“口\嘴”的认知隐喻意义研究
摘要
隐喻是一种重要的认知模式,是词汇产生新意义的重要手段。隐喻是普遍存在的,是人们赖以生存的基础。认知隐喻不仅仅是语言的形式,更重要的是人类普遍的认知方式,是人们以一熟悉的事物认识、理解、思考、表达另一不熟悉或抽象事物的过程,是概念性的。认知隐喻理论已被运用到各个方面的研究,比如在语义学、语用学和篇章分析中等都有体现。在语义学方面研究的成果尤其突出,其中,对词汇意义方面的研究更为广泛。这些研究在不同程度和不同的角度揭示了认知隐喻思维模式对词义延伸的作用,但目前对“口/嘴”一词的系统性研究还很少涉及。为了更好地补充对词汇的隐喻研究,本文拟运用原型理论、意象图式理论及认知隐喻理论等相关理论,对“口/嘴”的认知隐喻意义进行研究,以进一步阐释认知隐喻思维模式在词汇意义延伸中的作用。本文主要采用汉语大辞典(电子版4.00)中的新华字典和成语词典,北京大学汉语言学研究中心的现代汉语语料库以及英语国家语料库中收录的8788条关于“口/嘴”的词汇表达,较全面、深入地分析“口/嘴”一词的认知隐喻意义。本文研究再次充分证明了隐喻存在的普遍性、系统性,以及人类的认知隐喻思维在某些方面存在一定的相似性;“口/嘴”词语所建构的隐喻意义大多来自实体和空间的认知取象。同时,本研究成果也丰富了概念隐喻意义的研究。
Metaphor is an important cognitive model and it is also an important means to produce new meanings of words. Metaphor, by which people live, is pervasive in the world. Cognitive metaphor is not only a language form but also a cognitive means of the people. It is a conceptual process that human uses one familiar thing to recognize, understand and express another unfamiliar or abstract thing. Cognitive metaphor theory has been utilized in many aspects of studies, such as in semantics, pragmatics and text analysis. The achievements of study in semantics are especially prominent. These researches have revealed the function of cognitive metaphorical thinking model to the word meaning in the varying degrees and the different angles. However, at present, a systematical research of cognitive semantics on“mouth”is less touched. This paper analyzes the cognitive metaphorical meanings of“mouth”by applying the prototype theory, image schema theory and cognitive metaphor theory so as to further explain the function of the cognitive metaphorical thinking model in the metaphorical meaning extensions of“mouth”. The cognitive metaphorical meanings of“mouth”have been analyzed based on the corpora taken from The Dictionary of Xinhua and The Dictionary of Chinese Idioms in Chinese Dictionary (electronic version 4.00) and Center for Chinese Linguistics PKU Corpus (CCL) and The British National Corpus (BNC), including 8788 items on“mouth”. The study proves that metaphor is pervasive and systematic once again. Human metaphorical thought has similarity in some aspects. Metaphorical meanings constructed by“mouth”mostly derive from the motivation of entity and space in the world. Meanwhile, the results of this study enrich the study of conceptual metaphor.
Metaphor is an important cognitive model and it is also an important means to produce new meanings of words. Metaphor, by which people live, is pervasive in the world. Cognitive metaphor is not only a language form but also a cognitive means of the people. It is a conceptual process that human uses one familiar thing to recognize, understand and express another unfamiliar or abstract thing. Cognitive metaphor theory has been utilized in many aspects of studies, such as in semantics, pragmatics and text analysis. The achievements of study in semantics are especially prominent. These researches have revealed the function of cognitive metaphorical thinking model to the word meaning in the varying degrees and the different angles. However, at present, a systematical research of cognitive semantics on“mouth”is less touched. This paper analyzes the cognitive metaphorical meanings of“mouth”by applying the prototype theory, image schema theory and cognitive metaphor theory so as to further explain the function of the cognitive metaphorical thinking model in the metaphorical meaning extensions of“mouth”. The cognitive metaphorical meanings of“mouth”have been analyzed based on the corpora taken from The Dictionary of Xinhua and The Dictionary of Chinese Idioms in Chinese Dictionary (electronic version 4.00) and Center for Chinese Linguistics PKU Corpus (CCL) and The British National Corpus (BNC), including 8788 items on“mouth”. The study proves that metaphor is pervasive and systematic once again. Human metaphorical thought has similarity in some aspects. Metaphorical meanings constructed by“mouth”mostly derive from the motivation of entity and space in the world. Meanwhile, the results of this study enrich the study of conceptual metaphor.
