句子背景下缺失音素词理解的音、义激活进程
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摘要
以听觉形式呈现的词的语音、语义激活过程是认知心理学家和心理语言学家关注的焦点问题。近期的研究主要关注对歧义词和非歧义词的理解，并出现两种假设：(1)全部通达假设；(2)句子背景依赖性假设。本研究考察了以听觉形式呈现的中文词的语音、语义激活过程。采用缺失声母的中文双字词为材料，考察这两种假设在中文词听觉识别过程中存在的可能性，同时考察对缺失声母字词识别的语音激活进程。本研究共包含4个实验：实验1使用Rapp，David等人2002提出的生态化研究范式，从宏观上考察可能影响缺失声母的中文双字词语音、语义激活的因素；实验2考察了在词的理解的早期阶段，提取时是否存在句子背景性效应；实验3考察了同一语音是否能够激活多个与之语音相近的语义结点；实验4考察了在词汇提取的后期阶段是否存在着语音的激活作用。研究结果表明：(1)在一定语义背景下，人们对缺失声母词的识别受词的语音及其语义背景的影响；(2)对缺失声母词的识别符合依赖语义背景提取的假设；(3)词的语音能同时激活多个与之语音相近的语义结点，这种语音作用在ISI=400ms时处于较低水平；(4)词结束1000ms时，语音存在着二次激活；(5)与完整的歧义词或非歧义词的识别过程不同，被试对缺失声母词识别的后期阶段，除语义背景依赖性效应外，同时存在明显的语音作用。两者交互作用完成目标词的语音修复。
The phonological and semantic activation of auditory words is focused by
psycholinguists for a long time. Recent researches focused on ambiguous words and unambiguous words. Two hypotheses occur: exhaustive access and context-dependency. In this paper, words without initial syllable were used as target words to address when and how does the semantic context affect its interpretation. Four experiments is included: In Exp 1, the factors that influenced the comprehension of the auditory words were probed into via the method used by Rapp, David N. et al., 2002; In Exp 2 and 3, the context-dependency and the exhaustive access in the early phase of the comprehension is addressed; In Exp 4, the phonological activation is focused again in the later phase of the comprehension process. The results show that target words will be influenced by exhaustive access, which will activate several similar words in a very short time, and guided by the context, at the beginning, within 400ms. In addition, phonology will be activated twice, which different from the results done before, and the target words will be renovated by the guide from the interaction between semantic activation and the second phonological activation.
The phonological and semantic activation of auditory words is focused by
psycholinguists for a long time. Recent researches focused on ambiguous words and unambiguous words. Two hypotheses occur: exhaustive access and context-dependency. In this paper, words without initial syllable were used as target words to address when and how does the semantic context affect its interpretation. Four experiments is included: In Exp 1, the factors that influenced the comprehension of the auditory words were probed into via the method used by Rapp, David N. et al., 2002; In Exp 2 and 3, the context-dependency and the exhaustive access in the early phase of the comprehension is addressed; In Exp 4, the phonological activation is focused again in the later phase of the comprehension process. The results show that target words will be influenced by exhaustive access, which will activate several similar words in a very short time, and guided by the context, at the beginning, within 400ms. In addition, phonology will be activated twice, which different from the results done before, and the target words will be renovated by the guide from the interaction between semantic activation and the second phonological activation.
