基于语料库的中国大学英语学习者副词使用行为特征研究
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摘要
在二十世纪,语料库研究方法被日益引入中介语研究中。本文选用副词作为研究对象,主要考虑到英语副词在日常交流中起着重要的作用。它可以表达说话人或作者的主观态度,并且对一句话的某一部分或整句话的内容进行评论。本研究以英国国家语料库(BNC)的笔语子语料库为参照语料库,使用AntConc 3.2.1w、BFSU Collocator1.0, PatternBuilder等工具,对中国学生英语口笔语语料库(SWECCL 2.0)的子语料库WECCL中的中国英语学习者使用副词的频率、超用、使用不足现象和搭配特征进行了研究,从而发现中国大学英语学习者副词的使用行为特征,并对形成该使用特征的原因进行了讨论和分析。
研究结果表明,中国大学英语学习者和英语本族语者在英语副词的使用上存在很大差异,表现为：(1)中国大学英语学习者在英语写作中倾向于使用程度副词、wh-开头的疑问副词和一般副词。这三类副词占中国大学英语学习者高频副词的70%。(2)与英语本族语者相比较,中国大学英语学习者80%的高频副词存在使用不足的特征,85%的低频副词存在使用不足的特征。在大多数情况下,中国大学生在副词和动词搭配、副词和形容词搭配、副词和其他副词搭配上,搭配能力远不如英语本族语者的多样和丰富。
上述特征形成的原因包括母语迁移的影响,对一些副词掌握不好,四六级考试题型多为议论文的影响及不充分的语言输入。本研究将对中国大学阶段的词汇教学,尤其是英语副词的教学起到一定的启示作用。
In the twentieth century, the corpus has been widely used to analyze interlanguage. Because adverbs play an important role in daily communications, especially in expressing speakers'attitudes, the thesis chooses adverbs as its studying subject. With the help of tools such as AntConc3.2.1w, BFSU Collocator1.0, PatternBuilder, etc, the study has employed the written English sub-corpus of British National Corpus (BNC) as a reference corpus, and thoroughly examined the frequency, overusing, underusing and collocations of adverbs in the Written English sub-corpus of Chinese Learners (WECCL 2.0) of Spoken and Written Corpus of Chinese Learners (SWECCL 2.0). The researcher has also made discussion and analyzed the causes of the adverbial using features of Chinese college English learners.
The adverbial using features of Chinese college English learners include the following aspects:
First, Chinese college English learners have the tendency to use degree adverbs, wh-general adverbs and general adverbs in their writing. Those three types of adverbs make up 70% of the total top-20 most-frequently used adverbs.
Second, comparing with native speakers' speaking and writing in BNC,80% of Chinese most-frequently used adverbs are under-used.85% of the top-20 least-frequently used adverbs of Chinese college English learners are also underused compared with the native speakers. With regard to the common collocations of top-5 frequently used adverbs of Chinese college English learners, like not, but, some, what, first, and same, the word variety and proficiency of their adverbial collocations with verbs, adjectives, and adverbs, their word variety and proficiency are much poorer and more tedious than native speakers.
It was partly influenced by the native language negative transfer and incompetent mastery of adverbs, and partly affected by the sole argumentative type of writing of College English Test Band 4 and Band 6 and inadequate language input. The present research is valuable to provide some constructive suggestions for the lexical teaching, particularly adverbial teaching in China's college education.