引文
Beardsley, I. W. 1962. The metaphorical twist. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research.
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Brugman, C. M. 1981. The story of over. Trier: LAUT.
Brugman, C. M.1988. The story of over: Polysemy, semantics, and the structure of the lexicon. New York, London: Garland.
Croft, W. & Cruse, D. A. 2004. Cognitive linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 74.
Embler, W. 1966. Metaphor and Meaning. Evererr/Edwards, Inc.
Fogelin, R. J. 1988. Figuratively Speaking. New Haven: Yale University Press. 49. Gibbs, R. W. & Wilson, N. 2002. Bodily Action and Metaphorical Meaning.
Goodman, N. 1976. Language of Art, Second ed. Indianapolis: Hackett.
Halliday, M. A. K. & Hasan. 1985. Language, Context and Text: Aspects of Language in a Social-semantic Perspective. Victoria: Deakin University. 7.
Henle, P. 1985. Metaphor, Language, Thought, and Culture. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Johnson, M. 1987. The Body in the Mind. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. 21-126.
Labove, W. 1973. New Ways of Analysing Variation in English. Washington: Georgetown University Press.
Lakoff, G. 1987. Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 6.
Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. 1980. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 5-42.
Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. 1999. Philosophy in the Flesh. New York: Basic Books.
Lakoff & Turner, M. 1989. More Than Cool Reason: A Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor. University of Chicago Press.
Langacker, R.W. 1987. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar: Theoretical Prerequisites, volumel, Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Leech, J. N. 2000.语义学.上海:上海外语教育出版社.
Lindner, S. 1981. A Lexico-Semantic Analysis of English Verb-Particle Constructions with UP and OUT. San Diego: University of California.
Monetta, L. 2004. Resource limitations as a determinant of right-hemisphere-damaged difficulties in processing alternative metaphorical meaning of words. Brain & Language. 170-171.
Mooij, J. J. A. 1976. A Study of Metaphor. North-Holland Publishing Company.
Roper, A. H. T. 2003. The Moral and metaphorical Meaning of THE SPOILS OF POYNTON. American Literature.
Rosch, E. 1987. Principles of Categorization. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erkkbaum. 27-48.
Saeed, J. I. 2000. Semantics. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Taylor, J. R. 2001. Linguistic Categorization: Prototypes in Linguistic Theory. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. 23.
Ungerer, F. & Schmid, H. J. 2001.《认知语言学入门》.北京:外语教学与研究出版社. 118.
Wittgenstein, L. 1978. Philosophical Investigations. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Huang Yunting (黄运亭). 1997.英汉人体器官名词名转动比较研究.《华南理工大学学报》. (11) : 75-79.
Lan, Chun (蓝纯). 2005.《认知语言学与隐喻研究》.北京:外语教学与研究出版社.
Li, Ying (李瑛). 2004.认知与词汇隐喻意义理解.《西南民族大学学报》. (10): 327-329.
Li, Ying & Wen, Xu (李瑛,文旭). 2006.从“头”认知——转喻、隐喻与一词多义现象研究.《外语教学》. (5) : 1-5
Li, Ying (李瑛). 2006.认知隐喻思维与多义词教学.《中国外语》. (9) : 53-56
Lin, Shuwu (林书武). 1998“.愤怒”的概念隐喻——英语、汉语语料.《外语教学与研究》. (2) : 9-13.