引文
1 Wu Ningning, Shu Hua, The gating paradigm and spoken word recognition of Chinese, Acta Psychological Sinica,2003，35(5)：582～590(武宁宁，舒华，Gating技术与汉语听觉词加工，心理学报，2003，35(5)，582～590)
2 Marslen-Wilson W., Functional parallelism in spoken word recognition. Cognition. 1987, 25, 71-102
3 Monsell S., Repetition and the lexicon. 1985. (In A. Ellis (Ed.), Progress in the psychology of language, 147-196. London: Erlbaum)
4 Marslen-Wilson, W., and Zwitserlood, P., Accessing spoken words: The importance of word onsets. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, Aug. 1989, Vol. 15(3), 576-585
5 Zwitserlood P., The locus of the effects of the sentential semantic context in spoken-word processing. Cognition. 1989, 32.25-64
6 Helen E. M., and William D. Marslen-Wison, Access to Word Meanings During Spoken Language Comprehension: Effects of Sentential Semantic Context. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1993, Vol. 19 (6), 1254-1276
7 Johnson-Laird P., The mental representation of the meanings of words. Cognition. 1987, 25, 189-211
8 Gerrig R., Process and products of lexical access. Language and Cognitive Processes. 1986, 1,187-196
9 Seidenberg M., Tanenhaus M., Leiman J. and Bienkowski M., Automatic access of the meanings of ambiguous words in context. Some limitations of knowledge-based processing. Cognitive Psychology. 1982, 14, 489-537
10 Prather P.and Swinney D., Lexical processing and ambiguity resolution: An autonomous process in an interactive box. 1988 (In S. Small, G. Cottrell, and M. Tanenhaus (Eds.), Lexical ambiguity resolution, 289-310. New York: Morgan Kaufman)
11 Tabossi P., Effects of context on the immediate interpretation of unambiguous words. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1988b, 14, 153-162
12 Tabossi P., Colombo L. and Job R., Accessing lexical ambiguity: Effects of context and
dominance. Psychological Research. 1987, 49, 161-167
13 Holmes V., Accessing ambiguous words during sentence comprehension. Quarterly. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1979, 44, 13-35
14 Jones J. L., Multiple access of homonym meanings: An artifact of backward priming? Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 1989, 18, 417-432
15 Van Petten C. and Kutas M., Tracking the time course of meaning activation. 1988. (In S. Small, G. Cottrell, and M. Tanenhaus (Eds,), Lexical ambiguity resolution, 431-476. New York: Morgan Kaufman)
16 Onifer W. and Swinney D., Accessing lexical ambiguities during sentence comprehension." Effects of frequency of meaning and contextual bias. Cognition, 1981, 9, 225-236
17 Seidenberg M., Yanenhaus M., Leiman J. and Bienkowski M., Automatic access of the meanings of ambiguous words in context: Some limitations of knowledge-based processing. Cognitive Psychology, 1982, 14, 489-537
18 Simpson G. and Burgess C., Implications of lexical ambiguity resolution for word recognition and comprehension. 1988. (In S. Small, G. Cottrell, and M. Tanenhaus (Eds.), Lexical ambiguity resolution, 271-288. New York: Morgan Kaufman)
19 Ashcraft M., Property norms for typical and atypical items from 17 categories. Memory and Cognition, 1978,6, 227-232
20 Tabossi E, Accessing lexieal ambiguity in different types of sentential contexts. Journal of Memory and Language, 1988a, 27, 324-340
21 Tabossi P., Effects of context on the immediate interpretation of unambiguous words. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1988b, 14, 153-162
22 Tabossi P., Colombo L. and Job R., Accessing lexical ambiguity: Effects of context and dominance. Psychological Research. 1987, 49, 161-167
23 Simpson G. and Krueger M., Selective access of homograph meanings in sentence context. Journal of Memory and Language, 1991, 30, 627-643
24 Schwanenflugel P. and Shoben E., The influence of sentence constraint on the scope of facilitation for upcoming words. Journal of Memory and Language, 1985, 24, 232-252
