地上下无缝集成多尺度建模与应用研究
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摘要
随着数字城市、数字矿山、数字区域与数字地球建设的全面推进,人类探知活动在地上、地表及地下三层空间不断拓展,以信息融合和数据集成为基础的地上下无缝集成建模成为3DGIS的重要发展方向。以往以某一单层空间或小范围区域为目的的认知活动已难以满足经济社会发展的需求,地上下3D复杂目标几何无缝集成建模及多分辨率表达等关键技术还未突破,还存在以下问题需要研究：(1)虽然部分研究涉及地上场景、地形、地下工程及矿体的联合可视化,但三者之间大多是独立建模,即很少考虑三层空间实体模型间的几何无缝集成问题；(2)传统的多尺度建模领域较多关注某一单层空间(如地形或地上建筑物的多尺度建模),涉及两层空间的多尺度建模研究较少,同时顾及地上、地表及地下三层空间的多尺度建模亟需解决。
本文在回顾和总结前人研究成果的基础上,对地上、地表与地下空间目标建立多尺度模型及联动关系,对地上下集成3D空间数据模型进行扩展与修正,围绕地上下无缝集成多尺度建模若干关键问题进行了研究。
地学空间数据集成包括原始数据的集成和建模结果数据的集成两部分。原始数据集成是指对不同类型、不同来源的数据进行合并,形成有效规则支持下的原始数据的统一表达；结果数据集成是指对原始数据进行建模、分析、应用等一系列操作后所产生的数据集的统一表述,从而解决地学实体的完整描述和地学空间无缝集成表达问题。空间数据集成的实质是通过提取不同空间模型的共性,找到其关联点,进行无缝集成。采用三角形集合并配以适当的数据结构来实现不同体模型的表达,并以带有拓扑关系的结构来解决不同模型间的关联和转换问题,探讨了基于含拓扑关系的三角形集合TTS进行空间数据集成的原理,给出了数据集成的框架结构及数据的组织模式。
分析了地学空间建模的多层次性的需求,建立了一种以语义异构为驱动、以多尺度地学数据为基础、以多尺度地学模型为表现、以相互之间对应关系为支撑的逻辑结构。进而结合领域知识和实际应用,顾及语义差异,设计了地上、地表与地下三层空间的多尺度模型及其联动机制,给出了一种含6种语义尺度的多尺度模型,实现了地上、地表和地下三层空间多尺度建模与表达。
地上下无缝集成建模中存在多个几何边界,主要包括：地上实体与地表的边界；地表与地层的边界；地上实体、地表与地下空间实体进行集成建模时的侧面边界。在上述的几何边界处,会产生以下两个问题,一是地层模型覆盖地表模型,另一个是集成模型的侧面边界缝隙问题。分析了两种缝隙产生的原因,并给出了相应的解决方法。
地上下无缝集成建模中集成空间数据模型是关键,分析了地上下空间目标几何无缝集成的原理,在CSG+CD-TIN+GTP集成模型基础上,提出将TTS加以融合,形成地上下无缝集成空间数据模型(Aground-Underground Seamlessly Integrated Model,简称AU-SIM),其核心模型结构为CSG+CD-TIN+GTP—TTS。将地上下无缝集成建模原理与多尺度建模原理进行耦合,构建出一种典型的顾及语义的地上下无缝集成多尺度建模的体系结构,从而可形成一整套地上下无缝集成多尺度建模的理论体系。
在上述研究的基础上,开发了“吉思三维地上下集成建模与应用系统”(Geos3D)的“地上下无缝集成的多尺度建模”子系统。实现了地上、地表及地下三层空间无缝集成多尺度建模等功能。以沈阳市某区域为例进行了实验,结果表明,本文提出的顾及语义的地上下无缝集成多尺度建模方法,能够较为充分地利用有关地学数据对地上、地表和地下对象进行集成建模,为地学领域多尺度集成建模提供了一种新的方法和技术方案。
As the construction of Digital City, Digital Mine, Digital Regional and Digital Earth being comprehensively promoted; human activities on aground, surface and underground have expanded continuously. Aground-underground seamlessly integrated modeling basing on information fusion and data integration becomes an important direction of 3DGIS. However, traditional cognitive activities with purpose of a single space or a small area were difficult to meet the needs of economic and social development, many key technologies such as aground-underground 3D complex object geometric seamlessly integrated modeling and multi-resolution need to be investigated, the following issues need to be resolved:(1) although some studies involving the ground scene, terrain, underground works and ore joint visualization, but those mostly emphasized on independent modeling, hardly considering the seamless integration issues; (2) The traditional multi-scale modeling in the field were more concerned about a single space (such as multi-scale modeling of terrain or buildings), and less in involving two layers'multi-scale modeling, therefore, taking into account of aground, surface and underground three-space integrated multi-scale modeling should be solved.
