语义网本体构建方式研究
摘要
本体是语义网的重要构成基础,将现有网络资源尽可能多的本体化,是实现语义网的必要条件。但是对于本体的普及化,我们仍面临着巨大的挑战。尽管已经有很多机构开发了大量的本体,但相对数量仍旧很少,而且由于开发机构的不同这些本体相互间的协作也难以进行。
要解决语义网本体面临的这些问题,我们首先需要一种更适合语义网环境的标准化本体构建方式。本文从软件工程出发,站在语义网的角度对几种主要的本体构建方式的特点进行了分析,对这些本体构建方式中存在的问题和不适合语义网建模的部分进行了说明,并提出了这些传统本体构建方式共同存在的问题。
针对这些问题,本文提出了一种面向语义网的半自动化的本体构建方式。这种构建方式支持群体参与,具备良好的可扩展性和容错性,本体间的映射也更为简单。可以以较低的成本将网络资源本体化,有利于语义网本体的普及。
本文共五个部分,第一部分提出了现代互联网信息组织和利用中面临的重要问题和Web2.0环境下仍旧存在的问题。
第二部分介绍了语义网的相关知识,本体以及描述本体的语言。
第三部分分析和对比了几种重要的本体构建方式,总结了这些本体构建方式各自的特点,适用的领域和对现实的指导意义,同时也提出了它们共同存在的问题和需要改进的方面。
第四部分首先对本体的概念作了更适合语义网的新的解读,接着提出了一种适于语义网环境的本体构建方式。这种本体构建方式支持群体参与构建,拥有良好的可扩展性和容错性,是一种工程化的构建方法。
第五部分对研究工作做出了总结,并提出了对语义网未来的展望。
Ontology is an important basis of Semantic Web, change existing network resources to ontologies as much as possible, is a necessary condition to achieve the Semantic Web. But the popularity of ontology, we still face enormous challenges. While many organizations have developed a number of ontologies, but first the number remains relatively small, and second, because of the different development agencies, the collaboration between these ontologies is also difficult.
To solve the semantic web faced issues, we need a more standardized construction of ontolgies in Semantic Web.
Based on software engineering, from the perspective of the Semantic Web, this paper analysis several major ontology construction method, and pointed out the problem remains in these method and some common problem in all of them.
This paper presents a Semantic Web Ontology-oriented ontology construction method. This method support people to construct ontologies together, with good scalability and fault tolerance, can make the cost of the activity which change network resource into ontologies loewer, and is conducive to the popularity of Semantic Web ontology.
This paper has five parts, the first part of the modern Internet information organization and utilization of important issues facing the Web2.0 environment and the problems still exist. The second part of the Semantic Web knowledge, ontology and the ontology description language.
The third part of the analysis and comparison of the important ways ontology construction, ontology construction approach sums up the current common problems and areas for improvement.
The fourth part of the ontology concept first made more suitable for a new interpretation of the Semantic Web, and then propose a suitable environment for the Semantic Web ontology building approach. This ontology construction to support the groups in the building, with good scalability and fault tolerance, is a project of the construction method.
The fifth part of the study makes a conclusion and proposed future prospects of the semantic web.
要解决语义网本体面临的这些问题,我们首先需要一种更适合语义网环境的标准化本体构建方式。本文从软件工程出发,站在语义网的角度对几种主要的本体构建方式的特点进行了分析,对这些本体构建方式中存在的问题和不适合语义网建模的部分进行了说明,并提出了这些传统本体构建方式共同存在的问题。
针对这些问题,本文提出了一种面向语义网的半自动化的本体构建方式。这种构建方式支持群体参与,具备良好的可扩展性和容错性,本体间的映射也更为简单。可以以较低的成本将网络资源本体化,有利于语义网本体的普及。
本文共五个部分,第一部分提出了现代互联网信息组织和利用中面临的重要问题和Web2.0环境下仍旧存在的问题。
第二部分介绍了语义网的相关知识,本体以及描述本体的语言。
第三部分分析和对比了几种重要的本体构建方式,总结了这些本体构建方式各自的特点,适用的领域和对现实的指导意义,同时也提出了它们共同存在的问题和需要改进的方面。
第四部分首先对本体的概念作了更适合语义网的新的解读,接着提出了一种适于语义网环境的本体构建方式。这种本体构建方式支持群体参与构建,拥有良好的可扩展性和容错性,是一种工程化的构建方法。
第五部分对研究工作做出了总结,并提出了对语义网未来的展望。
Ontology is an important basis of Semantic Web, change existing network resources to ontologies as much as possible, is a necessary condition to achieve the Semantic Web. But the popularity of ontology, we still face enormous challenges. While many organizations have developed a number of ontologies, but first the number remains relatively small, and second, because of the different development agencies, the collaboration between these ontologies is also difficult.