25 Briggs, P., Austin, S., and Underwood, G.. The effects of sentence context in good and poor
readers. A test of Stanovich's interactive-compensatory model. Reading Research Quarterly, 1984, 20, 54-61
26 Schwantes, F. M. Expectancy, integration, and interactional proeesses: Age differences in the nature of words affected by sentence context. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 1985, 39, 212-229
27 Stanovich, K. E., and West, R. F.The effect of sentence context on word recognition: Tests of a two-process theory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1981, 7, 658-672
28 Lu Zhongyi, Xiong Wei, Context effects in Chinesesentence reading comprehension, Acta Psychological Sinica, 2003, 35 (5): 582～590 (鲁忠义，熊伟，汉语句子阅读理解中的语境效应，心理学报，2003, 35 (6): 726—733)
29 Paula J. S. and Kathy L. L., Semantic Relatedness and the Scope of Facilitation for Upcoming Words in Sentences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 1988, Vol. 14, No. 2, 344-354
30 Cole, R. A., and Perfetti, C. A. Listening for mispronunciations in a children's story: The use of context by children and adults. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1980, 19, 297-315
31 McClelland, J. L., and O'Regan, J. K. Expectations increase the benefit derived from parafoveal information in reading words aloud. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1981, 7, 634-644
32 Ehrlich, S. F., and Rayner, K. Contextual effects on word perception and eye movements during reading. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1981,20, 641-655
33 Kutas, M.. and Hillyard, S. A. Brain potentials during reading reflect word expectancy and semantic association. Nature, 1984, 307, 161-163
34 Schwanenflugel P. and LaCount K., Semantic relatedness and the scope of facilitation for upcoming words in sentences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1988, 14, 344-354
35 Grosjean F., Spoken word recognition processes and the gating paradigm. Perception and Psychophysics, 1980, 28, 267-283
36 Tyler L. and Wessels J., Quantifying contextual contributions to word-recognition processes.
Perception and Psychophysics, 1983, 34, 409-420
37 Zwitserlood P., The locus of the effects of the sentential semantic context in spoken-word processing. Cognition. 1989, 32, 25-64
38 James S. M., Michael K. T., Richard N. A. and Delphine D. The time course of spoken word learning and recognition: studies with artificial lexicons. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 2003, 132 (2), 2002-227
39 Johnson-Laird E,.Meaning and the mental lexicon. 1975. (In A. Kennedy and A. Wilkes (Eds.), Studies in long-term memory, 123-142. London: Wiley)
40 Gerrig R., Process and products of lexical access. Language and Cognitive Processes, 1986, 1,187-196
41 Marslen-Wilson, William and Zwitseriood, P., Accessing spoken words: The importance of word onsets. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, Vol. 15(3), Aug. 1989, 576-585
42 Kempen G. and Huijbers P., The lexicalization process in sentence production and naming." Indirect election of words. Cognition. 1983, 14, 185-209
43 Schriefers H., Meyer A. S. and Levelt W. J. M., Exploring the time course of lexical access in production." Picture-word interference studies. Journal of Memory and Language, 1990, 29, 86-102
44 张清芳，杨玉芳．言语产生中的词汇通达理论，心里科学进展，2003，11(1)，6-11
45 Levelt, Willem J. M.; Schriefers, Herbert; Vorberg, Dirk; Meyer, Antje S.; Pechmann, Thomas and Havinga, Jaap. The time course of lexical access in speech production: A study of picture naming. Psychological Review, Jan. 1991, Vol. 98(1), 122-142
46 Dell G., The retrieval of phonological forms in production: Tests of predictions from a connectionist model. Journal of Memory and Language, 1988, 27, 124-142
47 MacKay D., The organization of perception and action: A theory for language and other cognitive skills. 1987 (New York: Springer.)