This paper basing on reviewing and summarizing the results of previous studies established the multi-scale models of aground, terrain and underground space goals as well as the interactive relationship between the models, with extensions and amendments of aground-underground integrated 3D spatial data model, several key issues about aground-underground seamlessly integrated multi-lod modeling had been studied.
Spatial data integration is composed of the integration of raw data and modeling results data. Original data integration emphasizes on merging different types and different sources data together in order to form effective rules to support uniform expression of raw data. The result data integration refers to unified presentation of the data set after a series of operations to original data such as modeling, analysis, and application, so as to address a complete description of geological entities and the seamlessly integrated expression of geosciences space. In essence, spatial data integration was accomplished by extracting the common of different space model and finding its associated point for the seamless integration. The triangle data collection with appropriate data structure achieved the expression of different physical models, by topological structure addressed the relationship between different models together with the conversion from each other. After analyzing the principle of spatial data integration based on the TTS, a framework for data integration and data organization structure were given.
After analyzing the multi-level demand of geosciences space modeling, a logical structure with semantic heterogeneity as driving force, multi-scale geosciences data as basis, multi-scale geosciences model as exhibition, relationship between each other as support has been built up. Furthermore, combined with domain knowledge and practical applications, considering the semantic differences, a multi-lod model with linkage mechanism of aground, surface and underground, containing six semantic levels, had been designed, which contributed to the seamlessly integrated modeling of aground, surface and underground.
In aground-underground seamlessly integrated modeling there are several geometric borders, mainly include:boundary between entities aground (buildings, roads, bridges, etc.) and the surface; border of surface and the geological body; side border of aground, surface and underground entities. At geometric boundaries above, the following problems may arise: the stratigraphic model covers the surface model; and the side border gap of integrated model may happen. After analyzing the causes of the two kinds of gaps, corresponding solution method had been investigated.
The integrated spatial data model is the key of aground-underground seamlessly integrated modeling, with analyzing the principle of aground and underground objects geometric seamless integration, based on the CSG+CD-TIN+GTP integrated model, the TTS had been integrated so as to form a Aground-Underground Seamlessly Integrated Model(AU-SIM), and the key model structure is CSG+CD-TIN+GTP—TTS. Coupling the principles of seamlessly integrated modeling with the mechanism of multi-scale modeling, a typical architecture considering semantics of aground-underground seamlessly integrated multi-scale modeling was given, so as to realize a full set of theoretical system about aground-underground seamlessly integrated multi-lod modeling.
Based on these studies, the software Geos3D-Mutil-LODM being developed to realize aground, terrain and underground three space seamlessly integrated multi-lod modeling, taking one district of Shenyang city as an example, experimental results showed that, the aground-underground seamlessly integrated multi-lod modeling method considering semantics proposed in this paper, can more fully utilize relative geosciences data for the seamlessly integrated modeling of aground, surface and underground objects, which provides a new approach and technology programs for multi-scale integrated modeling of geosciences.
本文在回顾和总结前人研究成果的基础上,对地上、地表与地下空间目标建立多尺度模型及联动关系,对地上下集成3D空间数据模型进行扩展与修正,围绕地上下无缝集成多尺度建模若干关键问题进行了研究。
地学空间数据集成包括原始数据的集成和建模结果数据的集成两部分。原始数据集成是指对不同类型、不同来源的数据进行合并,形成有效规则支持下的原始数据的统一表达；结果数据集成是指对原始数据进行建模、分析、应用等一系列操作后所产生的数据集的统一表述,从而解决地学实体的完整描述和地学空间无缝集成表达问题。空间数据集成的实质是通过提取不同空间模型的共性,找到其关联点,进行无缝集成。采用三角形集合并配以适当的数据结构来实现不同体模型的表达,并以带有拓扑关系的结构来解决不同模型间的关联和转换问题,探讨了基于含拓扑关系的三角形集合TTS进行空间数据集成的原理,给出了数据集成的框架结构及数据的组织模式。
分析了地学空间建模的多层次性的需求,建立了一种以语义异构为驱动、以多尺度地学数据为基础、以多尺度地学模型为表现、以相互之间对应关系为支撑的逻辑结构。进而结合领域知识和实际应用,顾及语义差异,设计了地上、地表与地下三层空间的多尺度模型及其联动机制,给出了一种含6种语义尺度的多尺度模型,实现了地上、地表和地下三层空间多尺度建模与表达。
地上下无缝集成建模中存在多个几何边界,主要包括：地上实体与地表的边界；地表与地层的边界；地上实体、地表与地下空间实体进行集成建模时的侧面边界。在上述的几何边界处,会产生以下两个问题,一是地层模型覆盖地表模型,另一个是集成模型的侧面边界缝隙问题。分析了两种缝隙产生的原因,并给出了相应的解决方法。
地上下无缝集成建模中集成空间数据模型是关键,分析了地上下空间目标几何无缝集成的原理,在CSG+CD-TIN+GTP集成模型基础上,提出将TTS加以融合,形成地上下无缝集成空间数据模型(Aground-Underground Seamlessly Integrated Model,简称AU-SIM),其核心模型结构为CSG+CD-TIN+GTP—TTS。将地上下无缝集成建模原理与多尺度建模原理进行耦合,构建出一种典型的顾及语义的地上下无缝集成多尺度建模的体系结构,从而可形成一整套地上下无缝集成多尺度建模的理论体系。
在上述研究的基础上,开发了“吉思三维地上下集成建模与应用系统”(Geos3D)的“地上下无缝集成的多尺度建模”子系统。实现了地上、地表及地下三层空间无缝集成多尺度建模等功能。以沈阳市某区域为例进行了实验,结果表明,本文提出的顾及语义的地上下无缝集成多尺度建模方法,能够较为充分地利用有关地学数据对地上、地表和地下对象进行集成建模,为地学领域多尺度集成建模提供了一种新的方法和技术方案。