To solve the semantic web faced issues, we need a more standardized construction of ontolgies in Semantic Web.
Based on software engineering, from the perspective of the Semantic Web, this paper analysis several major ontology construction method, and pointed out the problem remains in these method and some common problem in all of them.
This paper presents a Semantic Web Ontology-oriented ontology construction method. This method support people to construct ontologies together, with good scalability and fault tolerance, can make the cost of the activity which change network resource into ontologies loewer, and is conducive to the popularity of Semantic Web ontology.
This paper has five parts, the first part of the modern Internet information organization and utilization of important issues facing the Web2.0 environment and the problems still exist. The second part of the Semantic Web knowledge, ontology and the ontology description language.
The third part of the analysis and comparison of the important ways ontology construction, ontology construction approach sums up the current common problems and areas for improvement.
The fourth part of the ontology concept first made more suitable for a new interpretation of the Semantic Web, and then propose a suitable environment for the Semantic Web ontology building approach. This ontology construction to support the groups in the building, with good scalability and fault tolerance, is a project of the construction method.
The fifth part of the study makes a conclusion and proposed future prospects of the semantic web.
引文
[1]Grigoris Antoniou, Frank van Harmelen, A Semantic Web Primer[M], London:The MIT Press,2007,19～20
[1]AIFB, ISWC2008[EB],2008, http://iswc2008.semanticweb.org/
[2]AIFB, ISWC2009[EB],2009, http://iswc2009.semanticweb.org/
[1]CSWS, CSWS2009[EB],2009, http://iws.seu.edu.cn/csws2009/index.html
[1]Neches R., Fikes R. E., Finin T., Gruber T. R., Patil R., Senator T., Swartout W.R. Enabling technology for knowledge sharing[J]. AI Magazine,1991,12(3),16-36.
[2] Grube T.R., Ontoligua:A translation approach to portable ontology specification[J], Technical Report KSL 91-66, Stanford University, Knowledge Systems Laboratory. Revision.
[1] Guarion N., Giaretta P., Ontologies and Knowledge Bases:towards to a terminological clarification[R], http//www.loa-cnr.it/Papers/KBKS95.pdf,1995
[2] Mike Uschold, Michael Gruninger, ONTOLOGIES:Principles, Methods and Applications[J], Knowledge Engineering Review,1996,11(2),6
[3] Gomez-Perez, Ontological Engineering:A State of the Art[J], Ontological Engineering,1999, 2(3),34
[4] Rudi Studer, V. Richard Benjamins, Dieter Fensel, Knowledge engineering:principles and methods[J], Data & Knowledge Engineering,25(1-2),1998,161-197
[1] Mariano Ferndandez, Asuncion Gomez-Perez, Natalia Juristo, METHONTOLOGY:From Ontological Art Towards Ontological Engineering[R], AAAI Technical Report SS-97-06,1997, 37
[1] Frank Manola, Eric Miller, RDF primer[EB],2004, http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-primer/
[1] Patrick Hayes, RDF Semantics[EB],2004, http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-mt-20040210
[1] OWL Web Ontology Language Overview[EB],2004, http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-features-20040210/
[2] OWL 2 Web Ontology Language Document Overview[EB],2009, http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/REC-owl2-overview-20091027/
[1] Mike Uschold, Michael Gruninger, ONTOLOGIES:Principles, Methods and Applications[J], Knowledge Engineering Review,1996,11(2),17～18
[1] Perakath C. Benjamin, Christopher P. Menzel, Richard J. Mayer, Florence Fillion, Michael T. Futrell, Paula S. deWitte, Madhavi Lingineni, IDEF5 Method Report[EB],1994, http://www.idef.com/pdf/Idef5.pdf
[1] Mike Uschold, Michael Gruninger, ONTOLOGIES:Principles, Methods and Applications[J], Knowledge Engineering Review,1996,11(2),14～17
[2] D. Skuce, Conventions for reaching agreement on shared ontologies[C], In Proceedings of the 9th Knowledge Acquisition for Knowledge Based Systems Workshop,1995
[1] Micheal Gruninger, Mark. S Fox, Methodology for the Design and Evaluation of Ontologies[C], Workshop on Basic Ontological Issues in Knowledge Sharing, IJCAI-95, Montreal,1995
[1] Mariano Ferndandez, Asuncion Gomez-Perez, Natalia Juristo, METHONTOLOGY:From Ontological Art Towards Ontological Engineering[J], Ontological Engineering,1997,36～39
[1] Jorg-Uwe Kietz, Raphael Volz, Alexander Maedche, Extracting a Domain-Specific Ontology from a Corporate Intranet[J], Proceedings of the 2nd workshop on Learning language in logic and the 4th conference on Computational natural language learning,2000,170～173
1 Alexander Maedche, Steffen Staab, Ontology Learning for the Semantic Web[M],2002,8-13
[1]Grigoris Antoniou, Frank van Harmelen, A Semantic Web Primer[M], London:The MIT Press,2007,19～20
[2]Neches R., Fikes R. E., Finin T., Gruber T. R., Patil R., Senator T., Swartout W.R. Enabling technology for knowledge sharing[J]. AI Magazine,1991,12(3):16-36.