Liu, Xueyong (柳学永). 2009.英汉“眼”的意义对比研究.《考试周刊》. (5): 32-34.
Liu, Zhengguang (刘正光). 2001.体验哲学——体验心智及对西方思想的挑战述介.《外语教学与研究》. (6).
Lu, Gusun (陆谷孙).1995.《英汉大词典》.上海:上海译文出版社,1995.
Ma, Qinghua (马清华). 2000.隐喻意义的取象与文化认知.《外语教学与研究》. (8) : 7-9.
Qi, Zhenhai (齐振海). 2003.“心”隐喻的认知分析.《中国优秀博士论文全文数据库》.
Shu, Dingfang (束定芳). 2000.《隐喻学研究》.上海:上海外语教育出版社.
Wang, Cheng fei (王成妃). 2008.英汉语中“心”之研究.《中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库》. (01).
Wang, Qun (王群). 2005.“手”隐喻的认知性分析.《中国优秀博硕士学位论文全文数据库(硕士)》.
Wang, Qun & Qi, Zhenhai (王群,齐振海). 2005.“手”词语的结构化分析.《华北电力大学学报》. (5) : 46-49.
Wang, Wenbin (王文斌). 2001.论汉语“心”的空间隐喻的结构化.《解放军外国语学报》. (7) : 25-29.
Wang, Yin (王寅). 2001《认知语言学》.上海:上海外语教育出版社.
Wang, Yun (王云). 2003.花在中西文化中的隐喻意义.《复旦学报》. (3) : 47-54.
Xiang, Erlan (向二兰). 2007.“脸”的隐喻意义探源.《外语学刊》. (3) : 28-31.
Yan Shuang (严爽). 2006.英语“hand”和汉语“手”之一词多义对比.《浙江科技学院学报》. (12) : 298-302.
Zhang, Quansheng (张全生). 2004.中国隐喻研究十年综述.《新疆师范大学学报》. (9) : 26-30.
Zhao, Yanfang (赵艳芳). 2001.《认知语言学概论》.上海:上海外语教育出版社.
Zhao, Zongjin (赵宗金). 2006.隐喻意义的开放性——隐喻理解过程的心理语言学分析. 《社会科学研究》.(1) : 41-45.
http: // dict.baidu.com/ view/38756.htm?fr=ala0
Black,M. 1962. Models and Metaphors. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
Brugman, C. M. 1981. The story of over. Trier: LAUT.
Brugman, C. M.1988. The story of over: Polysemy, semantics, and the structure of the lexicon. New York, London: Garland.
Croft, W. & Cruse, D. A. 2004. Cognitive linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 74.
Embler, W. 1966. Metaphor and Meaning. Evererr/Edwards, Inc.
Fogelin, R. J. 1988. Figuratively Speaking. New Haven: Yale University Press. 49. Gibbs, R. W. & Wilson, N. 2002. Bodily Action and Metaphorical Meaning.
Goodman, N. 1976. Language of Art, Second ed. Indianapolis: Hackett.
Halliday, M. A. K. & Hasan. 1985. Language, Context and Text: Aspects of Language in a Social-semantic Perspective. Victoria: Deakin University. 7.
Henle, P. 1985. Metaphor, Language, Thought, and Culture. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Johnson, M. 1987. The Body in the Mind. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. 21-126.
Labove, W. 1973. New Ways of Analysing Variation in English. Washington: Georgetown University Press.
Lakoff, G. 1987. Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 6.
Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. 1980. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 5-42.
Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. 1999. Philosophy in the Flesh. New York: Basic Books.
Lakoff & Turner, M. 1989. More Than Cool Reason: A Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor. University of Chicago Press.
Langacker, R.W. 1987. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar: Theoretical Prerequisites, volumel, Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Leech, J. N. 2000.语义学.上海:上海外语教育出版社.
Lindner, S. 1981. A Lexico-Semantic Analysis of English Verb-Particle Constructions with UP and OUT. San Diego: University of California.
