚检制度变迁所引发的各种问题,是我们需要研究的重要课题。本文透过种种争论,从我国自愿婚检的现状入手,概括强制婚检在我国的实施历程,指出强制婚检存在的弊端,阐明取消强制婚检的历史必要性。同时对比国外婚检发展的伦理趋势,强调自愿婚检的伦理价值,分析我国取消强制婚检的伦理原因,揭示自愿婚检的历史进步性。对婚检自愿进行伦理思考,并提出自愿婚检完善的伦理建议,指导人们的实践。相信这些对于探讨今后我国婚检工作如何开展具有一定的现实意义。
Back in the fifties of last century. One of the regulations of Marriage Law of the People's Republic of China is that who is suffering from venereal disease, severe pulmonary tuberculosis, leprosy is not allowed to marry. On Dec 1953. Administration Council Committee on Culture and Education approved Ministry of Public Health to pass the Trial methods of Premarital Examinition (draft) and submitted to the places where the trial has been carried out as reference.Since then China began the implementation of premarital examinition in some areas with good medical conditions.Since the mid of 1980s, the family planning policy was implemented in the country.To improve the comprehensive of population quality and effectively guide prenatal care, premarital examinition is helpful to keep future generations health,promote family happiness and stabilize social order. Dec 31, 1985, committed by the state council. Ministry of Civil Affairs issued Marriage Registration Method on Mar 15,1986, and jointly issued Notice of Premarital Examinition with the Ministry of Health on Sep 1,1986.The clear provisions of premarital examinition should be taken before registration of marriage symbolized that China began a comprehensive system of compulsory premarital examination. The 16th executive meeting of the State Council got across No.387,Marriage Registration Ordinance on Jul 30,2003, and announced the implementation across the country on Oct 1.2003, which did not continue to require premarital examination certificate is a must to registration of marriage.Thus the practice of ten-year compulsory premarital examination system was abolished.
During the development process of civil society.the abolition of mandatory premarital examination system is undoubtedly a landmark event.Although it is the inevitable result of social transformation and specific measures to safeguard and promote public health in China, the public didn't accept a voluntary premarital examination. After the voluntary premarital examination, the most prominent problem is a nationwide sharp decline in the rate of premarital. Premarital examination work became at a deadlock. At the same time. Voluntary premarital examination also caused a series of ethical issues, such as Legal disputes caused by the uncertainty of premarital examination norms, over-dependence on each others'good faith and disputes of the right to know and the privacy right of premarital examination volunteers and so on. Society reacted strongly and varily.
Any change in the public system of ten implies deep ethical reasons and certain changes in social values. China is in the social transition. Various systems are in the adjustment and change.How to dialectically judge the gap between the value of premarital examination institutional change and its application. How to deal a variety of issues triggered by premarital examination institutional change is very important. Started from the present situation of voluntary premarital examination, the author summarizes the implementation of mandatory premarital examination in China, pointed out the drawbacks and clarifies the history need of abolition the mandatory premarital examination. Also compared with the ethical trend of foreign premarital examination, the author emphasizes ethical values on voluntary premarital examination, analyzes ethical reasons of the abolition of mandatory premarital examination, reveals the historical progress of voluntary premarital examination,carries out the ethical reflection on the voluntary premarital examination, and improves the ethical recommendations of voluntary premarital examination which can guide people's practices and show practical significance on exploring how to do the future premarital examination work.
