功能视野中的言语行为理论研究：回眸与反思
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摘要
论文顺应语言研究的重点由客观意义向主观意义转移,语言学与语言哲学由分离走向融合的趋势,把言语行为中的意向行为作为表示说话人目的意向的主观意义予以考察。
通过对言语行为理论、语言的功能研究(索绪尔的语言功能观、布拉格学派的语言功能观和韩礼德的语言系统功能观)的回眸和反思,得出结论:第一,语言是一个特殊在者/是者,我们应该在语言本体论框架中研究语言;第二,语言具有多功能性,研究语言功能也应该多维度、多层面进行,强调我们对语言功能研究的关注不应该只是韩礼德的系统功能语言学,而应该取百家之长为我所用。
论文在上述基础上,将言语行为理论进一步置于西方哲学这一宏大语境中,一方面从结构主义语言学、人类学出发,予以反思;另一方面,从语言哲学和现象学出发,予以反思。
以上两部分反思之间存在着视域逐渐拓广,理解逐渐深刻的过程。在此基础上,提出以语言本体论和多元世界理论为基础,以功能为核心,以受话人为切入维度的言语行为理论框架。其中,说话人、目的意向、主体间性、语言间性以及研究范围的拓展,是这种理论的关键环节。
研究表明,语言学与语言哲学的共同点是研究对象相同,都研究语言,这一点很重要。不同之处在于,前者的目的也是语言,就是通过语言分析和解释来揭示语言的本质和运作机制;而后者的研究目的却在语言之外,即通过语言分析和解释来揭示人和人的世界。这是其一。其二,语言学对语言现象及规律的分析、发现,是语言哲学所进行工作的基础,语言哲学对人及人的世界的研究又可以反过来提升语言学研究工作的高度和深刻性。因此,语言学与语言哲学之间不存在对立,而应该彼此结合、共同促进。
Following the trend of a major focus shift in language research: from objective meaning research to subjective meaning research on language, we can see the tendencies and potential mutual benefits of moving from the separation between linguistics and philosophy of language to their mergence. This thesis, accordingly, focuses on the research on illocutionary act in speech acts from the perspective of the speaker’s subjective meaning in discourse.
From the review and reflection on speech act theory and functional language research (such as functional language perspectives of Saussure and the Prague School, and also Halliday’s systemic functional perspective), we draw the following conclusions: language is a special“beings”– in other words, language functions as a separate and distinct entity. The implication, therefore, is that we should conduct research on language in the framework of language ontology; and we should perform our language research from a multi-dimensional perspective due to language’s multiple function feature.
However, all our attention should not be only paid to Halliday’s systemic functional linguistics as there are other schools of functional language research which can help us widen the scope of our language research and which may also be beneficial and of great use.
Based on the above conclusions, this thesis, in the light of Western Philosophy, reflects on speech act theory from the following two perspectives: structural linguistics and anthropology; philosophy of language and phenomenology.
Widened horizons and deeper understanding about language research can be attained through serious reflection upon these two perspectives. On this basis, the thesis develops a new research framework of speech act theory in which language ontology and polyadic realism theory form the basis, and function as the core, with the hearer as the main object of the research. In such a framework of speech act theory research, the key segments are: the speaker, purpose-intention, intersubjectivity, interlanguage, and the widening of the scope of research.
We thus achieve two research findings (results):
First, both linguistics and philosophy of language take language as their common research object, which is quite important for us to understand. The only difference lies in the fact that through language analysis and interpretation the former focuses on the research of language itself, namely, language nature and working mechanism of language within the use of language, while the latter focuses on human beings and their world through the means of language analysis and interpretation, rather than upon language itself.
Second, the large accumulation of research which linguistics has gained from linguistic phenomen and law analysis provides a solid foundation for the research work of philosophy of language. Meanwhile ,the research findings on human beings and their world by philosophy of language can enhance and deepen the research in the field of linguistics by providing new perspectives. Thus, the science of linguistics is not opposed to philosophy of language and vice versa, but, in fact adds synergistically to the huge aggregation of potential research data available to it—to their mutual benefit in future research and the opportunities for pooling their data and their research.
