汉语零形回指消解的心理语言学研究
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摘要
回指及回指消解在语篇理解加工中起着核心作用,是语言学特别是心理语言学当前的一个研究热点。与英语相比,汉语非常灵活,节省。在回指的使用上,汉语在语境提供了足够信息的情况下往往能省则省,所以汉语零形回指出现频率极高。汉语语篇零形回指消解构成了汉语使用者阅读理解过程的核心问题,但遗憾的是,对这一问题的研究较少。国内学者日益重视零形回指消解的研究,但主要是采用语用分析手段,心理语言学的实验研究非常罕见。
本论文试图通过引入话题(话题的连续与不连续)因素对汉语语篇中零形回指消解现象进行系统的心理语言学研究,对汉语零形回指消解的心理现实性、时间进程和影响因素进行初步探讨,并尝试对汉语零形回指消解现象提出初步的解释。本论文包括三个具体研究(5个分实验):
研究一:汉语零形回指消解的心理现实性。本研究主要通过考察被试对汉语中零形回指语句和在零形回指位置上补充相应代词时语言加工的反应时和阅读时间指标来探讨零形回指的心理现实性。研究一包括两个分实验:实验1话题连续情况下汉语零形回指消解的心理现实性和实验2话题转移情况下汉语零形回指消解的心理现实性。
研究二:主要考察了汉语零形回指消解的时间进程。本研究主要通过通过对被试对句子中对不同位置探测词的反应时来探讨零形回指消解的时间进程。研究二包括两个分实验。实验3话题连续情况下汉语零形回指消解的的时问进程和实验4话题转移情况下汉语零形回指消解的的时间进程。
研究三:对影响汉语零回指消解的因素作了初步研究,采用反应时技术,在诸多影响汉语零回指消解的因素中我们对主动/被动和先前信息情境一致性这两个因素作了研究,考察了4种条件下的零回指消解。
研究一在反应时指标上的结果与我们的假设是相符的,即在话题连续和转移两种条件下,被试汉语零形回指消解过程在反应时指标上没有显著差异。但实验1和实验2在阅读时间上的结果与我们的假设——由于指称突兀,全代词句阅读时问最长,全零形回指句阅读时间次之,正常句阅读时间最短——不一致。
实验1和实验2在阅读时间上的结果似乎遵循着基本相同的模式,即出现了系统的第一提及效应,在实验1和实验2中,无论何种句子类型,第一个句子的阅读时间都系统地、显著地长于其它句子。
研究二结果表明在话题连续条件下,零形回指所指对象的搜索是在零回指所在句群后开始的,其依据是被试读完整个语篇或句群后对呈现真实先行词的反应潜伏期比动词后对呈现的真实先行词的反应潜伏期要短,我们推断零形回指消解的时间进程更多表现为穷尽式搜索。而在话题不连续条件下,零形回指所指对象的搜索是在零形回指所在子句动词呈现结束后开始的,其依据是被试对零形回指所在子句动词后呈现真实先行词的反应时潜伏期比被试读完整个语篇或句群后呈现真实先行词的反应时潜伏期要短,我们推测在话题不连续条件下零形回指消解更多表现为启发式搜索。
研究三结果表明主动/被动效应显著,即存在第一提及效应,但没有发现先前信息情境一致性对零形回指消解的显著效应。这与我们的预期不符。
总之,本论文通过对200余名被试所获数据的分析,对汉语零形回指消解问题作了初步研究。我们认为,在汉语语篇阅读理解过程中,具体的零形回指消解——判断零形回指对象的所指对象——是一个复杂的思维和认知过程,但作为母语为汉语的人,我们头脑中积累了大量的图式和脚本,同时借助百科知识、语法结构、上下文关系和其他各种因素,我们可以在较短时间内判断出零形回指对象的所指对象,显然,汉语零形回指消解与代词回指消解一样,是一个快速和自动化的过程。
Anaphora and its resolution plays an important role in the reader's cognitive processing of the discourse.This research has been a hot topic in linguistics especially psycholinguistics.Compared with the English language,the Chinese language tends to be economical.In terms of anaphora,the latter tends to omit as much linguistic information as possible provided that the Chinese provides sufficient linguistic context,thus the Chinese discourse enjoys very high frequency of zero-anaphora.As a result,its resolution constitutes a key problem to the readers' interpretation of the Chinese discourse.Regrettably,the researches abroad on zero-anaphora resolution have been done by a few overseas Chinese scholars.So far, fewer studies of this aspect have been made.The Chinese scholars focus their growing attention on this topic,yet they engage themselves in their studies mainly based on pragmatic analysis.Very few researches have been conducted through psycholinguistic experiments.