As the construction of Digital City, Digital Mine, Digital Regional and Digital Earth being comprehensively promoted; human activities on aground, surface and underground have expanded continuously. Aground-underground seamlessly integrated modeling basing on information fusion and data integration becomes an important direction of 3DGIS. However, traditional cognitive activities with purpose of a single space or a small area were difficult to meet the needs of economic and social development, many key technologies such as aground-underground 3D complex object geometric seamlessly integrated modeling and multi-resolution need to be investigated, the following issues need to be resolved:(1) although some studies involving the ground scene, terrain, underground works and ore joint visualization, but those mostly emphasized on independent modeling, hardly considering the seamless integration issues; (2) The traditional multi-scale modeling in the field were more concerned about a single space (such as multi-scale modeling of terrain or buildings), and less in involving two layers'multi-scale modeling, therefore, taking into account of aground, surface and underground three-space integrated multi-scale modeling should be solved.
This paper basing on reviewing and summarizing the results of previous studies established the multi-scale models of aground, terrain and underground space goals as well as the interactive relationship between the models, with extensions and amendments of aground-underground integrated 3D spatial data model, several key issues about aground-underground seamlessly integrated multi-lod modeling had been studied.
Spatial data integration is composed of the integration of raw data and modeling results data. Original data integration emphasizes on merging different types and different sources data together in order to form effective rules to support uniform expression of raw data. The result data integration refers to unified presentation of the data set after a series of operations to original data such as modeling, analysis, and application, so as to address a complete description of geological entities and the seamlessly integrated expression of geosciences space. In essence, spatial data integration was accomplished by extracting the common of different space model and finding its associated point for the seamless integration. The triangle data collection with appropriate data structure achieved the expression of different physical models, by topological structure addressed the relationship between different models together with the conversion from each other. After analyzing the principle of spatial data integration based on the TTS, a framework for data integration and data organization structure were given.
After analyzing the multi-level demand of geosciences space modeling, a logical structure with semantic heterogeneity as driving force, multi-scale geosciences data as basis, multi-scale geosciences model as exhibition, relationship between each other as support has been built up. Furthermore, combined with domain knowledge and practical applications, considering the semantic differences, a multi-lod model with linkage mechanism of aground, surface and underground, containing six semantic levels, had been designed, which contributed to the seamlessly integrated modeling of aground, surface and underground.
In aground-underground seamlessly integrated modeling there are several geometric borders, mainly include:boundary between entities aground (buildings, roads, bridges, etc.) and the surface; border of surface and the geological body; side border of aground, surface and underground entities. At geometric boundaries above, the following problems may arise: the stratigraphic model covers the surface model; and the side border gap of integrated model may happen. After analyzing the causes of the two kinds of gaps, corresponding solution method had been investigated.
The integrated spatial data model is the key of aground-underground seamlessly integrated modeling, with analyzing the principle of aground and underground objects geometric seamless integration, based on the CSG+CD-TIN+GTP integrated model, the TTS had been integrated so as to form a Aground-Underground Seamlessly Integrated Model(AU-SIM), and the key model structure is CSG+CD-TIN+GTP—TTS. Coupling the principles of seamlessly integrated modeling with the mechanism of multi-scale modeling, a typical architecture considering semantics of aground-underground seamlessly integrated multi-scale modeling was given, so as to realize a full set of theoretical system about aground-underground seamlessly integrated multi-lod modeling.
Based on these studies, the software Geos3D-Mutil-LODM being developed to realize aground, terrain and underground three space seamlessly integrated multi-lod modeling, taking one district of Shenyang city as an example, experimental results showed that, the aground-underground seamlessly integrated multi-lod modeling method considering semantics proposed in this paper, can more fully utilize relative geosciences data for the seamlessly integrated modeling of aground, surface and underground objects, which provides a new approach and technology programs for multi-scale integrated modeling of geosciences.
引文
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