研究结果表明,中国大学英语学习者和英语本族语者在英语副词的使用上存在很大差异,表现为：(1)中国大学英语学习者在英语写作中倾向于使用程度副词、wh-开头的疑问副词和一般副词。这三类副词占中国大学英语学习者高频副词的70%。(2)与英语本族语者相比较,中国大学英语学习者80%的高频副词存在使用不足的特征,85%的低频副词存在使用不足的特征。在大多数情况下,中国大学生在副词和动词搭配、副词和形容词搭配、副词和其他副词搭配上,搭配能力远不如英语本族语者的多样和丰富。
上述特征形成的原因包括母语迁移的影响,对一些副词掌握不好,四六级考试题型多为议论文的影响及不充分的语言输入。本研究将对中国大学阶段的词汇教学,尤其是英语副词的教学起到一定的启示作用。
In the twentieth century, the corpus has been widely used to analyze interlanguage. Because adverbs play an important role in daily communications, especially in expressing speakers'attitudes, the thesis chooses adverbs as its studying subject. With the help of tools such as AntConc3.2.1w, BFSU Collocator1.0, PatternBuilder, etc, the study has employed the written English sub-corpus of British National Corpus (BNC) as a reference corpus, and thoroughly examined the frequency, overusing, underusing and collocations of adverbs in the Written English sub-corpus of Chinese Learners (WECCL 2.0) of Spoken and Written Corpus of Chinese Learners (SWECCL 2.0). The researcher has also made discussion and analyzed the causes of the adverbial using features of Chinese college English learners.
The adverbial using features of Chinese college English learners include the following aspects:
First, Chinese college English learners have the tendency to use degree adverbs, wh-general adverbs and general adverbs in their writing. Those three types of adverbs make up 70% of the total top-20 most-frequently used adverbs.
Second, comparing with native speakers' speaking and writing in BNC,80% of Chinese most-frequently used adverbs are under-used.85% of the top-20 least-frequently used adverbs of Chinese college English learners are also underused compared with the native speakers. With regard to the common collocations of top-5 frequently used adverbs of Chinese college English learners, like not, but, some, what, first, and same, the word variety and proficiency of their adverbial collocations with verbs, adjectives, and adverbs, their word variety and proficiency are much poorer and more tedious than native speakers.
It was partly influenced by the native language negative transfer and incompetent mastery of adverbs, and partly affected by the sole argumentative type of writing of College English Test Band 4 and Band 6 and inadequate language input. The present research is valuable to provide some constructive suggestions for the lexical teaching, particularly adverbial teaching in China's college education.
引文
Bellert, I. On Semantic and Distributional Properties of Sentential Adverbs. Linguistic Inquiry.1977,8(2).
Biber, D. Variation among university spoken and written registers:A new multi-dimensional analysis, in P. Leistyna and C. Meyer (eds), Corpus analysis: Language structure and language use. Amsterdam:Rodopi,2003,47-70.--, D., Conrad, S.,& Reppen, R. Corpus Linguistics. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2000a:4.
--, D., Johansson, S.,& Leech, G, Conrad, S,. Edward, E., et al. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2000b:538-867.
Bullon, Stephen. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (Edition 4). Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Researching Press,2010:31-32.
Chomsky, N. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge:MIT Press,1965.
Connor, U,& Upton, T.A. Applied Corpus Linguistics:A Muiltidimensional Perspective. Beijing:World Publishing Company,2009.
Corder, S. Idiosyncratic Dialects and Error Analysis. Journal of International Review of Applied Linguistics.1971,9 (2):149-159.
Crystal, D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language (2nd edition). Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2003:211.
Dai Lu. A Corpus-based Study on the Features of Stance Adverbs Used by Chinese EFL Learners. Dalian Maritime University,2008.
Davis, Boyd., Russellpinson, Lisa. Concordancing and Corpora for K-12 Teachers: Project MORE. Paper presented at the 4th North American Symposium on Corpus Linguistics and Language Teaching,2009.
Fletcher, William. Making the Web More Useful as a Source for Linguistic. Paper presented at the 4th North American Symposium on Corpus Linguistics and Language Teaching,2009.
Foley. M.,& Hall, D. Longman Advanced Learners' Grammar. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2005:240.
Hunston, S. Corpora in Applied Linguistics. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2002:71.
Jackendoff, R.S. Semantic Interpretation in Generative Grammar. Cambridge:The MIT Press,1972:209-211.
Jackson, Howard. Grammar and Meaning:a Semantic Approach to English Grammar. London:Longman,1990:357.
Keeffe, Anne.'Like the Wise Virgins and All that Jazz':Using a Corpus to Examine Vague Categorization and Shared Knowledge. Paper presented at the 4th North American Symposium on Corpus Linguistics and Language Teaching,2009.