This dissertation,by introducing how topic factors(topic continuing and topic discontinuing) restrain the reader's interpretation of zero-anaphora resolution, intends to make a probe into the reader's psychological reality,time course and factors affecting Chinese zero-anaphora resolution from the perspective of psycholinguistics.It also gives a tentative interpretation of this linguistic phenomenon in the Chinese discourse.The thesis consists of three researches supported by five experiments.
ResearchⅠ:On the Reader's Psychological Reality in Interpreting Chinese Zero-anaphora.The present study means to probe into the reader's psycholinguistic reality in his interpreting Chinese zero-anaphora by observing the subject' responses from his recognition of this linguistic phenomenon to his complementation of the corresponding pronouns.This research includes two sub-experiments:Experiment 1 on the reader's psychological reality in recognizing and interpreting zero-anaphora in terms of topic continuing;Experiment 2 with regard to topic discontinuing.
ResearchⅡ:On the Readers' Time Course in the Chinese Zero-anaphora Resolution.The research attempts to approach time discourse by observing readers' different responses to probing words at different places of the Chinese course.It consists of two sub-experiments:Experiment 3 on time course in terms of topic continuing;Experiment 4 on time course concerning topic discontinuing.
ResearchⅢ:On the Factors Affecting Chinese Zero-anaphora Resolution.By applying reaction time probing technology,we particularly approach how active/passive voice and prior information situation have some effect on the readers' interpretation of zero-anaphora.We investigated kinds of its resolution.
The response time in ResearchⅠconforms to our hypothesis.That is,with topic continuing and topic discontinuing present,no significant differences in subject' responses are showed in Chinese zero-anaphora resolution.Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 indicate readers' reading time does not agree with our hypothesis: due to referential inconsistency,the longest time is required for all-pronoun-inclusive sentence comprehension;the longer for zero-anaphora sentence;and the shortest for normal sentence reading.
So far as reading time is concerned,Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 seem to demonstrate much similarity in terms of zero-anaphora resolution mechanism,thus emerges the first mention effect:in Experiment 1 and Experiment 2,whatever sentence types they may be,the readers spend more time in understanding them than the rest of sentences.
ResearchⅡshows that with topic continuing present,a mental search for zero-anaphora is on in its sentence groups,because after reading a whole discourse or sentence groups,the subject' response potentiality in their mental representation of real antecedents is shorter than that in their interpretation of those which follow verbs.We infer that the time progressing for zero-anaphora resolution is an exhaustive search.However,With topic discontinuing present,the search for the object of zero-anaphora begins with the appearance of the corresponding verb.The theoretical explanation for this is that the subject' response potentiality in their mental representation of real antecedents which follow the verb of the zero-anaphora sentences is shorter than that after they have finished sentence groups or the whole discourse.Thus,we conclude that the zero-anaphora resolution in terms of topic discontinuing is a heuristic search.
ResearchⅢindicates the significant effect of active/passive voice,i.e.the first mention effect.But we have not found that prior information situations have a prominent effect on Chinese zero-anaphora resolution.This point does not satisfy our expectations.
This dissertation have made a tentative study of Chinese zero-anaphora resolution through an analysis of data collected from 200 subjects.We hold that in the Chinese discourse reading process,specific zero-anaphora resolution,that is,the judgment of the object of zero-anaphora,is a complex cognitive process.We also maintain that with quantities of cognitive schemes and scripts in our minds,and with the help of encyclopaedic knowledge,grammar structure,linguistic context and other factors,we Chinese can identify the object which zero-anaphora signify.It is obvious that like pronoun anaphora resolution,zero-anaphora resolution in Chinese is a quick and automatic process.