引文
1 Aisenqin, Wedding Plans and Health, http://womenshealth.About.com, Updated November 14,2009
2 Caissons Primaries, The French Social Security System [R]. Paris:2000
3 Beth Baron, Women Honor and the State:the Reality from Egypt paper presented in Law and Order in Egypt workshopGraduate Center [J]. City University of New York, New York:2003
4斯托洛维奇,阿拉伯人的生活[N].阿拉伯新闻,2005
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7 http://www.china.com.cn/chinese/funv/228563.htm
8数据来源：《中华人民共和国卫生统计年鉴》
9数据来源：《中华人民共和国卫生统计年鉴》
10陈志平.北京市婚检情况不容乐观[N].北京日报,1995-12-12(5)
11广州市卫生局.广州婚检作情况报告[R].广州：2006
12上海市妇幼保健研究所..上海市婚检工作报告[R].上海：2008
13北京市卫生局.北京卫生工作情况通报[R].北京：2008
14白玲,刘京京.中国多省份报告出生缺陷率攀升[DB/CL].北京：《财经网》,2009
15刘勇.谎言—爱情不能承受之痛[N].林城日报,2009-3-28(3)
16王欣.幸福婚姻中的不幸[N].法制日报.周末,2009-7-11(5)
17 http://www.qindnews.com/content/2010-01/03/content_5167995.htm
18国家卫生部,民政部.关于婚前健康检查问题的通知.1986
19同上
20 http://www.people.com.cn/item/flfgk/gwyfg/1992/gwyfg1992.html
21 http://www.nd.fj.cninfo.net/peoplelife/fyxz/2.htm
22 http:news.163.com/2003w06/12571/2003w06 1086/5/355537_html
23 http:www.zjol.com.cn/gb/node2/node138665/node138751/node142101/userobiect15ai2496471.html
24 http:www.cctv.com/heatlth/20050126/100707.shtml
25数据来源：《中华人民共和国卫生统计年鉴》
26王怀章.婚检制度改革的背景、缺陷、完善及发展趋势—从政府与社会分权的视角[[J].行政法学研究,2005,(2)
27(美)彼得·辛格著,刘莘 译.实践伦理学.东方出版社.2005年09月
28 counseling about genetic disease:an Istamic perspective counseling一文中premarital testing部分,http://www.emro.who.int/Publications/EMHJ/0506/06.htm.
29 Aisenqin, Wedding Plans and Health, http://womenshealth.About.com, Updated November 14.,2009
30 Aisenqin, Wedding Plans and Health, http://womenshealth.About.com, Updated November 14.,2009
31 Caissons Primaries, The French Social Security System [R]. Paris:2000
32斯托洛维奇.阿拉伯人的生活[N].阿拉伯新闻,2005
33 Beth Baron, Women, Honor and the State:the Reality from Egypt paper presented in Law and Order in Egypt workshop Graduate Center [J]. City University of New York, New York:2003
34参见,克罗地亚《晚报》,2009-7-15
35葛兰西著.《实践哲学》,重庆出版社,1990
36 Polanyi,Michael,Personal Knowledge,Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy,London,1958
37(美)汤姆·L·彼彻姆.公共制度的伦理学[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社,1990
38严强主编.公共政策学.社会科学文献出版社,2008年06月
39陈庆云主编.公共政策分析.北京：北京大学出版社,2006年04月
40卢风主编.管理伦理学,北京：高等教育出版社,2004年01月
41 http://www.people.com.cn/GB/news/9719/9720/3279420.html
42温文华.民主法治与和谐社会建设.厦门：.厦门海事法院,2005
43陈振明主编.公共管理学原理[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社1990
44马克思.《资本论》第1卷,第203页
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[1]Aisenqin, Wedding Plans and Health, http://womenshealth.About.com, Updated November 14,2009
[2]Caissons Primaries, The French Social Security System [R]. Paris:2000
[3]Beth Baron, Women Honor and the State:the Reality from Egypt paper presented in Law and Order in Egypt workshopGraduate Center [J]. City University of New York, New York:2003