Kennedy, G. An Introduction to Corpus Linguistics. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2000:1.
Kilgarriff, A.& D. Tugwell. WASP-bench:An MT Lexicographers' Workstation Supporting State-of-the-Art Lexical Disambiguation. Proc MT Summit Ⅷ. Santiago de Compostela, Spain,2001:187-190.
Leech, G. 'Introduction' to Granger (ed.) Learner English on Computer. London: Longman,1998.
Liu Chenlan. A Corpus-based Contrastive Study of Causual Conjuctions Used by Chinese College Non-English Majors. University of Electronic and Technology of China,2008.
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (Edition 4). Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Researching Press,2010:31-32.
Mukherjee, Joybrato. Bridging the Gap between Applied Corpus Linguistics and the Reality of English Language Teaching in Germany. Paper presented at the 4th North American Symposium on Corpus Linguistics and Language Teaching, 2009.
Neff, Joanne et al. Formulating Writer Stance:A Contrastive Study of EFL Learner Corpora.Paper presented at the 4th North American Symposium on Corpus Linguistics and Language Teaching,2009.
Osborne, John. Top-down and Bottom-up Approaches to Corpora in Language Teaching. Paper presented at the 4th North American Symposium on Corpus Linguistics and Language Teaching,2009.
Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G, Svartvik, J., et al. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London:World Publishing Corp,1989.
Selinker, L. Interlanguage. Journal of International Review of Applied Linguistics, 1972,10 (3):209-31.
Sinclair, John. Corpus Concordance Collocation. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,1999.
Sotillo, M. Susanna., et al. Using Corpus Linguistics to Investigate Class, Ideology, and Discursive Practices in Online Political Discussions. Paper presented at the 4th North American Symposium on Corpus Linguistics and Language Teaching, 2009.
Svartvik, J. Corpora are Becoming Mainstream. In Thomas, J.& Shorts, M. (eds) Using Corpora for Language Research. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2001.
Teubert, Wolfgang. Units of Meaning, Parallel Corpora, and their Implications for Language Teaching. Paper presented at the 4th North American Symposium on Corpus Linguistics and Language Teaching,2009.
Warren, Martin. A Corpus-driven Analysis of the Use of Intonation to Assert Dominance and Control. Paper presented at the 4th North American Symposium on Corpus Linguistics and Language Teaching,2009.
Xu Qinli. Corpus-based Study on Opening Sentential Adverbial in Chinese English Learners' Argumentative Writing. Chongqing University,2009.
桂诗春(Gui Shichun),杨惠中(Yang Huizhong).中国学习者英语语料库.上海：上海外语教育出版社,2003.
何影(He Ying),梁茂成(Liang Maocheng)中国英语学习者写作中副词与形容词搭配的使用特点.西安外国语大学学报,2010,18(3)：105-107.
李文中(Li Wenzhong)语料库、学习者语料库与外语教学.外语界,1999,(1)：51—53.-.基于英语学习者语料库的主题词研究.现代外语,2003,26(5)：284-292.
--,濮建忠.语料库索引在外语教学中的作用.解放军外国语学院学报,2001,24(2)：20-25.
梁燕(Liang Yan),冯友,程良坤.近十年我国语料库实证研究综述.解放军外国语学院学报,2004,27(6)：50-54.
刘国兵.语料库语言学研讨会暨第三届语料库语言学论坛述评.中国外语教育, 2008,1(3)：76-80.
濮建忠(Pu Jianzhong)英语词汇教学中的类联接、搭配及词块.外语教学与研究,2003,35(6)：438-445.
卫乃兴(Wei Naixing).专业性搭配初探-语料库语言学方法.解放军外国语学院学报,2004(4)：19-23.
王立非(Wang Lifei),陈香兰.语言语块教学与研究在中国的进展—“首届全国语言语块教学与研究学术研讨会”综述.外国语,2009a,32(6)：90-94.-,钱娟.我国学生英语演讲中的语块特点：基于语料库的考察.外语学刊,2009b,2(147)：115-120.