[3]Mike Uschold, Michael Gruninger, ONTOLOGIES:Principles, Methods and Applications[J], Knowledge Engineering Review,1996,11(2):14～17
[4]Gomez-Perez, Ontological Engineering:A State of the Art[J], Ontological Engineering,1999, 2(3):22～25
[5]Rudi Studer, V. Richard Benjamins, Dieter Fensel, Knowledge engineering:principles and methods[J], Data & Knowledge Engineering,1998,25(1):161-197
[6]Frank Manola, Eric Miller, RDF primer[EB],2004, http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-primer/
[7]Patrick Hayes, RDF Semantics[EB],2004, http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-mt-20040210
[8]OWL Web Ontology Language Overview[EB],2004, http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-features-20040210/
[9]OWL 2 Web Ontology Language Document Overview[EB],2009, http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/REC-owl2-overview-20091027/
[10]Perakath C.Benjamin, Christopher P. Menzel, Richard J. Mayer, Florence Fillion, Michael T. Futrell, Paula S. deWitte, Madhavi Lingineni, IDEF5 Method Report[EB],1994, http://www.idef.com/pdf/Idef5.pdf
[11]Mariano Ferndandez, Asuncion Gomez-Perez, Natalia Juristo, METHONTOLOGY:From Ontological Art Towards Ontological Engineering[J], Ontological Engineering,1997,36～39
[12]Jorg-Uwe Kietz, Raphael Volz, Alexander Maedche, Extracting a Domain-Specific Ontology from a Corporate Intranet[J], Proceedings of the 2nd workshop on Learning language in logic and the 4th conference on Computational natural language learning,2000,170～173
[13]Alexander Maedche, Steffen Staab, Ontology Learning for the Semantic Web[M],2002, 8-13
[15]戴维民,语义网信息组织技术与方法[M],学林出版社,2008.12,141～144
[16]于江涛,毛慧珍,基于Wiki的本体构建方法[J],通化师范学院学报,2009.8,30(8)：19～20
[17]Neches R, Fikes RE, Gruber TR, et al. Enabling Technology for Knowledge Sharing. AI Magazine,1991,12(3):36～56
[18]杜小勇,李曼,王珊.本体学习研究综述[J],软件学报,2006,17(9)：1837～1847
[19]马文峰,杜小勇.领域本体进化研究[J].图书情报工作,2006,50(6)：71～75
[20]张忠平,赵海亮,张志惠.基于OWL的本体集成[J].计算机应用,2008,28(6)：10～14
[21]J.Arpirez, A Gomez-Perez, et al. (Onto)2Agent:An Ontology-based WWW Broker to Select Ontologies[C]. ECAI,1998,16-24
[22]向阳,王敏,马强.基于Jena的本体构建方法研究[J].计算机工程,2007,33(14)：59～61
[23]T Berners-Lee, J handler,O Lassila. The Sematic Web[J]. Scientific America,2001, 284(5):34～43
[24]刘宇松.本体构建方法和开发工具研究[J].现代情报,2009,29(9)：19～21
[25]李善平等.本体论研究综述[J].计算机研究与发展,2004,41(7)：1041～1042
[26]D. Fensel, F. van Harmelen, I. Horrocks, et al. OIL:An ontology infrastructure for the semantic web[J]. IEEE Intelligent Systems,2001,16(2):38～45
[27]J. Hendler, D. L. McGuinness. The DARPA Agent Markup Language. IEEE Intelligent Systems,2000,15(6):67～73
[28]李浩,丁颖,语义网关键技术概述[J],计算机工程与设计,2007,28(4)：1831～1832
[29]施晓华,黄骥.信息检索新技术应用[J].情报科学,2005,23(8)：1225～1228
[30]张玉强.基于数据挖掘和本体的实时检测系统[J].微计算机信息,2006,22(3)：142～144
[31]张继东,余以胜.利用叙词表构建本体的方法研究[J].图书情报知识,2006(112)：82～85
[32]郑丽萍,李光耀,梁永全.本体中概念相似度的计算[J].计算机工程与应用,2006(30)：25～27
[33]Anna Formica. Ontology-base concept similarity in formal concept analysis[J]. Information Sciences,2006(176):2624～2641
[34]仇宝艳.面向领域本体的知识建模问题研究[D].[硕士学位论文].山东：山东师范大学,2009
[35]杜文华.本题的构建及其在数字图书馆中的应用[D].[硕士学位论文].武汉：武汉大学,2005
[1]AIFB, ISWC2008[EB],2008, http://iswc2008.semanticweb.org/
[2]AIFB, ISWC2009[EB],2009, http://iswc2009.semanticweb.org/
[1]CSWS, CSWS2009[EB],2009, http://iws.seu.edu.cn/csws2009/index.html
[1]Neches R., Fikes R. E., Finin T., Gruber T. R., Patil R., Senator T., Swartout W.R. Enabling technology for knowledge sharing[J]. AI Magazine,1991,12(3),16-36.