[4]斯托洛维奇,阿拉伯人的生活[N].阿拉伯新闻,2005
[5]蒋作君.中国卫生学报论文文摘(2003-2005)[DB/OL].北京：中国百科全书出版社,2005
[6]蒋作君.婚检工作思考[EB/OL].北京：中国卫生工作指南,2007
[7]http://www.china.com.cn/chinese/funv/228563.htm
[8]数据来源：中华人民共和国卫生统计年鉴
[9]同上
[10]陈志平.北京市婚检情况不容乐观[N].北京日报,1995-12-12(5)
[11]广州市卫生局.广州婚检工作情况报告[R].广州：2006
[12]上海市妇幼保健研究所..上海市婚检工作报告[R].上海：2008
[13]北京市卫生局.北京卫生工作情况通报[R].北京：2008
[14]白玲,刘京京.中国多省份报告出生缺陷率攀升[DB/CL].北京：《财经网》,2009
[15]刘勇.谎言—爱情不能承受之痛[N].林城日报,2009-3-28(3)
[16]王欣.幸福婚姻中的不幸[N].法制日报.周末,2009-7-11(5)
[17]http://www.qindnews.com/content/2010-01/03/content_5167995.htm
[18]国家卫生部,民政部.关于婚前健康检查问题的通知.1986
[19]同上
[20]http://www.people.com.cn/item/flfgk/gwyfg/1992/gwyfg1992.html
[21]http://www.nd.fj.cninfo.net/peoplelife/fyxz/2.htm
[22]http:news.163.com/2003w06/12571/2003w06_1086/5/355537_html
[23]http:www.zjol.com.cn/gb/node2/node138665/userobject15ai2496471.html
[24]http:www.cctv.com/heatlth/20050126/100707.shtml
[25]数据来源：中华人民共和国卫生统计年鉴
[26]王怀章.婚检制度改革的背景、缺陷、完善及发展趋势—从政府与社会分权的视角[J].行政法学研究,2005,(2)
[27](美)彼得·辛格著,刘莘 译.实践伦理学.东方出版社.2005年09月
[28]“目前,关于采取法律强制的方式对地中海贫血基因进行婚检并将其作为领取结婚证书的先决条件的研讨会正在进行,至今充满矛盾。婚检的昂贵费用以及检查结果往往是陷于两难的境地,谁将承担婚检的费用?大多数政府只有有限的资源,还有更为当紧的医疗事业需要发展。有限的资源以及贫困使得这批费用由公民个人来承担。强制婚检侵犯了个人的自主性。如果由法律强制的话,医学证明也可以伪造或者通过欺诈的方式获得。如果检查的结果对当事人是不利的,谁有权力阻止他们结婚呢?这样做侵犯了人民的自主性并侵犯了基本的人权。这将是不道德的。”counseling about genetic disease:an Istamic perspective counseling一文中premarital testing部分,http://www.emro.who.int/Publications/EMHJ/0506/06.htm.
[29]Aisenqin, Wedding Plans and Health, http://womenshealth.About.com, Updated November 14,, 2009
[30]Aisenqin, Wedding Plans and Health, http://womenshealth.About.com, Updated November 14,, 2009
[31]Caissons Primaries, The French Social Security System [R]. Paris:2000
[32]斯托洛维奇.阿拉伯人的生活[N].阿拉伯新闻,2005
[33]Beth Baron, Women, Honor and the State:the Reality from Egypt paper presented in Law and Order in Egypt workshop Graduate Center [J]. City University of New York, New York:2003
[34]参见,克罗地亚晚报,2009-7-15
[35]葛兰西著.实践哲学,重庆出版社,1990
[36]Polanyi,Michael,Personal,Knowledge,TowardsaPost-Critical Philosophy,London,1958
[37](美)汤姆·L·彼彻姆.公共制度的伦理学[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社,1990
[38]严强主编.公共政策学.社会科学文献出版社,2008年06月
[39]陈庆云主编.公共政策分析.北京：北京大学出版社,2006年04月
[40]卢风主编.管理伦理学,北京：高等教育出版社,2004年01月
[41]http://www.people.com.cn/GB/news/9719/9720/3279420.html
[42]温文华.民主法治与和谐社会建设.厦门：厦门海事法院,2005
[43]陈振明主编.公共管理学原理[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社1990
[44]马克思.资本论,第1卷,第203页
[45]陈晏清,王南提,李淑梅著.马克思主义哲学,天津：南开大学出版社,2001
[46]亚里士多德著.政治学,北京：北京出版社,2007
[47]汪葆明.公民意识的觉醒.北京政府网,2010
[48]王怀章.婚检制度改革的背景、缺陷、完善及发展趋势-—从政府与社会分权的视角[-J].行政法学研究,2005,(2)
[49]约翰·斯图亚特·穆勒(英国)著叶建新译.功利主义(西方学术经典译丛)(Utilitarianism)北京：中国社会科学出版社,2009
[50]康德著.实践理性批判.中国人民大学出版社,1999年08月
[51]Immanuel Kant, http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant/Arkitel
[52]苏力.当代中国法理学的指示谱系及其缺陷[J].中外法学,2003,(3)
