爆炸品危险性分级程序改进及典型试验方法研究
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摘要
针对现有爆炸品危险性分级程序存在的不足,通过分析联合国橘黄书和美国TB700-2中的爆炸品危险性分级程序,结合危险性分级程序最新的研究成果,提出通过联合国(UN)隔板试验、极不敏感的爆炸性物质(EIDS)隔板试验、实际样品尺寸的隔板试验和外部火烧试验对推进剂进行危险性分级,并将新提出的分级方法融合到联合国橘黄书的爆炸品危险性分级框架中,形成了新的爆炸品危险性分级程序,进而对相关试验方法的条件、判据等进行了研究。
为确定UN和EIDS隔板试验的条件,分别用经验公式和锰铜压力计法计算和测量了UN隔板试验药柱的爆压、药柱与有机玻璃隔板界面处的冲击波压力,理论计算与试验测定的结果基本一致。利用锰铜压力计和AUTODYN数值模拟软件研究了UN隔板试验药柱(Pentolite)和EIDS隔板试验药柱(A-IX-I)的爆炸冲击波在有机玻璃隔板中的衰减规律,结果表明：这两种药柱产生7GPa冲击压力的有机玻璃隔板厚度分别为19.2mm和45.2mm,且数值模拟结果与试验结果基本一致,即可用AUTODYN软件预测其他不同规格的药柱产生7GPa压力的隔板厚度。
为了研究确定隔板试验安全距离的方法,分别采用试验和数值模拟的方法研究了UN和EIDS隔板试验药柱在空气中的冲击波压力分布规律,结果表明,数值模拟的结果与试验结果符合性很好,均可用于确定隔板试验的安全距离。
为获得隔板试验的量化判据,分别用离子探针和连续速度探针研究了两种非理想炸药在UN隔板试验中的爆速变化过程,两种方法测得的结果基本一致,即连续速度探针能够准确测量样品在隔板试验中的爆速。进而用连续速度探针研究了改性铵油炸药在隔板试验中的爆轰成长过程,结果表明,连续速度探针的测试结果可以较好地反映出改性铵油炸药在隔板试验中的爆轰成长过程,能够克服离子探针不能连续测量样品爆速的不足,可作为隔板试验的量化判据。
为研究外部火烧试验中热辐射通量经验计算公式和热辐射计的适用范围,用氧弹式量热仪测量了三种推进剂和六种烟花药剂的燃烧热,用红外热成像仪研究了烟花样品在外部火烧试验中的火球温度和燃烧特征。根据样品的燃烧热和燃烧时间,分别用热辐射通量经验计算公式和热辐射计法研究了上述九个样品在外部火烧试验中的热辐射通量,结果表明：1)在稳定燃烧的条件下,燃烧时间大于5s时,热辐射计的测得的热辐射通量平均值与经验公式的计算值基本一致；2)当燃烧时间不大十5s或在燃烧过程中产生剧烈燃烧、爆炸、抛射等剧烈效应时,热辐射通量经验公式的计算值明显偏大,此时经验公式中设定的燃烧热转变为辐射热的比例(0.33)将远大于实际的转化率,应用热辐射计来测量样品的热辐射通量。
In this dissertation, the explosives hazard classification procedures of UN Orange Book and TB700-2 were studied. Aiming at the current problem that the propellant can not be exactly classified by the present hazard classification procedures, a new hazard classification procedure of propellant was put forward, namely, using UN gap test, extremely insensitive detonating substance (EIDS) gap test, actual size gap test and bonfire test to classify the propellants. The new explosives hazard classification procedure was formed, on the basis of incorporating the proposed procedures into the hazard classification procedure of UN Orange Book. And the test conditions and results criteria of related experimental methods were studied.
The detonation pressure of booster charge, and the interface shock wave pressure between the booster charge and PMMA spacer of UN gap test, were obtained by managing gauges and graphing method. And the results show that the values of measured and calculated are basically the same. The output shock pressures of the booster charges of UN and EIDS gap tests, which are consist of Entoleter and A-IX-I respectively, were measured in the PMMA spacer with different thicknesses. According to the shock pressure attenuation law of booster charges in the PMMA spacer, the shock pressures of booster charges in UN and EIDS gap tests were 7GPa as the thickness of PMMA spacer are 19.2mm and 45.2mm respectively. The AUTODYN was used to simulate the attenuation process of the shock wave in the PMMA gap. The results of actual measurement and numerical simulation are consistent, namely, AUTODYN software can be used to predict the thickness of PMMA spacer in other sizes gap tests.
The shockwave pressure distribution laws of the booster charges were studied by experiment and numerical simulation, and the results of numerical simulation were in accordance with the test results. According to the results, they can be used to determine the safe distance of gap test.
In order to get the quantitative criterion of gap test, the average detonation velocity and continuous detonation velocity of two non-ideal explosives in the UN gap test were measured by electrometric method and continuous velocity probe. The detonation velocity measured by the continuous velocity probe method is in accordance with the traditional electrometric method, and the previous method can even give the true course of detonation development for non-ideal explosives. The continuous velocity probe was selected to study the continuous detonation velocity and detonation development of modified ANFO in the UN test. The results show that the continuous velocity probe can well reflect samples change process, i.e. the continuous detonation velocity of samples can be used as the quantitative criterion of gap test.
