多尺度三维灾情场景构建与动态标绘关键技术研究
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摘要
在地震尚不能准确预报的今天,地震应急救援工作具有非常重要的意义。随着空间信息技术等高新技术的快速发展,利用这些高新技术辅助地震应急救援是抗震减灾工作的必然发展趋势。虚拟灾情场景能够为决策者提供一个直观逼真的可视化平台,由于地震应急的特殊性,对多尺度三维灾情场景的构建及有效利用提出了更高要求。为满足地震应急救援的应用需求,围绕多尺度三维灾情场景构建和地震灾情信息图形化展示两个主要内容,重点针对三维灾情场景大规模地形可视化、三维灾情场景局部区域动态更新、三维灾情场景地形实时交互改造、以及地震灾情动态标绘体系构建等关键技术展开研究。论文的主要工作和贡献体现在以下几个方面：
①提出了基于虚拟纹理的大规模地形动态调度与实时绘制算法
大规模地形场景是三维灾情场景地理环境的重要组成部分,是其它地震灾情信息展示的载体。针对当前大规模地形绘制的大数据传输瓶颈,提出一种支持外存数据的动态调度与实时绘制算法。引入虚拟纹理(Virtual Texture)的大纹理管理机制,对DEM(数字高程模型)和DOM(数字正射影像图)采取统一的管理框架,利用GPU(图形处理器)的实时计算和CPU(中央处理器)的动态分析,绘制每一帧时只载入当前渲染所需的极少部分瓦片,在CPU中进行维护并拼接成一张缓存纹理传入GPU,在GPU着色器中根据瓦片信息计算地形网格点的采样目标瓦片和纹理采样坐标,并完成最终的地形绘制。算法简化了数据的交换并改进了内存的管理,对于大数据的传输具有很好的执行效率,其宽带开销、渲染帧率和实现复杂度均优于现有常用的CPU算法和Geoclipmap算法。
②提出了基于GPU实时网格细分的局部地形镶嵌算法
三维灾情场景需要通过及时更新来展现灾区现场的最新状况,因此必须具备动态加载局部高精度地形数据的能力。针对局部区域地形数据的动态更新,提出了基于GPU实时网格细分的局部高精度地形镶嵌算法,通过在GPU中对更新区域的地形网格实时插值细分来增加三角面片数,提高地形模型的几何精度,在有效保证更新区域地形绘制精度的同时,也不增加内存与显存之间的数据传输压力,通过实验对比,其执行效率要明显优于现有常用的CPU算法和GPU算法,且处理数据量越大优势体现越明显。
③提出了基于实拍照片的局部纹理快速更新方法
针对三维灾情场景纹理信息的动态更新,提出了一种基于实拍照片的三维灾情场景地表影像快速更新方法,利用现场拍摄的高清照片叠加于灾情场景地表来展示灾区的最新状况。为准确匹配实拍照片与其在地形场景中的实际覆盖范围,利用相机的内部参数和外部参数在灾情场景中构建虚拟相机视锥体,将其与地面求交以获取照片的实际覆盖范围,最后使用多重纹理混合实现将实拍照片叠加于灾情场景表面。该方法克服了遥感影像获取困难、处理周期长、传输不方便等缺陷,简化了整个纹理更新的工作流程,提高了纹理更新的时效性,且高清照片能够提供更加精细的地貌细节,能够很好的满足实际应用的需求。
④提出了一种细节可控的地形交互改造算法
地震灾害往往引起大量的地表变形,如地裂缝、塌陷、滑坡、崩塌、泥石流等地质灾害对人民生命财产造成巨大威胁,对这些地震引起的地表变形现象进行有效表达对于地震应急分析具有现实意义。然而由于震后灾区高精度地形数据的获取难度大、成本高,基于真实数据来表达显得异常困难,因此提出在充分利用高清遥感影像/实拍照片提供的地貌信息为参考,以交互改造地形的方式近似模拟震后特定灾害点的地表形态。而现有的地形绘制算法多为静态地形,对实时表达地表变形无能为力。鉴于此,对地形实时交互改造技术展开研究,提出了一种细节可控的地形交互改造算法,利用GPU着色器完成地形改造任务,并采用“乒乓”算法和批处理实现等方法优化了地形刷的执行效率和改造效果,此外,引入多重分形算法对改造地形的高度值产生可控随机扰动,以满足复杂地表形态表达的需求,为三维灾情场景中细节形态的表达提供了新的方法和技术手段。
⑤研究了地震灾情动态标绘体系的构建
提出以三维动态标绘的方式实现地震灾情信息的图形化、符号化展示,研究地震灾情动态标绘体系的构建,提出了地震灾情动态标绘体系的层次框架,将整个体系分为几何层、单元层和语义表现层,针对几何层中标绘符号几何模型的构建和标绘符号与地形的匹配等关键问题进行了讨论和解决,面向地震灾情信息的空间／时态语义对标绘技术进行了应用扩展,结合GIS(地理信息系统)空间分析、三维度量、多维联动以及动态模拟等技术手段,完成了各类灾情信息的有效表达。
Earthquake emergency and rescue has great significance since the earthquake still cannot be accurately forecast. With the rapid development of hi-tech such as the spatial information technology, it has been an inevitable trend to use these technologies to assit earthquake emergency and rescue. Virtual earthquake scene can provide an intuitive visualization platform for deccision makers, due to the particularity of earthquake emergency and rescue, higher requirements are put forward for the construction of the multi-scale virtual disaster scene, as well as the effective use of the virtual disaster scene. To meet the application requirement of earthquake emergency and rescue, this paper researches the visualization of large-scale terrain, dynamic update of local earthquake scene, real-time terrain modification, dynamic plotting technology for earthquake disaster information expression, etc. The main work and contribution of this paper are shown as following:
①A Virture Texture based large-sacale terrain dynamic scheduling and real-time rendering method is proposed
Terrain is an important part for building the geographical environment of earthquake scene, it is the carrier for displaying other disaster information, thus the visualization of large-scale terrain is the basic for earthquake rescue. To solve the current large data transfer problem, this paper provides a dynamic scheduling and real-time rendering algorithm. This algorithm introduces the Virtual Texture technology, adopts the unified management framework for DEM(Digital Elevation Model) and DOM(Digital Orthophoto Map). With the real-time computing of GPU(Graphic Processing Unit) and dynamic analysis of CPU(Central Processing Unit), only the terrain tiles needed by the current rendering