[53]张奎良.“以人为本”的哲学意义[J].哲学研究,2004,(5)
[54]韩跃红.尊重生命——生命伦理学的主旨与使命,光明日报2005-4-12理论版
[55]亚当·斯密著,国富论.东方出版社,2001年09月
[56]潘维亚.法治进程中的哲学意义[M].贵州省：2006
[57]老子·第八十一章.内蒙古出版社.1980年版,第100页
[58]论语·学而.云南科技出版社.2002年,40页
[59]孟子·离娄上.石油工业出版社.2000年,第312页
[60]荀子·非十二子.武汉理工大学出版社.1997年,第112页
[61]许岩丽.婚前体检的责任伦理思考[J].医学与哲学,2005,(7)
[62]爱伦·艾德曼著.隐私的权利[M].当代世界出版社,2006
[63]张新宝著.隐私权的法律保护[M].北京：群众出版社,2000
[64]王利明主编.人格权法新论(修订版) [M].吉林：吉林人民出版社,1994
[65]施韦泽著,陈泽环译.敬畏生命——五十年来的基本论述.上海：上海社会科学出版社,2003年,第5页
[66]马克思恩格斯.全集第1卷,北京：人民出版社,1956年版,第63页
[67]康德著,沈叔平译.法的形而上原理——权利的科学.商务印书馆,1991年版,第30页
2 Caissons Primaries, The French Social Security System [R]. Paris:2000
3 Beth Baron, Women Honor and the State:the Reality from Egypt paper presented in Law and Order in Egypt workshopGraduate Center [J]. City University of New York, New York:2003
4斯托洛维奇,阿拉伯人的生活[N].阿拉伯新闻,2005
5蒋作君.中国卫生学报论文文摘(2003-2005)[DB/OL].北京：中国百科全书出版社,2005
6蒋作君.婚检工作思考[EB/OL].北京：中国卫生工作指南,2007
7 http://www.china.com.cn/chinese/funv/228563.htm
8数据来源：《中华人民共和国卫生统计年鉴》
9数据来源：《中华人民共和国卫生统计年鉴》
10陈志平.北京市婚检情况不容乐观[N].北京日报,1995-12-12(5)
11广州市卫生局.广州婚检作情况报告[R].广州：2006
12上海市妇幼保健研究所..上海市婚检工作报告[R].上海：2008
13北京市卫生局.北京卫生工作情况通报[R].北京：2008
14白玲,刘京京.中国多省份报告出生缺陷率攀升[DB/CL].北京：《财经网》,2009
15刘勇.谎言—爱情不能承受之痛[N].林城日报,2009-3-28(3)
16王欣.幸福婚姻中的不幸[N].法制日报.周末,2009-7-11(5)
17 http://www.qindnews.com/content/2010-01/03/content_5167995.htm
18国家卫生部,民政部.关于婚前健康检查问题的通知.1986
19同上
20 http://www.people.com.cn/item/flfgk/gwyfg/1992/gwyfg1992.html
21 http://www.nd.fj.cninfo.net/peoplelife/fyxz/2.htm
22 http:news.163.com/2003w06/12571/2003w06 1086/5/355537_html
23 http:www.zjol.com.cn/gb/node2/node138665/node138751/node142101/userobiect15ai2496471.html
24 http:www.cctv.com/heatlth/20050126/100707.shtml
25数据来源：《中华人民共和国卫生统计年鉴》
26王怀章.婚检制度改革的背景、缺陷、完善及发展趋势—从政府与社会分权的视角[[J].行政法学研究,2005,(2)
27(美)彼得·辛格著,刘莘 译.实践伦理学.东方出版社.2005年09月
28 counseling about genetic disease:an Istamic perspective counseling一文中premarital testing部分,http://www.emro.who.int/Publications/EMHJ/0506/06.htm.
29 Aisenqin, Wedding Plans and Health, http://womenshealth.About.com, Updated November 14.,2009
30 Aisenqin, Wedding Plans and Health, http://womenshealth.About.com, Updated November 14.,2009
31 Caissons Primaries, The French Social Security System [R]. Paris:2000
32斯托洛维奇.阿拉伯人的生活[N].阿拉伯新闻,2005
33 Beth Baron, Women, Honor and the State:the Reality from Egypt paper presented in Law and Order in Egypt workshop Graduate Center [J]. City University of New York, New York:2003
34参见,克罗地亚《晚报》,2009-7-15
35葛兰西著.《实践哲学》,重庆出版社,1990
36 Polanyi,Michael,Personal Knowledge,Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy,London,1958
37(美)汤姆·L·彼彻姆.公共制度的伦理学[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社,1990
38严强主编.公共政策学.社会科学文献出版社,2008年06月
39陈庆云主编.公共政策分析.北京：北京大学出版社,2006年04月
40卢风主编.管理伦理学,北京：高等教育出版社,2004年01月
41 http://www.people.com.cn/GB/news/9719/9720/3279420.html