Monetta, L. 2004. Resource limitations as a determinant of right-hemisphere-damaged difficulties in processing alternative metaphorical meaning of words. Brain & Language. 170-171.
Mooij, J. J. A. 1976. A Study of Metaphor. North-Holland Publishing Company.
Roper, A. H. T. 2003. The Moral and metaphorical Meaning of THE SPOILS OF POYNTON. American Literature.
Rosch, E. 1987. Principles of Categorization. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erkkbaum. 27-48.
Saeed, J. I. 2000. Semantics. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Taylor, J. R. 2001. Linguistic Categorization: Prototypes in Linguistic Theory. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. 23.
Ungerer, F. & Schmid, H. J. 2001.《认知语言学入门》.北京:外语教学与研究出版社. 118.
Wittgenstein, L. 1978. Philosophical Investigations. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Huang Yunting (黄运亭). 1997.英汉人体器官名词名转动比较研究.《华南理工大学学报》. (11) : 75-79.
Lan, Chun (蓝纯). 2005.《认知语言学与隐喻研究》.北京:外语教学与研究出版社.
Li, Ying (李瑛). 2004.认知与词汇隐喻意义理解.《西南民族大学学报》. (10): 327-329.
Li, Ying & Wen, Xu (李瑛,文旭). 2006.从“头”认知——转喻、隐喻与一词多义现象研究.《外语教学》. (5) : 1-5
Li, Ying (李瑛). 2006.认知隐喻思维与多义词教学.《中国外语》. (9) : 53-56
Lin, Shuwu (林书武). 1998“.愤怒”的概念隐喻——英语、汉语语料.《外语教学与研究》. (2) : 9-13.
Liu, Xueyong (柳学永). 2009.英汉“眼”的意义对比研究.《考试周刊》. (5): 32-34.
Liu, Zhengguang (刘正光). 2001.体验哲学——体验心智及对西方思想的挑战述介.《外语教学与研究》. (6).
Lu, Gusun (陆谷孙).1995.《英汉大词典》.上海:上海译文出版社,1995.
Ma, Qinghua (马清华). 2000.隐喻意义的取象与文化认知.《外语教学与研究》. (8) : 7-9.
Qi, Zhenhai (齐振海). 2003.“心”隐喻的认知分析.《中国优秀博士论文全文数据库》.
Shu, Dingfang (束定芳). 2000.《隐喻学研究》.上海:上海外语教育出版社.
Wang, Cheng fei (王成妃). 2008.英汉语中“心”之研究.《中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库》. (01).
Wang, Qun (王群). 2005.“手”隐喻的认知性分析.《中国优秀博硕士学位论文全文数据库(硕士)》.
Wang, Qun & Qi, Zhenhai (王群,齐振海). 2005.“手”词语的结构化分析.《华北电力大学学报》. (5) : 46-49.
Wang, Wenbin (王文斌). 2001.论汉语“心”的空间隐喻的结构化.《解放军外国语学报》. (7) : 25-29.
Wang, Yin (王寅). 2001《认知语言学》.上海:上海外语教育出版社.
Wang, Yun (王云). 2003.花在中西文化中的隐喻意义.《复旦学报》. (3) : 47-54.
Xiang, Erlan (向二兰). 2007.“脸”的隐喻意义探源.《外语学刊》. (3) : 28-31.
Yan Shuang (严爽). 2006.英语“hand”和汉语“手”之一词多义对比.《浙江科技学院学报》. (12) : 298-302.
Zhang, Quansheng (张全生). 2004.中国隐喻研究十年综述.《新疆师范大学学报》. (9) : 26-30.
Zhao, Yanfang (赵艳芳). 2001.《认知语言学概论》.上海:上海外语教育出版社.
Zhao, Zongjin (赵宗金). 2006.隐喻意义的开放性——隐喻理解过程的心理语言学分析. 《社会科学研究》.(1) : 41-45.
http: // dict.baidu.com/ view/38756.htm?fr=ala0