汉语会话增量研究
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摘要
互动语言学是从二十一世纪初以来逐渐发展成熟起来的语言研究视角，强调考察和研究人们日常真实互动过程中的语言使用情况，探讨语言结构及其运用模式与互动交流如何相互影响。会话增量（increment）是一种交际过程中的调整行为，其研究尚处初始阶段，主要集中于增量的结构类型以及跨语言的普遍性等方面。增量研究呈现出明显的互动语言学以及跨语言研究趋势，但对增量的互动功能，语言结构与功能及互动之间的关联，以及汉语会话增量的研究几近空白。本研究以互动语言学为研究视角，以会话增量为研究对象，以汉语日常口语自然会话为语料，系统地考察汉语会话增量的句法形式、语音形式、互动功能以及语言结构与功能之间的关联。
本研究包括以下几个方面：
第一，本研究对增量现象进行了重新界定和分类，是进一步深入研究的基础。将原有多标准分类调整为以句法为主要标准的分类方式，将增量分为黏着成分（Glue-ons）、插入成分（Insertables）、替换成分（Replacements）、以及自由成分（Free-constituents）四类。
第二，对汉语会话中增量进行深入的语言结构分析，包括句法结构和韵律结构。分析发现，汉语会话增量在句法类型上具有整体的结构偏好，而且每一种结构类型都具有特定偏好的语法形式。在韵律结构上，汉语会话增量的非标记性(unmarked)韵律表现形式呈现出对先发话语的韵律强依赖(strong prosodic dependence)。增量的韵律弱依赖与特定的互动功能相关。
第三，对增量在互动中的功能进行深入分析。研究发现，汉语增量具有以下三方面的功能：1）信息功能–信息上的补充、重复或修正；2）人际功能–强化说话者的态度和立场，或者缓和面子威胁行为；3）会话结构组织功能–在出现理解问题语境下提示话轮转换，或在自述语境下把持说话者当前话轮。其中信息上的补充功能是增量的最为普遍的非标记性的功能表现形式。
第四，对语言结构（句法和韵律）与功能的关联进行深入分析。分析发现：1）任何功能的完成都是语言的句法、韵律、语义以及语境共同作用的结果；2）增量作为一种句法、语义、韵律上的附加成分，其非标记性的表现形式在于韵律上的强依赖以及信息上的补充功能。韵律特征与增量功能的完成有重要且直接相关。当非标记性的韵律形式被打破的时候，增量在功能上也突破了信息补充的功能。增量的韵律弱依赖表现与新信息，强化的人际功能以及会话结构功能紧密相连。3）增量结构与功能的关联也有力证明了语言结构与互动的相互塑造关系。
本研究的理论及实践意义在于：
本研究是对增量这一语言现象研究的补充和扩展，突破了目前增量研究集中于句法结构研究的局限。系统深入的论述汉语增量的韵律表现模式，互动功能以及增量语言形式与互动功能的关联，是本研究的创新点所在，也对增量研究具有非常重要的意义。本研究以汉语自然会话为语料，将汉语引入增量研究，对于增量的跨语言研究也具有开拓性意义，是在互动语言学领域成果上的贡献。另外，本研究对于中国仍较滞后的互动语言学研究或多或少具有一定的推进作用。增量作为一种调整手段，普遍被运用在人们会话交际中。对增量结构与功能的了解，及对其与互动的相互影响的认识都将会帮助说话者有效地完成交际行为，促进互动交际的顺利进行。
Interactional linguistics is a new perspective of language research which came into being early this century. It emphasizes the study of the use of language in naturally-occurring daily interactional conversations and on the study of the interrelations between linguistic structure, functions and interactions. Increment is a type of adjustment measure in everyday conversations. The study of increment is still in its preliminary stage at present, focusing mainly on syntactic structures of increment and the crosslinguistic universality. There exists a great gap in the field of functions of increments in interaction, of the correlations of linguistic structures of increments and their functions, and of the studies of increments in Chinese conversations.
In this research the following major work has been done:
Firstly, Increment has been redefined and reclassified in this research. Multi-criteria of present classification is adjusted. The lassification of increment in this research is primarily based on the criterion of syntax, and they are classified into Glue-ons, Insertables, Replacements and Free-constituents.
Secondly, an analysis on linguistic structures of increments in Chinese conversations is made, which includes syntactic structures and prosodic structures. It is found that the Chinese language presents general preference over particular syntactic types of increments, and each syntactic type of increments presents preference for particular grammatical structures. Prosodically, Increments in Chinese conversations present similar prosodic features–all increments are prosdically dependent on the prior TCU. Strong prosodic dependence of increment on the prior TCU is the unmarked prosodic presentation of increment. Weak prosodic dependence is associated with particular interactional functions of increments.