[2] Grube T.R., Ontoligua:A translation approach to portable ontology specification[J], Technical Report KSL 91-66, Stanford University, Knowledge Systems Laboratory. Revision.
[1] Guarion N., Giaretta P., Ontologies and Knowledge Bases:towards to a terminological clarification[R], http//www.loa-cnr.it/Papers/KBKS95.pdf,1995
[2] Mike Uschold, Michael Gruninger, ONTOLOGIES:Principles, Methods and Applications[J], Knowledge Engineering Review,1996,11(2),6
[3] Gomez-Perez, Ontological Engineering:A State of the Art[J], Ontological Engineering,1999, 2(3),34
[4] Rudi Studer, V. Richard Benjamins, Dieter Fensel, Knowledge engineering:principles and methods[J], Data & Knowledge Engineering,25(1-2),1998,161-197
[1] Mariano Ferndandez, Asuncion Gomez-Perez, Natalia Juristo, METHONTOLOGY:From Ontological Art Towards Ontological Engineering[R], AAAI Technical Report SS-97-06,1997, 37
[1] Frank Manola, Eric Miller, RDF primer[EB],2004, http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-primer/
[1] Patrick Hayes, RDF Semantics[EB],2004, http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-mt-20040210
[1] OWL Web Ontology Language Overview[EB],2004, http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-features-20040210/
[2] OWL 2 Web Ontology Language Document Overview[EB],2009, http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/REC-owl2-overview-20091027/
[1] Mike Uschold, Michael Gruninger, ONTOLOGIES:Principles, Methods and Applications[J], Knowledge Engineering Review,1996,11(2),17～18
[1] Perakath C. Benjamin, Christopher P. Menzel, Richard J. Mayer, Florence Fillion, Michael T. Futrell, Paula S. deWitte, Madhavi Lingineni, IDEF5 Method Report[EB],1994, http://www.idef.com/pdf/Idef5.pdf
[1] Mike Uschold, Michael Gruninger, ONTOLOGIES:Principles, Methods and Applications[J], Knowledge Engineering Review,1996,11(2),14～17
[2] D. Skuce, Conventions for reaching agreement on shared ontologies[C], In Proceedings of the 9th Knowledge Acquisition for Knowledge Based Systems Workshop,1995
[1] Micheal Gruninger, Mark. S Fox, Methodology for the Design and Evaluation of Ontologies[C], Workshop on Basic Ontological Issues in Knowledge Sharing, IJCAI-95, Montreal,1995
[1] Mariano Ferndandez, Asuncion Gomez-Perez, Natalia Juristo, METHONTOLOGY:From Ontological Art Towards Ontological Engineering[J], Ontological Engineering,1997,36～39
[1] Jorg-Uwe Kietz, Raphael Volz, Alexander Maedche, Extracting a Domain-Specific Ontology from a Corporate Intranet[J], Proceedings of the 2nd workshop on Learning language in logic and the 4th conference on Computational natural language learning,2000,170～173
1 Alexander Maedche, Steffen Staab, Ontology Learning for the Semantic Web[M],2002,8-13
[1]Grigoris Antoniou, Frank van Harmelen, A Semantic Web Primer[M], London:The MIT Press,2007,19～20
[2]Neches R., Fikes R. E., Finin T., Gruber T. R., Patil R., Senator T., Swartout W.R. Enabling technology for knowledge sharing[J]. AI Magazine,1991,12(3):16-36.
