从语用学视角看翻译中的对等
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摘要
翻译是把一种语言符号所表达的信息(包括语言信息、文化信息和文体信息)用另一种语言表达出来的文化活动。因此,翻译不仅是一个语言过程,而且是一种跨文化交际活动。作为交际活动,翻译的首要目的是对原文意义的准确传达,以便使译文读者获得与原文读者相同的效果。从词源上讲,词素“trans-”的意思是“carry over”,那么,“to translate”就是指从一种语言到另一种语言;就汉语而言,“译者,易也”,易就是转换,换个说法。问题在于,转换过程中如何用另一种形式完全不同的语言再现原文的意义?
     翻译界长期存在“直译”与“意译”之争,两者似乎很难兼顾。其实,从语用学视角来看,两者并非是对不可调和的矛盾。我们所说的直译,不应是片面追求句法意义和字面意义对等的机械式死译;意译也不是不顾原文内容与形式的任意乱译,而是指用语用翻译方法译出话语语用意义、功能及原文作者真正意图的一种策略。翻译应该是“译意”,力求做到对信息实质内容的传达,本文运用语言学、语用学及有关翻译理论探讨了对等翻译的理论依据和层次,语用学与翻译的关系以及语用意义观对对等翻译的解释力。从语用学观点来看,翻译的实质就是要准确传达词语与句子在具体的语言环境中的句法意义、语义意义和语用意义,以便达到最大限度的对等。
     “对等”是西方翻译理论中的一个重要概念,也是现代翻译学中的一个根本问题,它既有狭义的概念所指,也有广义的概念所指,而狭义和广义所指之间的差别是造成对等论认识混淆的根源所在。本文首先考察了“对等”一词的含义和起源,对“对等翻译”做了科学的界定,认为:翻译中的对等是指源语与目的语在句法结构、语义结构层面上的对等(correspondence)、近似(approximation)、相同(identity)、互换性(interchangeability)充分(adequacy)等,而不是指完全的、绝对的、完美的等同;对等是有层次的,不同语言的文本可能会在不同的程度(degree)上对等,不同的表现层次(level)上对等,不同的级(rank)上对等。
     文章第三部分讨论了对等与对等翻译的关系。对等翻译的可能性是建立在可译性的基础之上,而可译性的理论依据是人类思维内容的同一性,或称之为认识上的“同构”现象、思想形式的同一性、语言间语法成分和功能基本同一和文化的相互渗透。但是,对等是有限度的,要达到每个层面的绝对对等是不可能的。翻译对等又受制于许多因素,其中文化差异是最主要的因素。有时,为了达到某一主要层面的对等不得放弃某一次要层面的对等,而一味地片面追求形式的对
    