42温文华.民主法治与和谐社会建设.厦门：.厦门海事法院,2005
43陈振明主编.公共管理学原理[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社1990
44马克思.《资本论》第1卷,第203页
45陈晏清,王南諟,李淑梅著.《马克思主义哲学高级教程》天津：南开大学出版社,2001
46亚里士多德著.《政治学》北京：北京出版社,2007
47汪葆明.公民意识的觉醒.北京政府网,2010
48王怀章.婚检制度改革的背景、缺陷、完善及发展趋势——从政府与社会分权的视角[J].行政法学研究,2005,(2)
49约翰·斯图亚特·穆勒(英国)著叶建新译.《功利主义(西方学术经典译丛)》(Utilitarianism)北京：中国社会科学出版社,2009
50康德著《实践理性批判》.中国人民大学出版社,1999年08月
51 Immanuel Kant,http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immnuel_Kant/Arkitel
52苏力.当代中国法理学的指示谱系及其缺陷[J].中外法学,2003,(3)
53张奎良.“以人为本”的哲学意义[J].哲学研究,2004,(5)
54韩跃红.《尊重生命——生命伦理学的主旨与使命》,《光明日报》2005-4-12理论版
55亚当·斯密著,《国富论》.东方出版社,2001年09月
56潘维亚.法治进程中的哲学意义[M].贵州省：2006
57《老子·第八十一章》.内蒙古出版社.1980年版,第100页
58《论语·学而》.云南科技出版社.2002年,40页
59《孟子·离娄上》.石油工业出版社.2000年,第312页
60《荀子·非十二子》.武汉理工大学出版社.1997年,第112页
61许岩丽.婚前体检的责任伦理思考[J].医学与哲学,2005,(7)
62爱伦·艾德曼著.隐私的权利[M].当代世界出版社,2006
63张新宝著.隐私权的法律保护[M].北京：群众出版社,2000
64王利明主编.人格权法新论(修订版) [M].吉林：吉林人民出版社,1994
65施韦泽著,陈泽环译.敬畏生命——五十年来的基本论述.上海：上海社会科学出版社,2003年,第5页
66《马克思恩格斯全集》第1卷,北京：人民出版社,1956年版,第63页
67康德著,沈叔平译.法的形而上原理——权利的科学.商务印书馆,1991年版,第30页
[1]Aisenqin, Wedding Plans and Health, http://womenshealth.About.com, Updated November 14,2009
[2]Caissons Primaries, The French Social Security System [R]. Paris:2000
[3]Beth Baron, Women Honor and the State:the Reality from Egypt paper presented in Law and Order in Egypt workshopGraduate Center [J]. City University of New York, New York:2003
[4]斯托洛维奇,阿拉伯人的生活[N].阿拉伯新闻,2005
[5]蒋作君.中国卫生学报论文文摘(2003-2005)[DB/OL].北京：中国百科全书出版社,2005
[6]蒋作君.婚检工作思考[EB/OL].北京：中国卫生工作指南,2007
[7]http://www.china.com.cn/chinese/funv/228563.htm
[8]数据来源：中华人民共和国卫生统计年鉴
[9]同上
[10]陈志平.北京市婚检情况不容乐观[N].北京日报,1995-12-12(5)
[11]广州市卫生局.广州婚检工作情况报告[R].广州：2006
[12]上海市妇幼保健研究所..上海市婚检工作报告[R].上海：2008
[13]北京市卫生局.北京卫生工作情况通报[R].北京：2008
[14]白玲,刘京京.中国多省份报告出生缺陷率攀升[DB/CL].北京：《财经网》,2009
[15]刘勇.谎言—爱情不能承受之痛[N].林城日报,2009-3-28(3)
[16]王欣.幸福婚姻中的不幸[N].法制日报.周末,2009-7-11(5)
[17]http://www.qindnews.com/content/2010-01/03/content_5167995.htm
[18]国家卫生部,民政部.关于婚前健康检查问题的通知.1986
[19]同上
[20]http://www.people.com.cn/item/flfgk/gwyfg/1992/gwyfg1992.html
[21]http://www.nd.fj.cninfo.net/peoplelife/fyxz/2.htm
[22]http:news.163.com/2003w06/12571/2003w06_1086/5/355537_html
[23]http:www.zjol.com.cn/gb/node2/node138665/userobject15ai2496471.html
[24]http:www.cctv.com/heatlth/20050126/100707.shtml
[25]数据来源：中华人民共和国卫生统计年鉴
[26]王怀章.婚检制度改革的背景、缺陷、完善及发展趋势—从政府与社会分权的视角[J].行政法学研究,2005,(2)
[27](美)彼得·辛格著,刘莘 译.实践伦理学.东方出版社.2005年09月
[28]“目前,关于采取法律强制的方式对地中海贫血基因进行婚检并将其作为领取结婚证书的先决条件的研讨会正在进行,至今充满矛盾。婚检的昂贵费用以及检查结果往往是陷于两难的境地,谁将承担婚检的费用?大多数政府只有有限的资源,还有更为当紧的医疗事业需要发展。有限的资源以及贫困使得这批费用由公民个人来承担。强制婚检侵犯了个人的自主性。如果由法律强制的话,医学证明也可以伪造或者通过欺诈的方式获得。如果检查的结果对当事人是不利的,谁有权力阻止他们结婚呢?这样做侵犯了人民的自主性并侵犯了基本的人权。这将是不道德的。”counseling about genetic disease:an Istamic perspective counseling一文中premarital testing部分,http://www.emro.who.int/Publications/EMHJ/0506/06.htm.