are loaded. These tiles are maintained and joined together into a cache texture in the CPU and then transfered to the GPU. The target tile and texture coordinates of the terrain grid points are calculated according to the tiles' information in the GPU shader. This algorithm simplifies the data exchange and improves the memory management, it can effectively reduce the broadband expense, and has good performance for large data transmission. This algorithm are obviously beterr than the common method in the costs of broad-band, the frame rate and the implementation complexity.
②A GPU tessellation based local terrain "Mosaic" algorithm is proposed
The earthquake scene needs to be updated timely to show the latest situation of the disaster situation, therefore it should be able to dynamically load local high-precision terrain data. To ensure the accuracy of the updated area, this paper puts forward a GPU tessellation based "Mosaic" algorithm of local high precision terrain. Through the interpolation and subdivision on the terrain grid within the updated area in GPU to increase the number of triangles, the geometrical accuracy of the local terrain model is improved without increasing the bandwidth of the memory and video memory. This algorithm is obviously beterr than the common method in execution efficiency.
③A photographic images based rapid updating method of local texture is proposed
To meet the dynamic texture updating of the earthquake scene, this paper puts forward a rapid updating method based on photographic images. To automatically register the photographic image with the coverage on the scene, this paper constructs the virtual camera frustum in the3D scene based on the internal and external parameters of camera, then get the coverage of the photographic images by calculating the intersection of virtual frustum and the ground, and finally update the local texture by multiple texture blending. This method overcomes the defects of remote sensing images such as data acquisition, processing and transmission, and simplifies the entire texture updating workflow and improves the timeliness of the texture updating. What's more, high definition photographic images can provide more detailed geomorphic information, meeting the requirements of practical application.
④A detail controllable terrain modification method is proposed
Earthquake often causes a lot of terrain deformation, such as ground fissures, collapse, landslide, collapse, debris flow. These geological disasters pose a great threat to people's life and property, effectively representation of these deformation in the3D scene has great significance in earthquake emergency and rescue. However, because of the acquisition of these deformation data is difficult and high cost, modeling the terrain deformation based on real data is unrealistic, so simulating the deformation through interavtive modification of terrain has realistic significance. However, most of the existing simulation platform is based on static terrain, and cannot express real-time terrain deformation. In view of this, this paper researches the real-time interactive modification of3D terrain, puts forward a workflow for interactive terrain modification and representation, Terrain modification is completed by GPU shaders, and the implementation efficiency and effect of modification are optimized by using "Ping-Pang" algorithm and batch processing; In addition, this paper introduces the multifractal algorithm to create a controllable random disturbance on the deformation, making the terrain modification results closer to reality, thus provides a new method and technology for the detailed representation of earthquake scene.