Thirdly, an analysis of functions of increments in interaction is made. Three types of interactional functions are found:1) informational functions–increments could either make informational supplement, repetition or correction;2) interpersonal functions–increment could either highlight speaker s stance or mitigate FTAs;3) conversation structural functions–increments could function to provoke turn transitions in context of recipiency problems or to hold on speaker s current turn in context of narration like story-telling. It is also found that the syntactic presentations and prosodic presentations of increments are closely related to functions of increments in interaction. The function of informational supplement is the unmarked functional presentation of increment, which covers the predominant proportion of increments.
Fourthly, The analysis on the correlations of linguistic structures (syntax and prosody) of increments and their functions leads to some discoveries:1) The completion of any functions is the colleborative work of syntax, prosody, semantics and context；2）Increment, as a type of structure of syntactic, semantic and prosodic attachment to the prior TCU, presents its unmarked prosodic presentation of strong dependence on the prior TCU and the unmarked function of informational supplement. The completion of increment s functions is closely and directly related to the prosodic presentations of increment. When the unmarked prosodic form of increment is broken, increment s functions go beyond the unmarked informational supplement. The weak prosodic dependence of increment tends to be assoiciated with new information, strong interpersonal functions and conversation structural functions;3) The correlations of increment s linguistic structures and functions are powerful evidence to prove the inter-shaping relations of linguistic structures and interaction.
Significance of this research:
This research is a supplement and extension of the studies on increment. It breaks through the limitation of increment studies on linguistic structure, and does systematic and intensive studies on the prosodic structures, interactional functions of increments and correlations of linguistic structures of increments and interaction, where the innovation of this research lies and which surely makes contribution to the researches in Interactional Linguistics. The using of Chinese linguistic data in this research extends the studies of increment to a new language and it will make innovative contribution to the cross-linguistic studies of increment. The author also hopes that this research could more or less promote the development of Interactional Linguistics in Chinese. As a measure of adjustment, increment is commonly used in daily conversational communication. The knowledge of increment and correlation of increment and interaction will surely help speakers to complete communicative tasks effectively and the interaction to go on smoothly.
本研究包括以下几个方面：
第一，本研究对增量现象进行了重新界定和分类，是进一步深入研究的基础。将原有多标准分类调整为以句法为主要标准的分类方式，将增量分为黏着成分（Glue-ons）、插入成分（Insertables）、替换成分（Replacements）、以及自由成分（Free-constituents）四类。
第二，对汉语会话中增量进行深入的语言结构分析，包括句法结构和韵律结构。分析发现，汉语会话增量在句法类型上具有整体的结构偏好，而且每一种结构类型都具有特定偏好的语法形式。在韵律结构上，汉语会话增量的非标记性(unmarked)韵律表现形式呈现出对先发话语的韵律强依赖(strong prosodic dependence)。增量的韵律弱依赖与特定的互动功能相关。
第三，对增量在互动中的功能进行深入分析。研究发现，汉语增量具有以下三方面的功能：1）信息功能–信息上的补充、重复或修正；2）人际功能–强化说话者的态度和立场，或者缓和面子威胁行为；3）会话结构组织功能–在出现理解问题语境下提示话轮转换，或在自述语境下把持说话者当前话轮。其中信息上的补充功能是增量的最为普遍的非标记性的功能表现形式。
第四，对语言结构（句法和韵律）与功能的关联进行深入分析。分析发现：1）任何功能的完成都是语言的句法、韵律、语义以及语境共同作用的结果；2）增量作为一种句法、语义、韵律上的附加成分，其非标记性的表现形式在于韵律上的强依赖以及信息上的补充功能。韵律特征与增量功能的完成有重要且直接相关。当非标记性的韵律形式被打破的时候，增量在功能上也突破了信息补充的功能。增量的韵律弱依赖表现与新信息，强化的人际功能以及会话结构功能紧密相连。3）增量结构与功能的关联也有力证明了语言结构与互动的相互塑造关系。
本研究的理论及实践意义在于：
本研究是对增量这一语言现象研究的补充和扩展，突破了目前增量研究集中于句法结构研究的局限。系统深入的论述汉语增量的韵律表现模式，互动功能以及增量语言形式与互动功能的关联，是本研究的创新点所在，也对增量研究具有非常重要的意义。本研究以汉语自然会话为语料，将汉语引入增量研究，对于增量的跨语言研究也具有开拓性意义，是在互动语言学领域成果上的贡献。另外，本研究对于中国仍较滞后的互动语言学研究或多或少具有一定的推进作用。增量作为一种调整手段，普遍被运用在人们会话交际中。对增量结构与功能的了解，及对其与互动的相互影响的认识都将会帮助说话者有效地完成交际行为，促进互动交际的顺利进行。
Interactional linguistics is a new perspective of language research which came into being early this century. It emphasizes the study of the use of language in naturally-occurring daily interactional conversations and on the study of the interrelations between linguistic structure, functions and interactions. Increment is a type of adjustment measure in everyday conversations. The study of increment is still in its preliminary stage at present, focusing mainly on syntactic structures of increment and the crosslinguistic universality. There exists a great gap in the field of functions of increments in interaction, of the correlations of linguistic structures of increments and their functions, and of the studies of increments in Chinese conversations.