[3]Mike Uschold, Michael Gruninger, ONTOLOGIES:Principles, Methods and Applications[J], Knowledge Engineering Review,1996,11(2):14～17
[4]Gomez-Perez, Ontological Engineering:A State of the Art[J], Ontological Engineering,1999, 2(3):22～25
[5]Rudi Studer, V. Richard Benjamins, Dieter Fensel, Knowledge engineering:principles and methods[J], Data & Knowledge Engineering,1998,25(1):161-197
[6]Frank Manola, Eric Miller, RDF primer[EB],2004, http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-primer/
[7]Patrick Hayes, RDF Semantics[EB],2004, http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-mt-20040210
[8]OWL Web Ontology Language Overview[EB],2004, http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-features-20040210/
[9]OWL 2 Web Ontology Language Document Overview[EB],2009, http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/REC-owl2-overview-20091027/
[10]Perakath C.Benjamin, Christopher P. Menzel, Richard J. Mayer, Florence Fillion, Michael T. Futrell, Paula S. deWitte, Madhavi Lingineni, IDEF5 Method Report[EB],1994, http://www.idef.com/pdf/Idef5.pdf
[11]Mariano Ferndandez, Asuncion Gomez-Perez, Natalia Juristo, METHONTOLOGY:From Ontological Art Towards Ontological Engineering[J], Ontological Engineering,1997,36～39
[12]Jorg-Uwe Kietz, Raphael Volz, Alexander Maedche, Extracting a Domain-Specific Ontology from a Corporate Intranet[J], Proceedings of the 2nd workshop on Learning language in logic and the 4th conference on Computational natural language learning,2000,170～173
[13]Alexander Maedche, Steffen Staab, Ontology Learning for the Semantic Web[M],2002, 8-13
[15]戴维民,语义网信息组织技术与方法[M],学林出版社,2008.12,141～144
[16]于江涛,毛慧珍,基于Wiki的本体构建方法[J],通化师范学院学报,2009.8,30(8)：19～20
[17]Neches R, Fikes RE, Gruber TR, et al. Enabling Technology for Knowledge Sharing. AI Magazine,1991,12(3):36～56
[18]杜小勇,李曼,王珊.本体学习研究综述[J],软件学报,2006,17(9)：1837～1847
[19]马文峰,杜小勇.领域本体进化研究[J].图书情报工作,2006,50(6)：71～75
[20]张忠平,赵海亮,张志惠.基于OWL的本体集成[J].计算机应用,2008,28(6)：10～14
[21]J.Arpirez, A Gomez-Perez, et al. (Onto)2Agent:An Ontology-based WWW Broker to Select Ontologies[C]. ECAI,1998,16-24
[22]向阳,王敏,马强.基于Jena的本体构建方法研究[J].计算机工程,2007,33(14)：59～61
[23]T Berners-Lee, J handler,O Lassila. The Sematic Web[J]. Scientific America,2001, 284(5):34～43
[24]刘宇松.本体构建方法和开发工具研究[J].现代情报,2009,29(9)：19～21
[25]李善平等.本体论研究综述[J].计算机研究与发展,2004,41(7)：1041～1042
[26]D. Fensel, F. van Harmelen, I. Horrocks, et al. OIL:An ontology infrastructure for the semantic web[J]. IEEE Intelligent Systems,2001,16(2):38～45
[27]J. Hendler, D. L. McGuinness. The DARPA Agent Markup Language. IEEE Intelligent Systems,2000,15(6):67～73
[28]李浩,丁颖,语义网关键技术概述[J],计算机工程与设计,2007,28(4)：1831～1832
[29]施晓华,黄骥.信息检索新技术应用[J].情报科学,2005,23(8)：1225～1228
[30]张玉强.基于数据挖掘和本体的实时检测系统[J].微计算机信息,2006,22(3)：142～144
[31]张继东,余以胜.利用叙词表构建本体的方法研究[J].图书情报知识,2006(112)：82～85
[32]郑丽萍,李光耀,梁永全.本体中概念相似度的计算[J].计算机工程与应用,2006(30)：25～27
[33]Anna Formica. Ontology-base concept similarity in formal concept analysis[J]. Information Sciences,2006(176):2624～2641
[34]仇宝艳.面向领域本体的知识建模问题研究[D].[硕士学位论文].山东：山东师范大学,2009
[35]杜文华.本题的构建及其在数字图书馆中的应用[D].[硕士学位论文].武汉：武汉大学,2005