⑤Reseached the dynamic plotting system construction for earthquake disaster information expression
The effective expression and visualization of earthquake disaster information is a necessary function of the earthquake emergency commanding system. To represent each kind of disaster information by visualization, this paper focuses on the three-dimensional dynamic plotting technology, puts forward the real-time dynamic plot hierarchical framework of earthquake disaster information. The whole system is divided into geometry layer, unit layer and semantic representation layer, the key problems such as the construction of plotting symbols and the match of plotting symbol and the terrain are discussed and solved. The application of plotting technology is extended faced to the spatial and temporal semantics of earthquake disaster information, and effectively represents each kind of earthquake disaster information through the combination of GIS spatial analysis,3D measurement, muti-dimontional linkage, dynamic simulation, etc.
①提出了基于虚拟纹理的大规模地形动态调度与实时绘制算法
大规模地形场景是三维灾情场景地理环境的重要组成部分,是其它地震灾情信息展示的载体。针对当前大规模地形绘制的大数据传输瓶颈,提出一种支持外存数据的动态调度与实时绘制算法。引入虚拟纹理(Virtual Texture)的大纹理管理机制,对DEM(数字高程模型)和DOM(数字正射影像图)采取统一的管理框架,利用GPU(图形处理器)的实时计算和CPU(中央处理器)的动态分析,绘制每一帧时只载入当前渲染所需的极少部分瓦片,在CPU中进行维护并拼接成一张缓存纹理传入GPU,在GPU着色器中根据瓦片信息计算地形网格点的采样目标瓦片和纹理采样坐标,并完成最终的地形绘制。算法简化了数据的交换并改进了内存的管理,对于大数据的传输具有很好的执行效率,其宽带开销、渲染帧率和实现复杂度均优于现有常用的CPU算法和Geoclipmap算法。
②提出了基于GPU实时网格细分的局部地形镶嵌算法
三维灾情场景需要通过及时更新来展现灾区现场的最新状况,因此必须具备动态加载局部高精度地形数据的能力。针对局部区域地形数据的动态更新,提出了基于GPU实时网格细分的局部高精度地形镶嵌算法,通过在GPU中对更新区域的地形网格实时插值细分来增加三角面片数,提高地形模型的几何精度,在有效保证更新区域地形绘制精度的同时,也不增加内存与显存之间的数据传输压力,通过实验对比,其执行效率要明显优于现有常用的CPU算法和GPU算法,且处理数据量越大优势体现越明显。
③提出了基于实拍照片的局部纹理快速更新方法
针对三维灾情场景纹理信息的动态更新,提出了一种基于实拍照片的三维灾情场景地表影像快速更新方法,利用现场拍摄的高清照片叠加于灾情场景地表来展示灾区的最新状况。为准确匹配实拍照片与其在地形场景中的实际覆盖范围,利用相机的内部参数和外部参数在灾情场景中构建虚拟相机视锥体,将其与地面求交以获取照片的实际覆盖范围,最后使用多重纹理混合实现将实拍照片叠加于灾情场景表面。该方法克服了遥感影像获取困难、处理周期长、传输不方便等缺陷,简化了整个纹理更新的工作流程,提高了纹理更新的时效性,且高清照片能够提供更加精细的地貌细节,能够很好的满足实际应用的需求。
④提出了一种细节可控的地形交互改造算法
地震灾害往往引起大量的地表变形,如地裂缝、塌陷、滑坡、崩塌、泥石流等地质灾害对人民生命财产造成巨大威胁,对这些地震引起的地表变形现象进行有效表达对于地震应急分析具有现实意义。然而由于震后灾区高精度地形数据的获取难度大、成本高,基于真实数据来表达显得异常困难,因此提出在充分利用高清遥感影像/实拍照片提供的地貌信息为参考,以交互改造地形的方式近似模拟震后特定灾害点的地表形态。而现有的地形绘制算法多为静态地形,对实时表达地表变形无能为力。鉴于此,对地形实时交互改造技术展开研究,提出了一种细节可控的地形交互改造算法,利用GPU着色器完成地形改造任务,并采用“乒乓”算法和批处理实现等方法优化了地形刷的执行效率和改造效果,此外,引入多重分形算法对改造地形的高度值产生可控随机扰动,以满足复杂地表形态表达的需求,为三维灾情场景中细节形态的表达提供了新的方法和技术手段。
⑤研究了地震灾情动态标绘体系的构建
提出以三维动态标绘的方式实现地震灾情信息的图形化、符号化展示,研究地震灾情动态标绘体系的构建,提出了地震灾情动态标绘体系的层次框架,将整个体系分为几何层、单元层和语义表现层,针对几何层中标绘符号几何模型的构建和标绘符号与地形的匹配等关键问题进行了讨论和解决,面向地震灾情信息的空间／时态语义对标绘技术进行了应用扩展,结合GIS(地理信息系统)空间分析、三维度量、多维联动以及动态模拟等技术手段,完成了各类灾情信息的有效表达。
Earthquake emergency and rescue has great significance since the earthquake still cannot be accurately forecast. With the rapid development of hi-tech such as the spatial information technology, it has been an inevitable trend to use these technologies to assit earthquake emergency and rescue. Virtual earthquake scene can provide an intuitive visualization platform for deccision makers, due to the particularity of earthquake emergency and rescue, higher requirements are put forward for the construction of the multi-scale virtual disaster scene, as well as the effective use of the virtual disaster scene. To meet the application requirement of earthquake emergency and rescue, this paper researches the visualization of large-scale terrain, dynamic update of local earthquake scene, real-time terrain modification, dynamic plotting technology for earthquake disaster information expression, etc. The main work and contribution of this paper are shown as following:
①A Virture Texture based large-sacale terrain dynamic scheduling and real-time rendering method is proposed
Terrain is an important part for building the geographical environment of earthquake scene, it is the carrier for displaying other disaster information, thus the visualization of large-scale terrain is the basic for earthquake rescue. To solve the current large data transfer problem, this paper provides a dynamic scheduling and real-time rendering algorithm. This algorithm introduces the Virtual Texture technology, adopts the unified management framework for DEM(Digital Elevation Model) and DOM(Digital Orthophoto Map). With the real-time computing of GPU(Graphic Processing Unit) and dynamic analysis of CPU(Central Processing Unit), only the terrain tiles needed by the current rendering are loaded. These tiles are maintained and joined together into a cache texture in the CPU and then transfered to the GPU. The target tile and texture coordinates of the terrain grid points are calculated according to the tiles' information in the GPU shader. This algorithm simplifies the data exchange and improves the memory management, it can effectively reduce the broadband expense, and has good performance for large data transmission. This algorithm are obviously beterr than the common method in the costs of broad-band, the frame rate and the implementation complexity.
