基于关联理论的文化翻译研究
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摘要
本文主要从Sperber和Wilson提出的关联理论角度讨论文化翻译。以关联理论为基础,提出了文化翻译的关联模式。在这一模式中,翻译是以译者为中心寻求关联的跨文化明示—推理过程。译者站在原文作者和译文读者之间与其进行跨文化交际。译者在原语认知环境中寻求关联并在目的语认知语境中做出动态适应。为获得最佳关联,译者必须采取不同的语用翻译策略。
翻译过程是一个明示—推理的动态适应过程。在寻找作者交际意图的最佳关联并做出合适的选择过程中,译者的思维是动态的。翻译中译者发挥着主体性。翻译过程可分为两个阶段:阐释过程和产出过程。在翻译的阐释过程中译者和原作者之间产生一个动态适应的寻求关联的明示-推理过程。译者努力寻求作者交际意图的最佳关联。语篇的产出过程是从译者到读者的动态适应过程。在最佳关联的指引下,译者有意识地做出选择以传达原作者的意图。同时,译者必须考虑社会文化语境、语言语境、作者意图以及读者的审美期待和接受水平。
归化、异化都是合适的翻译策略,有着不同的目的性。译者的语言选择和策略选择必须要传达作者意图以表达作者信息意图相当的语境效果,满足读者的审美期待和接受水平。归化与异化是并行不悖、互为补益的两种策略,二者服务于一个目的,即成功地获得具有最佳关联的译文。
This thesis discusses cultural translation from the perspective of Relevance Theory, based on which, the author proposes a Relevance-Theoretic Approach to the cultural translating process. It is cross-cultural and translator-centered. In this Model, translating is both a relevance-seeking, ostensive-inferential and a dynamically-adjusting process. In the process, the translator stands at the center of cross-cultural communication between the original author and the target audience. The translator searches for relevance in the source cognitive environment and makes dynamic adjustment in the target cognitive environment. To achieve optimal relevance, the translator should adopt different pragmatic strategies.The translator's mental operation is in dynamic state before he finds the optimal relevance to the author's communicative intention and makes appropriate linguistic choices. In the course of translating, the translator develops his Subjectivity when he interprets the original utterances. The translating process consists of two subconscious process: Discourse-Interpretative Process and Discourse-Producing Process. In the Discourse-Interpretative Process of translation, a cross-cultural mental communication occurs between the translator and the original author. It is a relevance-seeking, ostensive-inferential process. In this process, he makes every effort to process correctly the optimal relevance to the author's communicative intention. The Discourse-Producing Process is a dynamically-adjusting process from the translator to his intended receptor audience. Guided by optimal relevance, the translator consciously makes linguistic choices to convey the author's intentions to his readers. Meanwhile, the translator has to take into consideration the social-cultural context, the linguistic context, his intentions as well as the aesthetic expectations and acceptability level of the receptor audience.Domestication and foreignization are appropriate strategies for achieving different purposes. The translator's linguistic choices and pragmatic translation strategies must focus on conveying the author's intentions in achieving the similar contextual effects of the author's informative intention to satisfy the aesthetic expectations and acceptability level of the audience. They are two compatible and complementary means serving one purpose, that is, successful translation with optimal relevance.
翻译过程是一个明示—推理的动态适应过程。在寻找作者交际意图的最佳关联并做出合适的选择过程中,译者的思维是动态的。翻译中译者发挥着主体性。翻译过程可分为两个阶段:阐释过程和产出过程。在翻译的阐释过程中译者和原作者之间产生一个动态适应的寻求关联的明示-推理过程。译者努力寻求作者交际意图的最佳关联。语篇的产出过程是从译者到读者的动态适应过程。在最佳关联的指引下,译者有意识地做出选择以传达原作者的意图。同时,译者必须考虑社会文化语境、语言语境、作者意图以及读者的审美期待和接受水平。
归化、异化都是合适的翻译策略,有着不同的目的性。译者的语言选择和策略选择必须要传达作者意图以表达作者信息意图相当的语境效果,满足读者的审美期待和接受水平。归化与异化是并行不悖、互为补益的两种策略,二者服务于一个目的,即成功地获得具有最佳关联的译文。
This thesis discusses cultural translation from the perspective of Relevance Theory, based on which, the author proposes a Relevance-Theoretic Approach to the cultural translating process. It is cross-cultural and translator-centered. In this Model, translating is both a relevance-seeking, ostensive-inferential and a dynamically-adjusting process. In the process, the translator stands at the center of cross-cultural communication between the original author and the target audience. The translator searches for relevance in the source cognitive environment and makes dynamic adjustment in the target cognitive environment. To achieve optimal relevance, the translator should adopt different pragmatic strategies.The translator's mental operation is in dynamic state before he finds the optimal relevance to the author's communicative intention and makes appropriate linguistic choices. In the course of translating, the translator develops his Subjectivity when he interprets the original utterances. The translating process consists of two subconscious process: Discourse-Interpretative Process and Discourse-Producing Process. In the Discourse-Interpretative Process of translation, a cross-cultural mental communication occurs between the translator and the original author. It is a relevance-seeking, ostensive-inferential process. In this process, he makes every effort to process correctly the optimal relevance to the author's communicative intention. The Discourse-Producing Process is a dynamically-adjusting process from the translator to his intended receptor audience. Guided by optimal relevance, the translator consciously makes linguistic choices to convey the author's intentions to his readers. Meanwhile, the translator has to take into consideration the social-cultural context, the linguistic context, his intentions as well as the aesthetic expectations and acceptability level of the receptor audience.Domestication and foreignization are appropriate strategies for achieving different purposes. The translator's linguistic choices and pragmatic translation strategies must focus on conveying the author's intentions in achieving the similar contextual effects of the author's informative intention to satisfy the aesthetic expectations and acceptability level of the audience. They are two compatible and complementary means serving one purpose, that is, successful translation with optimal relevance.