48 Stemberger J. E, An interactive activation model of language production. 1985. (In A. W. Ellis (Ed.), Progress in the psychology of language. 143-186. H illsdale, NJ: Erlbaum)
49 温忠麟，邢最智．现代教育与心理统计技术，江苏教育出版社，第一版，2001年10月
50 舒华．心理与教育研究中的多因素试验设计．北京师范出版社，第一版，1994
2 Marslen-Wilson W., Functional parallelism in spoken word recognition. Cognition. 1987, 25, 71-102
3 Monsell S., Repetition and the lexicon. 1985. (In A. Ellis (Ed.), Progress in the psychology of language, 147-196. London: Erlbaum)
4 Marslen-Wilson, W., and Zwitserlood, P., Accessing spoken words: The importance of word onsets. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, Aug. 1989, Vol. 15(3), 576-585
5 Zwitserlood P., The locus of the effects of the sentential semantic context in spoken-word processing. Cognition. 1989, 32.25-64
6 Helen E. M., and William D. Marslen-Wison, Access to Word Meanings During Spoken Language Comprehension: Effects of Sentential Semantic Context. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1993, Vol. 19 (6), 1254-1276
7 Johnson-Laird P., The mental representation of the meanings of words. Cognition. 1987, 25, 189-211
8 Gerrig R., Process and products of lexical access. Language and Cognitive Processes. 1986, 1,187-196
9 Seidenberg M., Tanenhaus M., Leiman J. and Bienkowski M., Automatic access of the meanings of ambiguous words in context. Some limitations of knowledge-based processing. Cognitive Psychology. 1982, 14, 489-537
10 Prather P.and Swinney D., Lexical processing and ambiguity resolution: An autonomous process in an interactive box. 1988 (In S. Small, G. Cottrell, and M. Tanenhaus (Eds.), Lexical ambiguity resolution, 289-310. New York: Morgan Kaufman)
11 Tabossi P., Effects of context on the immediate interpretation of unambiguous words. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1988b, 14, 153-162
12 Tabossi P., Colombo L. and Job R., Accessing lexical ambiguity: Effects of context and
dominance. Psychological Research. 1987, 49, 161-167
13 Holmes V., Accessing ambiguous words during sentence comprehension. Quarterly. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1979, 44, 13-35
14 Jones J. L., Multiple access of homonym meanings: An artifact of backward priming? Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 1989, 18, 417-432
15 Van Petten C. and Kutas M., Tracking the time course of meaning activation. 1988. (In S. Small, G. Cottrell, and M. Tanenhaus (Eds,), Lexical ambiguity resolution, 431-476. New York: Morgan Kaufman)
16 Onifer W. and Swinney D., Accessing lexical ambiguities during sentence comprehension." Effects of frequency of meaning and contextual bias. Cognition, 1981, 9, 225-236
17 Seidenberg M., Yanenhaus M., Leiman J. and Bienkowski M., Automatic access of the meanings of ambiguous words in context: Some limitations of knowledge-based processing. Cognitive Psychology, 1982, 14, 489-537
18 Simpson G. and Burgess C., Implications of lexical ambiguity resolution for word recognition and comprehension. 1988. (In S. Small, G. Cottrell, and M. Tanenhaus (Eds.), Lexical ambiguity resolution, 271-288. New York: Morgan Kaufman)
19 Ashcraft M., Property norms for typical and atypical items from 17 categories. Memory and Cognition, 1978,6, 227-232
20 Tabossi E, Accessing lexieal ambiguity in different types of sentential contexts. Journal of Memory and Language, 1988a, 27, 324-340
21 Tabossi P., Effects of context on the immediate interpretation of unambiguous words. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1988b, 14, 153-162
22 Tabossi P., Colombo L. and Job R., Accessing lexical ambiguity: Effects of context and dominance. Psychological Research. 1987, 49, 161-167
23 Simpson G. and Krueger M., Selective access of homograph meanings in sentence context. Journal of Memory and Language, 1991, 30, 627-643
24 Schwanenflugel P. and Shoben E., The influence of sentence constraint on the scope of facilitation for upcoming words. Journal of Memory and Language, 1985, 24, 232-252
25 Briggs, P., Austin, S., and Underwood, G.. The effects of sentence context in good and poor