②A GPU tessellation based local terrain "Mosaic" algorithm is proposed
The earthquake scene needs to be updated timely to show the latest situation of the disaster situation, therefore it should be able to dynamically load local high-precision terrain data. To ensure the accuracy of the updated area, this paper puts forward a GPU tessellation based "Mosaic" algorithm of local high precision terrain. Through the interpolation and subdivision on the terrain grid within the updated area in GPU to increase the number of triangles, the geometrical accuracy of the local terrain model is improved without increasing the bandwidth of the memory and video memory. This algorithm is obviously beterr than the common method in execution efficiency.
③A photographic images based rapid updating method of local texture is proposed
To meet the dynamic texture updating of the earthquake scene, this paper puts forward a rapid updating method based on photographic images. To automatically register the photographic image with the coverage on the scene, this paper constructs the virtual camera frustum in the3D scene based on the internal and external parameters of camera, then get the coverage of the photographic images by calculating the intersection of virtual frustum and the ground, and finally update the local texture by multiple texture blending. This method overcomes the defects of remote sensing images such as data acquisition, processing and transmission, and simplifies the entire texture updating workflow and improves the timeliness of the texture updating. What's more, high definition photographic images can provide more detailed geomorphic information, meeting the requirements of practical application.
④A detail controllable terrain modification method is proposed
Earthquake often causes a lot of terrain deformation, such as ground fissures, collapse, landslide, collapse, debris flow. These geological disasters pose a great threat to people's life and property, effectively representation of these deformation in the3D scene has great significance in earthquake emergency and rescue. However, because of the acquisition of these deformation data is difficult and high cost, modeling the terrain deformation based on real data is unrealistic, so simulating the deformation through interavtive modification of terrain has realistic significance. However, most of the existing simulation platform is based on static terrain, and cannot express real-time terrain deformation. In view of this, this paper researches the real-time interactive modification of3D terrain, puts forward a workflow for interactive terrain modification and representation, Terrain modification is completed by GPU shaders, and the implementation efficiency and effect of modification are optimized by using "Ping-Pang" algorithm and batch processing; In addition, this paper introduces the multifractal algorithm to create a controllable random disturbance on the deformation, making the terrain modification results closer to reality, thus provides a new method and technology for the detailed representation of earthquake scene.
⑤Reseached the dynamic plotting system construction for earthquake disaster information expression
The effective expression and visualization of earthquake disaster information is a necessary function of the earthquake emergency commanding system. To represent each kind of disaster information by visualization, this paper focuses on the three-dimensional dynamic plotting technology, puts forward the real-time dynamic plot hierarchical framework of earthquake disaster information. The whole system is divided into geometry layer, unit layer and semantic representation layer, the key problems such as the construction of plotting symbols and the match of plotting symbol and the terrain are discussed and solved. The application of plotting technology is extended faced to the spatial and temporal semantics of earthquake disaster information, and effectively represents each kind of earthquake disaster information through the combination of GIS spatial analysis,3D measurement, muti-dimontional linkage, dynamic simulation, etc.
引文
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