文秋芳(Wen Qiufang),丁言仁(Ding Yanren)中医英语专业学生使用频率副词的特点.现代外语,2004,27(2)：150-156.,梁茂成(Liang Maocheng),晏小琴.中国学生英语口笔语语料库(SWECCL 2.0).北京：外语教学与研究出版社,2008a.--,王金铨(Wang Jinquan)中国大学生英汉汉英口笔译语料库(PACCEL 2.0)北京：外语教学与研究出版社,2008b.
詹全旺(Zhang Quanwang).英语增强词Terribly的主观化——一项基于语料库的研究.外国语,2009(5)：38-46.
张道真(Zhang Daozhen)英语语法大全·上·英语词法.北京：外语教学与研究出版社,1995：3-5,124-132.
章振邦(Zhang Zhenbang).新编英语语法教程.上海：上海外语教育出版社,2000：427-439,688-694.
http://www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/corpus/index.xml
Biber, D. Variation among university spoken and written registers:A new multi-dimensional analysis, in P. Leistyna and C. Meyer (eds), Corpus analysis: Language structure and language use. Amsterdam:Rodopi,2003,47-70.--, D., Conrad, S.,& Reppen, R. Corpus Linguistics. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2000a:4.
--, D., Johansson, S.,& Leech, G, Conrad, S,. Edward, E., et al. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2000b:538-867.
Bullon, Stephen. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (Edition 4). Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Researching Press,2010:31-32.
Chomsky, N. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge:MIT Press,1965.
Connor, U,& Upton, T.A. Applied Corpus Linguistics:A Muiltidimensional Perspective. Beijing:World Publishing Company,2009.
Corder, S. Idiosyncratic Dialects and Error Analysis. Journal of International Review of Applied Linguistics.1971,9 (2):149-159.
Crystal, D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language (2nd edition). Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2003:211.
Dai Lu. A Corpus-based Study on the Features of Stance Adverbs Used by Chinese EFL Learners. Dalian Maritime University,2008.
Davis, Boyd., Russellpinson, Lisa. Concordancing and Corpora for K-12 Teachers: Project MORE. Paper presented at the 4th North American Symposium on Corpus Linguistics and Language Teaching,2009.
Fletcher, William. Making the Web More Useful as a Source for Linguistic. Paper presented at the 4th North American Symposium on Corpus Linguistics and Language Teaching,2009.
Foley. M.,& Hall, D. Longman Advanced Learners' Grammar. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2005:240.
Hunston, S. Corpora in Applied Linguistics. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2002:71.
Jackendoff, R.S. Semantic Interpretation in Generative Grammar. Cambridge:The MIT Press,1972:209-211.
Jackson, Howard. Grammar and Meaning:a Semantic Approach to English Grammar. London:Longman,1990:357.
Keeffe, Anne.'Like the Wise Virgins and All that Jazz':Using a Corpus to Examine Vague Categorization and Shared Knowledge. Paper presented at the 4th North American Symposium on Corpus Linguistics and Language Teaching,2009.
Kennedy, G. An Introduction to Corpus Linguistics. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2000:1.
Kilgarriff, A.& D. Tugwell. WASP-bench:An MT Lexicographers' Workstation Supporting State-of-the-Art Lexical Disambiguation. Proc MT Summit Ⅷ. Santiago de Compostela, Spain,2001:187-190.
Leech, G. 'Introduction' to Granger (ed.) Learner English on Computer. London: Longman,1998.
Liu Chenlan. A Corpus-based Contrastive Study of Causual Conjuctions Used by Chinese College Non-English Majors. University of Electronic and Technology of China,2008.
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (Edition 4). Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Researching Press,2010:31-32.
Mukherjee, Joybrato. Bridging the Gap between Applied Corpus Linguistics and the Reality of English Language Teaching in Germany. Paper presented at the 4th North American Symposium on Corpus Linguistics and Language Teaching, 2009.