readers. A test of Stanovich's interactive-compensatory model. Reading Research Quarterly, 1984, 20, 54-61
26 Schwantes, F. M. Expectancy, integration, and interactional proeesses: Age differences in the nature of words affected by sentence context. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 1985, 39, 212-229
27 Stanovich, K. E., and West, R. F.The effect of sentence context on word recognition: Tests of a two-process theory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1981, 7, 658-672
28 Lu Zhongyi, Xiong Wei, Context effects in Chinesesentence reading comprehension, Acta Psychological Sinica, 2003, 35 (5): 582～590 (鲁忠义，熊伟，汉语句子阅读理解中的语境效应，心理学报，2003, 35 (6): 726—733)
29 Paula J. S. and Kathy L. L., Semantic Relatedness and the Scope of Facilitation for Upcoming Words in Sentences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 1988, Vol. 14, No. 2, 344-354
30 Cole, R. A., and Perfetti, C. A. Listening for mispronunciations in a children's story: The use of context by children and adults. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1980, 19, 297-315
31 McClelland, J. L., and O'Regan, J. K. Expectations increase the benefit derived from parafoveal information in reading words aloud. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1981, 7, 634-644
32 Ehrlich, S. F., and Rayner, K. Contextual effects on word perception and eye movements during reading. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1981,20, 641-655
33 Kutas, M.. and Hillyard, S. A. Brain potentials during reading reflect word expectancy and semantic association. Nature, 1984, 307, 161-163
34 Schwanenflugel P. and LaCount K., Semantic relatedness and the scope of facilitation for upcoming words in sentences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1988, 14, 344-354
35 Grosjean F., Spoken word recognition processes and the gating paradigm. Perception and Psychophysics, 1980, 28, 267-283
36 Tyler L. and Wessels J., Quantifying contextual contributions to word-recognition processes.
Perception and Psychophysics, 1983, 34, 409-420
37 Zwitserlood P., The locus of the effects of the sentential semantic context in spoken-word processing. Cognition. 1989, 32, 25-64
38 James S. M., Michael K. T., Richard N. A. and Delphine D. The time course of spoken word learning and recognition: studies with artificial lexicons. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 2003, 132 (2), 2002-227
39 Johnson-Laird E,.Meaning and the mental lexicon. 1975. (In A. Kennedy and A. Wilkes (Eds.), Studies in long-term memory, 123-142. London: Wiley)
40 Gerrig R., Process and products of lexical access. Language and Cognitive Processes, 1986, 1,187-196
41 Marslen-Wilson, William and Zwitseriood, P., Accessing spoken words: The importance of word onsets. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, Vol. 15(3), Aug. 1989, 576-585
42 Kempen G. and Huijbers P., The lexicalization process in sentence production and naming." Indirect election of words. Cognition. 1983, 14, 185-209
43 Schriefers H., Meyer A. S. and Levelt W. J. M., Exploring the time course of lexical access in production." Picture-word interference studies. Journal of Memory and Language, 1990, 29, 86-102
44 张清芳，杨玉芳．言语产生中的词汇通达理论，心里科学进展，2003，11(1)，6-11
45 Levelt, Willem J. M.; Schriefers, Herbert; Vorberg, Dirk; Meyer, Antje S.; Pechmann, Thomas and Havinga, Jaap. The time course of lexical access in speech production: A study of picture naming. Psychological Review, Jan. 1991, Vol. 98(1), 122-142
46 Dell G., The retrieval of phonological forms in production: Tests of predictions from a connectionist model. Journal of Memory and Language, 1988, 27, 124-142
47 MacKay D., The organization of perception and action: A theory for language and other cognitive skills. 1987 (New York: Springer.)
48 Stemberger J. E, An interactive activation model of language production. 1985. (In A. W. Ellis (Ed.), Progress in the psychology of language. 143-186. H illsdale, NJ: Erlbaum)
49 温忠麟，邢最智．现代教育与心理统计技术，江苏教育出版社，第一版，2001年10月
50 舒华．心理与教育研究中的多因素试验设计．北京师范出版社，第一版，1994