本论文试图通过引入话题(话题的连续与不连续)因素对汉语语篇中零形回指消解现象进行系统的心理语言学研究,对汉语零形回指消解的心理现实性、时间进程和影响因素进行初步探讨,并尝试对汉语零形回指消解现象提出初步的解释。本论文包括三个具体研究(5个分实验):
研究一:汉语零形回指消解的心理现实性。本研究主要通过考察被试对汉语中零形回指语句和在零形回指位置上补充相应代词时语言加工的反应时和阅读时间指标来探讨零形回指的心理现实性。研究一包括两个分实验:实验1话题连续情况下汉语零形回指消解的心理现实性和实验2话题转移情况下汉语零形回指消解的心理现实性。
研究二:主要考察了汉语零形回指消解的时间进程。本研究主要通过通过对被试对句子中对不同位置探测词的反应时来探讨零形回指消解的时间进程。研究二包括两个分实验。实验3话题连续情况下汉语零形回指消解的的时问进程和实验4话题转移情况下汉语零形回指消解的的时间进程。
研究三:对影响汉语零回指消解的因素作了初步研究,采用反应时技术,在诸多影响汉语零回指消解的因素中我们对主动/被动和先前信息情境一致性这两个因素作了研究,考察了4种条件下的零回指消解。
研究一在反应时指标上的结果与我们的假设是相符的,即在话题连续和转移两种条件下,被试汉语零形回指消解过程在反应时指标上没有显著差异。但实验1和实验2在阅读时间上的结果与我们的假设——由于指称突兀,全代词句阅读时问最长,全零形回指句阅读时间次之,正常句阅读时间最短——不一致。
实验1和实验2在阅读时间上的结果似乎遵循着基本相同的模式,即出现了系统的第一提及效应,在实验1和实验2中,无论何种句子类型,第一个句子的阅读时间都系统地、显著地长于其它句子。
研究二结果表明在话题连续条件下,零形回指所指对象的搜索是在零回指所在句群后开始的,其依据是被试读完整个语篇或句群后对呈现真实先行词的反应潜伏期比动词后对呈现的真实先行词的反应潜伏期要短,我们推断零形回指消解的时间进程更多表现为穷尽式搜索。而在话题不连续条件下,零形回指所指对象的搜索是在零形回指所在子句动词呈现结束后开始的,其依据是被试对零形回指所在子句动词后呈现真实先行词的反应时潜伏期比被试读完整个语篇或句群后呈现真实先行词的反应时潜伏期要短,我们推测在话题不连续条件下零形回指消解更多表现为启发式搜索。
研究三结果表明主动/被动效应显著,即存在第一提及效应,但没有发现先前信息情境一致性对零形回指消解的显著效应。这与我们的预期不符。
总之,本论文通过对200余名被试所获数据的分析,对汉语零形回指消解问题作了初步研究。我们认为,在汉语语篇阅读理解过程中,具体的零形回指消解——判断零形回指对象的所指对象——是一个复杂的思维和认知过程,但作为母语为汉语的人,我们头脑中积累了大量的图式和脚本,同时借助百科知识、语法结构、上下文关系和其他各种因素,我们可以在较短时间内判断出零形回指对象的所指对象,显然,汉语零形回指消解与代词回指消解一样,是一个快速和自动化的过程。
Anaphora and its resolution plays an important role in the reader's cognitive processing of the discourse.This research has been a hot topic in linguistics especially psycholinguistics.Compared with the English language,the Chinese language tends to be economical.In terms of anaphora,the latter tends to omit as much linguistic information as possible provided that the Chinese provides sufficient linguistic context,thus the Chinese discourse enjoys very high frequency of zero-anaphora.As a result,its resolution constitutes a key problem to the readers' interpretation of the Chinese discourse.Regrettably,the researches abroad on zero-anaphora resolution have been done by a few overseas Chinese scholars.So far, fewer studies of this aspect have been made.The Chinese scholars focus their growing attention on this topic,yet they engage themselves in their studies mainly based on pragmatic analysis.Very few researches have been conducted through psycholinguistic experiments.