In this research the following major work has been done:
Firstly, Increment has been redefined and reclassified in this research. Multi-criteria of present classification is adjusted. The lassification of increment in this research is primarily based on the criterion of syntax, and they are classified into Glue-ons, Insertables, Replacements and Free-constituents.
Secondly, an analysis on linguistic structures of increments in Chinese conversations is made, which includes syntactic structures and prosodic structures. It is found that the Chinese language presents general preference over particular syntactic types of increments, and each syntactic type of increments presents preference for particular grammatical structures. Prosodically, Increments in Chinese conversations present similar prosodic features–all increments are prosdically dependent on the prior TCU. Strong prosodic dependence of increment on the prior TCU is the unmarked prosodic presentation of increment. Weak prosodic dependence is associated with particular interactional functions of increments.
Thirdly, an analysis of functions of increments in interaction is made. Three types of interactional functions are found:1) informational functions–increments could either make informational supplement, repetition or correction;2) interpersonal functions–increment could either highlight speaker s stance or mitigate FTAs;3) conversation structural functions–increments could function to provoke turn transitions in context of recipiency problems or to hold on speaker s current turn in context of narration like story-telling. It is also found that the syntactic presentations and prosodic presentations of increments are closely related to functions of increments in interaction. The function of informational supplement is the unmarked functional presentation of increment, which covers the predominant proportion of increments.
Fourthly, The analysis on the correlations of linguistic structures (syntax and prosody) of increments and their functions leads to some discoveries:1) The completion of any functions is the colleborative work of syntax, prosody, semantics and context；2）Increment, as a type of structure of syntactic, semantic and prosodic attachment to the prior TCU, presents its unmarked prosodic presentation of strong dependence on the prior TCU and the unmarked function of informational supplement. The completion of increment s functions is closely and directly related to the prosodic presentations of increment. When the unmarked prosodic form of increment is broken, increment s functions go beyond the unmarked informational supplement. The weak prosodic dependence of increment tends to be assoiciated with new information, strong interpersonal functions and conversation structural functions;3) The correlations of increment s linguistic structures and functions are powerful evidence to prove the inter-shaping relations of linguistic structures and interaction.
Significance of this research:
This research is a supplement and extension of the studies on increment. It breaks through the limitation of increment studies on linguistic structure, and does systematic and intensive studies on the prosodic structures, interactional functions of increments and correlations of linguistic structures of increments and interaction, where the innovation of this research lies and which surely makes contribution to the researches in Interactional Linguistics. The using of Chinese linguistic data in this research extends the studies of increment to a new language and it will make innovative contribution to the cross-linguistic studies of increment. The author also hopes that this research could more or less promote the development of Interactional Linguistics in Chinese. As a measure of adjustment, increment is commonly used in daily conversational communication. The knowledge of increment and correlation of increment and interaction will surely help speakers to complete communicative tasks effectively and the interaction to go on smoothly.
引文
1The example is taken from ‘Incrementing’ in Conversation. A Comparison of Practices in English, German andJapanese (Couper-Kuhlen&Ono,2007:522). The transcription is slightly changed.
2According to Gumperz, the term is the invention of Penelope Brown.(See高海洋,2003:15)
3Example (2-1) and (2-2) are taken from Interaction and Grammar (Schegloff,1996).
4Example (3-1) to (3-4) are all taken from Chen Liping and Pu Jianzhong (陈立平&濮建忠,2007:59).
5The arrow indicates the line where the increment lies and the increment is in bold characters. Similarly hereinafter.
6In this and the tables following, the short forms of PG, IG and ASLG represent for pitch gap, intensity gap and ASLgap respectively.
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4Example (3-1) to (3-4) are all taken from Chen Liping and Pu Jianzhong (陈立平&濮建忠,2007:59).
5The arrow indicates the line where the increment lies and the increment is in bold characters. Similarly hereinafter.
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