Neff, Joanne et al. Formulating Writer Stance:A Contrastive Study of EFL Learner Corpora.Paper presented at the 4th North American Symposium on Corpus Linguistics and Language Teaching,2009.
Osborne, John. Top-down and Bottom-up Approaches to Corpora in Language Teaching. Paper presented at the 4th North American Symposium on Corpus Linguistics and Language Teaching,2009.
Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G, Svartvik, J., et al. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London:World Publishing Corp,1989.
Selinker, L. Interlanguage. Journal of International Review of Applied Linguistics, 1972,10 (3):209-31.
Sinclair, John. Corpus Concordance Collocation. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,1999.
Sotillo, M. Susanna., et al. Using Corpus Linguistics to Investigate Class, Ideology, and Discursive Practices in Online Political Discussions. Paper presented at the 4th North American Symposium on Corpus Linguistics and Language Teaching, 2009.
Svartvik, J. Corpora are Becoming Mainstream. In Thomas, J.& Shorts, M. (eds) Using Corpora for Language Research. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2001.
Teubert, Wolfgang. Units of Meaning, Parallel Corpora, and their Implications for Language Teaching. Paper presented at the 4th North American Symposium on Corpus Linguistics and Language Teaching,2009.
Warren, Martin. A Corpus-driven Analysis of the Use of Intonation to Assert Dominance and Control. Paper presented at the 4th North American Symposium on Corpus Linguistics and Language Teaching,2009.
Xu Qinli. Corpus-based Study on Opening Sentential Adverbial in Chinese English Learners' Argumentative Writing. Chongqing University,2009.
桂诗春(Gui Shichun),杨惠中(Yang Huizhong).中国学习者英语语料库.上海：上海外语教育出版社,2003.
何影(He Ying),梁茂成(Liang Maocheng)中国英语学习者写作中副词与形容词搭配的使用特点.西安外国语大学学报,2010,18(3)：105-107.
李文中(Li Wenzhong)语料库、学习者语料库与外语教学.外语界,1999,(1)：51—53.-.基于英语学习者语料库的主题词研究.现代外语,2003,26(5)：284-292.
--,濮建忠.语料库索引在外语教学中的作用.解放军外国语学院学报,2001,24(2)：20-25.
梁燕(Liang Yan),冯友,程良坤.近十年我国语料库实证研究综述.解放军外国语学院学报,2004,27(6)：50-54.
刘国兵.语料库语言学研讨会暨第三届语料库语言学论坛述评.中国外语教育, 2008,1(3)：76-80.
濮建忠(Pu Jianzhong)英语词汇教学中的类联接、搭配及词块.外语教学与研究,2003,35(6)：438-445.
卫乃兴(Wei Naixing).专业性搭配初探-语料库语言学方法.解放军外国语学院学报,2004(4)：19-23.
王立非(Wang Lifei),陈香兰.语言语块教学与研究在中国的进展—“首届全国语言语块教学与研究学术研讨会”综述.外国语,2009a,32(6)：90-94.-,钱娟.我国学生英语演讲中的语块特点：基于语料库的考察.外语学刊,2009b,2(147)：115-120.
文秋芳(Wen Qiufang),丁言仁(Ding Yanren)中医英语专业学生使用频率副词的特点.现代外语,2004,27(2)：150-156.,梁茂成(Liang Maocheng),晏小琴.中国学生英语口笔语语料库(SWECCL 2.0).北京：外语教学与研究出版社,2008a.--,王金铨(Wang Jinquan)中国大学生英汉汉英口笔译语料库(PACCEL 2.0)北京：外语教学与研究出版社,2008b.
詹全旺(Zhang Quanwang).英语增强词Terribly的主观化——一项基于语料库的研究.外国语,2009(5)：38-46.
张道真(Zhang Daozhen)英语语法大全·上·英语词法.北京：外语教学与研究出版社,1995：3-5,124-132.
章振邦(Zhang Zhenbang).新编英语语法教程.上海：上海外语教育出版社,2000：427-439,688-694.
http://www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/corpus/index.xml