    等,只能导致误译和交际的失败。翻译即交际,交际自然要看交际者的意图和听
    者的期待。
     传统的句法对等和语义对等有时无法解释一些特殊的语言现象,这时,只
    有而且只有借助于语用学的观点加以解释。第四部分用语用学中的言语行为理论
    探讨了翻译中的意义问题和语用学的意义观。奥斯丁(nstin)将意义与行为联系
    起来研究,这为语用对等提供了新的视角。语用意义包括表述意义、言外之力、
    成事之力、会话含义和比喻意义。翻译中必须用语用翻译技巧对字、词、句加以
    调整,以确保译文在语用层面上的对等。语用对等对于文化特定词、习语、典故
    和隐喻等的翻译具有更为广泛的意义,它进一步扩大了对等的范围,对翻译具有
    很强的解释力。
     文章第五部分对翻译中的对等做了具体的语用分析,区分了语义翻译与语
    用翻译。语义翻译涉及语言的达意功能,翻译重在再现原文的思想内容:语用翻
    译涉及语言的人际交际功能,翻译重在传达说话者的交际意图,类似奈达州ido
    所说的“功能对等”。作者详细对比分析了汉英两种语言在表达同一“言外之力”
    上的差异、间接言语行为话语和会话含义的理解与翻译,指出语用对等的基本原
    则是确保“言外之力”的等效。
     文章第六部分介绍翻译中的语用策略。语义翻译和语用翻译既有区别,又
    有联系,且相互补充,译者应根据不同的文体、不同的翻译的目的和预期的读者
    群体采取灵活多变的语用策略;同时,要视文化差异大小确定具体的翻译方法。
    第一,当原文涉及的语言文化因素与译语基本一致时,可采用直译法。这时,话
    语的句法意义、语义意义和语用意义是重叠的。第二,当原文涉及的语言文化因
    素与译语差别较大,直译法不能凑效时,就应采用变通译法对词语和句法做必要
    的改变、调整,使译文通顺并符合译语规范和习惯。第三,当原文涉及的语言文
    化因素与译语差别甚大时,直译法和变通法都无法再现其语用意义时,可采用改
    换法,撇开原文的词语和句法,抓住其语用意义。
     基于以上讨论分析,可以得出如下结论:翻译对等是可能的,但对等是有
    层次的,对等受许多因素,尤其是文化因素的制约。句法对等和语义对等的解释
    力是有限的,传统的语义学只能对翻译做出一种静态的二元描述;而语用学理论
    为翻译对等提供了新的视角,语用翻译观是一种动态的三元观。翻译中原文作者、
    译者和读者构成一种互动关系。翻译重在传达意义,无须争辩“直译”还是“意
    译”,关键在于做到忠实、信。“信”是对原文?
Translation is a kind of cultural activity to convey the linguistic, cultural and stylistic message expressed in one language in another different language. So translation is not only a linguistic process, but also a kind of cultural activity, an intercultural activity. Being a kind of communicative activity, translation means translating meaning (Nida, 1993), and its first and foremost aim is to convey properly the meaning of the original so that the TL readers can have a similar effect as the SL readers. Etymologically, the morpheme "trans-" means " to carry over", and to translate is to carry over what is said from one language to another. In Chinese, "译者,易也", 易即转换, 翻译就是"换个说法". The question is how to recapture the meaning of the original in a quite different form-another language during the process of translating without any distortion?
    In translation there seems a never-ending dispute whether we should adopt literal translation or free translation. As a matter of fact, viewed from the pragmatic perspective, the two methods don't contradict each other at all. By using literal translation, we don't mean word-for-word translation, or an absolute equivalence between the input and the output on the surface level, which in fact is impossible. On the other hand, free translation doesn't mean arbitrary interpretation. The method we propose is one that can best convey the real meaning, the author's real intention, the semantic meaning, the pragmatic force and the imlicature, esp. the illocutionary function of the source text. Some linguistic, pragmatic and translation theories have been used in the thesis to analyze the levels and the theoretical basis on which translation equivalence is based. In addition, the author
    discusses the relation between pragmatics and translation, and the strong power of pragmatic translation in accounting for "the most
     complex thing in the history of the cosmos"(Richards, 1953). Viewed from the pragmatic perspective, the core and ultimate goal of translation is to convey correctly the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic meaning in the context so as to establish translation equivalence to the greatest possible degree.
    The thesis first examines the origin of the word "equivalence". Equivalence, one of the most important notions in the translation theory, is not only a basic problem in the West for the past 2000 years, but also one of the basic issues in modern translation science. Equivalence can be used both in a narrow and broad
    
    
    
    
    
    sense. It is the differences between the two references that cause confusion about translation equivalence. It is pointed out that equivalence in translation refers to the correspondence, approximation, identity, interchangeability and adequacy rather than the total, absolute and perfect similarities between the SL and TL. Moreover, equivalence embodies differently, with different texts being equivalent on different degrees, levels and ranks.
    The third part of the thesis explores equivalence and equivalence translation. The possibility of translation equivalence is based on translatability, which is based on four factors: isomorphs of all human beings, the identity of humans thinking modes, the rough identity in grammatical elements and functions of all languages and the mutual infiltration of cultures. The ideal equivalence is one that is established on all levels at the same time in the whole text, but it is impossible. As a matter of fact, equivalence is limited by several factors, esp. by culture-specific factors. Sometimes, some major equivalence on a certain level has to be established at the sacrifice of the minor ones. Under this kind of circumstance, if one continues to seek mechanically for formal equivalence without taking cultural differences into considerations, there is only misunderstanding and failure in communication. Translation, a kind of communication, depends naturally on the author1 intention and the readers' expectation.
    With the development of linguistics, it has become clear that some specific language
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