This dissertation,by introducing how topic factors(topic continuing and topic discontinuing) restrain the reader's interpretation of zero-anaphora resolution, intends to make a probe into the reader's psychological reality,time course and factors affecting Chinese zero-anaphora resolution from the perspective of psycholinguistics.It also gives a tentative interpretation of this linguistic phenomenon in the Chinese discourse.The thesis consists of three researches supported by five experiments.
ResearchⅠ:On the Reader's Psychological Reality in Interpreting Chinese Zero-anaphora.The present study means to probe into the reader's psycholinguistic reality in his interpreting Chinese zero-anaphora by observing the subject' responses from his recognition of this linguistic phenomenon to his complementation of the corresponding pronouns.This research includes two sub-experiments:Experiment 1 on the reader's psychological reality in recognizing and interpreting zero-anaphora in terms of topic continuing;Experiment 2 with regard to topic discontinuing.
ResearchⅡ:On the Readers' Time Course in the Chinese Zero-anaphora Resolution.The research attempts to approach time discourse by observing readers' different responses to probing words at different places of the Chinese course.It consists of two sub-experiments:Experiment 3 on time course in terms of topic continuing;Experiment 4 on time course concerning topic discontinuing.
ResearchⅢ:On the Factors Affecting Chinese Zero-anaphora Resolution.By applying reaction time probing technology,we particularly approach how active/passive voice and prior information situation have some effect on the readers' interpretation of zero-anaphora.We investigated kinds of its resolution.
The response time in ResearchⅠconforms to our hypothesis.That is,with topic continuing and topic discontinuing present,no significant differences in subject' responses are showed in Chinese zero-anaphora resolution.Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 indicate readers' reading time does not agree with our hypothesis: due to referential inconsistency,the longest time is required for all-pronoun-inclusive sentence comprehension;the longer for zero-anaphora sentence;and the shortest for normal sentence reading.
So far as reading time is concerned,Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 seem to demonstrate much similarity in terms of zero-anaphora resolution mechanism,thus emerges the first mention effect:in Experiment 1 and Experiment 2,whatever sentence types they may be,the readers spend more time in understanding them than the rest of sentences.
ResearchⅡshows that with topic continuing present,a mental search for zero-anaphora is on in its sentence groups,because after reading a whole discourse or sentence groups,the subject' response potentiality in their mental representation of real antecedents is shorter than that in their interpretation of those which follow verbs.We infer that the time progressing for zero-anaphora resolution is an exhaustive search.However,With topic discontinuing present,the search for the object of zero-anaphora begins with the appearance of the corresponding verb.The theoretical explanation for this is that the subject' response potentiality in their mental representation of real antecedents which follow the verb of the zero-anaphora sentences is shorter than that after they have finished sentence groups or the whole discourse.Thus,we conclude that the zero-anaphora resolution in terms of topic discontinuing is a heuristic search.
ResearchⅢindicates the significant effect of active/passive voice,i.e.the first mention effect.But we have not found that prior information situations have a prominent effect on Chinese zero-anaphora resolution.This point does not satisfy our expectations.
This dissertation have made a tentative study of Chinese zero-anaphora resolution through an analysis of data collected from 200 subjects.We hold that in the Chinese discourse reading process,specific zero-anaphora resolution,that is,the judgment of the object of zero-anaphora,is a complex cognitive process.We also maintain that with quantities of cognitive schemes and scripts in our minds,and with the help of encyclopaedic knowledge,grammar structure,linguistic context and other factors,we Chinese can identify the object which zero-anaphora signify.It is obvious that like pronoun anaphora resolution,zero-anaphora resolution in Chinese is a quick and automatic process.
引文
[美]克里斯特尔著、沈家煊译.(2000).《现代语言学词典》(pp.19).北京:商务印书馆.
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