[29]Aisenqin, Wedding Plans and Health, http://womenshealth.About.com, Updated November 14,, 2009
[30]Aisenqin, Wedding Plans and Health, http://womenshealth.About.com, Updated November 14,, 2009
[31]Caissons Primaries, The French Social Security System [R]. Paris:2000
[32]斯托洛维奇.阿拉伯人的生活[N].阿拉伯新闻,2005
[33]Beth Baron, Women, Honor and the State:the Reality from Egypt paper presented in Law and Order in Egypt workshop Graduate Center [J]. City University of New York, New York:2003
[34]参见,克罗地亚晚报,2009-7-15
[35]葛兰西著.实践哲学,重庆出版社,1990
[36]Polanyi,Michael,Personal,Knowledge,TowardsaPost-Critical Philosophy,London,1958
[37](美)汤姆·L·彼彻姆.公共制度的伦理学[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社,1990
[38]严强主编.公共政策学.社会科学文献出版社,2008年06月
[39]陈庆云主编.公共政策分析.北京：北京大学出版社,2006年04月
[40]卢风主编.管理伦理学,北京：高等教育出版社,2004年01月
[41]http://www.people.com.cn/GB/news/9719/9720/3279420.html
[42]温文华.民主法治与和谐社会建设.厦门：厦门海事法院,2005
[43]陈振明主编.公共管理学原理[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社1990
[44]马克思.资本论,第1卷,第203页
[45]陈晏清,王南提,李淑梅著.马克思主义哲学,天津：南开大学出版社,2001
[46]亚里士多德著.政治学,北京：北京出版社,2007
[47]汪葆明.公民意识的觉醒.北京政府网,2010
[48]王怀章.婚检制度改革的背景、缺陷、完善及发展趋势-—从政府与社会分权的视角[-J].行政法学研究,2005,(2)
[49]约翰·斯图亚特·穆勒(英国)著叶建新译.功利主义(西方学术经典译丛)(Utilitarianism)北京：中国社会科学出版社,2009
[50]康德著.实践理性批判.中国人民大学出版社,1999年08月
[51]Immanuel Kant, http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant/Arkitel
[52]苏力.当代中国法理学的指示谱系及其缺陷[J].中外法学,2003,(3)
[53]张奎良.“以人为本”的哲学意义[J].哲学研究,2004,(5)
[54]韩跃红.尊重生命——生命伦理学的主旨与使命,光明日报2005-4-12理论版
[55]亚当·斯密著,国富论.东方出版社,2001年09月
[56]潘维亚.法治进程中的哲学意义[M].贵州省：2006
[57]老子·第八十一章.内蒙古出版社.1980年版,第100页
[58]论语·学而.云南科技出版社.2002年,40页
[59]孟子·离娄上.石油工业出版社.2000年,第312页
[60]荀子·非十二子.武汉理工大学出版社.1997年,第112页
[61]许岩丽.婚前体检的责任伦理思考[J].医学与哲学,2005,(7)
[62]爱伦·艾德曼著.隐私的权利[M].当代世界出版社,2006
[63]张新宝著.隐私权的法律保护[M].北京：群众出版社,2000
[64]王利明主编.人格权法新论(修订版) [M].吉林：吉林人民出版社,1994
[65]施韦泽著,陈泽环译.敬畏生命——五十年来的基本论述.上海：上海社会科学出版社,2003年,第5页
[66]马克思恩格斯.全集第1卷,北京：人民出版社,1956年版,第63页
[67]康德著,沈叔平译.法的形而上原理——权利的科学.商务印书馆,1991年版,第30页