通过对言语行为理论、语言的功能研究(索绪尔的语言功能观、布拉格学派的语言功能观和韩礼德的语言系统功能观)的回眸和反思,得出结论:第一,语言是一个特殊在者/是者,我们应该在语言本体论框架中研究语言;第二,语言具有多功能性,研究语言功能也应该多维度、多层面进行,强调我们对语言功能研究的关注不应该只是韩礼德的系统功能语言学,而应该取百家之长为我所用。
论文在上述基础上,将言语行为理论进一步置于西方哲学这一宏大语境中,一方面从结构主义语言学、人类学出发,予以反思;另一方面,从语言哲学和现象学出发,予以反思。
以上两部分反思之间存在着视域逐渐拓广,理解逐渐深刻的过程。在此基础上,提出以语言本体论和多元世界理论为基础,以功能为核心,以受话人为切入维度的言语行为理论框架。其中,说话人、目的意向、主体间性、语言间性以及研究范围的拓展,是这种理论的关键环节。
研究表明,语言学与语言哲学的共同点是研究对象相同,都研究语言,这一点很重要。不同之处在于,前者的目的也是语言,就是通过语言分析和解释来揭示语言的本质和运作机制;而后者的研究目的却在语言之外,即通过语言分析和解释来揭示人和人的世界。这是其一。其二,语言学对语言现象及规律的分析、发现,是语言哲学所进行工作的基础,语言哲学对人及人的世界的研究又可以反过来提升语言学研究工作的高度和深刻性。因此,语言学与语言哲学之间不存在对立,而应该彼此结合、共同促进。
Following the trend of a major focus shift in language research: from objective meaning research to subjective meaning research on language, we can see the tendencies and potential mutual benefits of moving from the separation between linguistics and philosophy of language to their mergence. This thesis, accordingly, focuses on the research on illocutionary act in speech acts from the perspective of the speaker’s subjective meaning in discourse.
From the review and reflection on speech act theory and functional language research (such as functional language perspectives of Saussure and the Prague School, and also Halliday’s systemic functional perspective), we draw the following conclusions: language is a special“beings”– in other words, language functions as a separate and distinct entity. The implication, therefore, is that we should conduct research on language in the framework of language ontology; and we should perform our language research from a multi-dimensional perspective due to language’s multiple function feature.
However, all our attention should not be only paid to Halliday’s systemic functional linguistics as there are other schools of functional language research which can help us widen the scope of our language research and which may also be beneficial and of great use.
Based on the above conclusions, this thesis, in the light of Western Philosophy, reflects on speech act theory from the following two perspectives: structural linguistics and anthropology; philosophy of language and phenomenology.
Widened horizons and deeper understanding about language research can be attained through serious reflection upon these two perspectives. On this basis, the thesis develops a new research framework of speech act theory in which language ontology and polyadic realism theory form the basis, and function as the core, with the hearer as the main object of the research. In such a framework of speech act theory research, the key segments are: the speaker, purpose-intention, intersubjectivity, interlanguage, and the widening of the scope of research.
We thus achieve two research findings (results):
First, both linguistics and philosophy of language take language as their common research object, which is quite important for us to understand. The only difference lies in the fact that through language analysis and interpretation the former focuses on the research of language itself, namely, language nature and working mechanism of language within the use of language, while the latter focuses on human beings and their world through the means of language analysis and interpretation, rather than upon language itself.
Second, the large accumulation of research which linguistics has gained from linguistic phenomen and law analysis provides a solid foundation for the research work of philosophy of language. Meanwhile ,the research findings on human beings and their world by philosophy of language can enhance and deepen the research in the field of linguistics by providing new perspectives. Thus, the science of linguistics is not opposed to philosophy of language and vice versa, but, in fact adds synergistically to the huge aggregation of potential research data available to it—to their mutual benefit in future research and the opportunities for pooling their data and their research.
引文
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