Oxygen bomb calorimeter was used to measure the combustion heats of 9 samples, which include three propellants and six fireworks. The heat fluxes of these samples were measured and calculated by a radiometer and the estimation method respectively. The results show that, as the burning time is greater than 5s in the stable combustion process, the calculated heat flux is in accordance with the measured value; and as the burning time is not more than 5s, or violent effect appears in the combustion process, such as deflagration and explosion, measuring the heat flux by radiometer is prefered, because the ratio of radiant heat to combustion heat used in estimation method (0.33) is greater than the actual ratio, and it will lead to an abnormal calculated value.
为确定UN和EIDS隔板试验的条件,分别用经验公式和锰铜压力计法计算和测量了UN隔板试验药柱的爆压、药柱与有机玻璃隔板界面处的冲击波压力,理论计算与试验测定的结果基本一致。利用锰铜压力计和AUTODYN数值模拟软件研究了UN隔板试验药柱(Pentolite)和EIDS隔板试验药柱(A-IX-I)的爆炸冲击波在有机玻璃隔板中的衰减规律,结果表明：这两种药柱产生7GPa冲击压力的有机玻璃隔板厚度分别为19.2mm和45.2mm,且数值模拟结果与试验结果基本一致,即可用AUTODYN软件预测其他不同规格的药柱产生7GPa压力的隔板厚度。
为了研究确定隔板试验安全距离的方法,分别采用试验和数值模拟的方法研究了UN和EIDS隔板试验药柱在空气中的冲击波压力分布规律,结果表明,数值模拟的结果与试验结果符合性很好,均可用于确定隔板试验的安全距离。
为获得隔板试验的量化判据,分别用离子探针和连续速度探针研究了两种非理想炸药在UN隔板试验中的爆速变化过程,两种方法测得的结果基本一致,即连续速度探针能够准确测量样品在隔板试验中的爆速。进而用连续速度探针研究了改性铵油炸药在隔板试验中的爆轰成长过程,结果表明,连续速度探针的测试结果可以较好地反映出改性铵油炸药在隔板试验中的爆轰成长过程,能够克服离子探针不能连续测量样品爆速的不足,可作为隔板试验的量化判据。
为研究外部火烧试验中热辐射通量经验计算公式和热辐射计的适用范围,用氧弹式量热仪测量了三种推进剂和六种烟花药剂的燃烧热,用红外热成像仪研究了烟花样品在外部火烧试验中的火球温度和燃烧特征。根据样品的燃烧热和燃烧时间,分别用热辐射通量经验计算公式和热辐射计法研究了上述九个样品在外部火烧试验中的热辐射通量,结果表明：1)在稳定燃烧的条件下,燃烧时间大于5s时,热辐射计的测得的热辐射通量平均值与经验公式的计算值基本一致；2)当燃烧时间不大十5s或在燃烧过程中产生剧烈燃烧、爆炸、抛射等剧烈效应时,热辐射通量经验公式的计算值明显偏大,此时经验公式中设定的燃烧热转变为辐射热的比例(0.33)将远大于实际的转化率,应用热辐射计来测量样品的热辐射通量。
In this dissertation, the explosives hazard classification procedures of UN Orange Book and TB700-2 were studied. Aiming at the current problem that the propellant can not be exactly classified by the present hazard classification procedures, a new hazard classification procedure of propellant was put forward, namely, using UN gap test, extremely insensitive detonating substance (EIDS) gap test, actual size gap test and bonfire test to classify the propellants. The new explosives hazard classification procedure was formed, on the basis of incorporating the proposed procedures into the hazard classification procedure of UN Orange Book. And the test conditions and results criteria of related experimental methods were studied.
The detonation pressure of booster charge, and the interface shock wave pressure between the booster charge and PMMA spacer of UN gap test, were obtained by managing gauges and graphing method. And the results show that the values of measured and calculated are basically the same. The output shock pressures of the booster charges of UN and EIDS gap tests, which are consist of Entoleter and A-IX-I respectively, were measured in the PMMA spacer with different thicknesses. According to the shock pressure attenuation law of booster charges in the PMMA spacer, the shock pressures of booster charges in UN and EIDS gap tests were 7GPa as the thickness of PMMA spacer are 19.2mm and 45.2mm respectively. The AUTODYN was used to simulate the attenuation process of the shock wave in the PMMA gap. The results of actual measurement and numerical simulation are consistent, namely, AUTODYN software can be used to predict the thickness of PMMA spacer in other sizes gap tests.
The shockwave pressure distribution laws of the booster charges were studied by experiment and numerical simulation, and the results of numerical simulation were in accordance with the test results. According to the results, they can be used to determine the safe distance of gap test.
In order to get the quantitative criterion of gap test, the average detonation velocity and continuous detonation velocity of two non-ideal explosives in the UN gap test were measured by electrometric method and continuous velocity probe. The detonation velocity measured by the continuous velocity probe method is in accordance with the traditional electrometric method, and the previous method can even give the true course of detonation development for non-ideal explosives. The continuous velocity probe was selected to study the continuous detonation velocity and detonation development of modified ANFO in the UN test. The results show that the continuous velocity probe can well reflect samples change process, i.e. the continuous detonation velocity of samples can be used as the quantitative criterion of gap test.
Oxygen bomb calorimeter was used to measure the combustion heats of 9 samples, which include three propellants and six fireworks. The heat fluxes of these samples were measured and calculated by a radiometer and the estimation method respectively. The results show that, as the burning time is greater than 5s in the stable combustion process, the calculated heat flux is in accordance with the measured value; and as the burning time is not more than 5s, or violent effect appears in the combustion process, such as deflagration and explosion, measuring the heat flux by radiometer is prefered, because the ratio of radiant heat to combustion heat used in estimation method (0.33) is greater than the actual ratio, and it will lead to an abnormal calculated value.
引文
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