引文
[1] Baker, M.1992. In Other Words. London: Routledge
[2] Barnes, A. C. (tr.) 1962. Morning in Shanghai. Peking: Foreign Language Press.
[3] Bassnett, S.&A. Lefevere. (eds.) 1990. Translation, History and Culture. London and New York: Pinter.
[4] Bassnett, S.&A. Lefevere. 1998. Constructing Cultures---Essays on Literary Translation. Multilingual Matters Ltd, Clevedon, UK.
[5] Bell, R. T. 1991.Translation and Translating." Theory and Practice. New York: Longman.
[6] Campbell, S. 1998. Translation into the Second Language. London and New York: Addison Wesley Longman Limited.
[7] Catford, J. C. 1965. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[8] Festinger, L. 1957. A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson.
[9] Graham A. C. 1965. Poems of the Late Tang. Penguin.
[10] Gutt, E.A. 1991, 2000. Translation and Relevance: Cognition and Context. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing.
[11] Hatim, B. 1997.Communication Across Cultures---Translation Theory and Contrastive Text Linguistics. University of Exeter Press, UK.
[12] Hatim, B.&I. Maison. 1990. Discourse and the Translator. London: Longman Group UK Limited.
[13] Hatim. B.&I. Mason. The Translator as Communicator. London and New York: Routledge.
[14] Hawkes D. (tr.) 1973. The Story of the Stone. Penguin.
[15] He, Ziran(何自然). 2003. Notes on pragmatics. Nanjing: Nanjing Normal University Press.
[16] Heider, F. 1958. The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations. New York: Wiley.
[17] Homby A. S. 1997. Oxford Advanced Learner's Fngiish-Chinese Dictionary. Oxford University Press
[18] Iser. W. 1978. The Act of Reading: A Theory of Aesthetic Response. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press..
[19] Kelly, H. H. 1967. Attribution Theory in Social Psychology. In: Levine, D.(ed.) Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
[20] Kelly. G S. 1987. Principles of Social Psychology. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
[21] Lambert,&R. van den Broeck. (eds in Literary Translation. In: Holmes,.)1978. Literature and Translation: Perspectives in Literary Studies. Leuven: Acco.
[22] Lefevere, A. 1992. Translation, Rewriting and the Manipulation of Literary Fame. London and New York: Routledge.
[23] Newmark, P. 1981. Approaches to Translation, Oxford and New York: Pergamon.
[24] Nida, E. A. 1982. Translating Meaning (A lecture series sponsored by Guangzhou Institute of Foreign Languages. Guangzhou English Language Institute, China.
[25] Nord, C. 1997. Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functionalist Approaches Explained. Manchester UK: St. Jerome Publishing.
[26] Samovar, L. A., Porter, R. E.&L. A. Stefani. 1998. Communication Between Cultures. Wadsworth Publishing Company.
[27] Shuttleworth, M.&Cowie, M. Dictionary of Translation Studies. Manchester: St. Jerome
[28] 29 Snell-Hornby, M. 1988, 1995. Translation Studies: An Integrated Approach. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
[29] Snell-Hornby. M. Linguistic Transcoding or Cultural Transfer? A Critique of Translation Theory in Germany. In: Bassnett, S&A. Lefevere (eds.) 1990. Translation, History and Culture. London: Pinter.
[30] Sperber, D.&D. Wilson. 1986, 1995. Relevance: Communication and Cognition. Oxford: Blackwell.
[31] Toury, G. 1980, 1985 In Search of a Theory of Translation. Tel Aviv: Porter Institute.
[32] Venuti, L. 1995. The Translator's Invisibility: A History of Translation. London and New York: Routledge.
[33] Verschueren, J.(1999) Understanding Pragmatics. London: Edward Arnold
[34] 包惠南,2003,《文化语境与语言翻译》,北京:中国对外翻译出版公司。
[35] 包惠南、包昂,2004,《中国文化与汉英翻译》,北京:外文出版社。
[36] 曹雪芹、高颚,《红楼梦》,2001,上海:上海占籍出版社。
[37] 冯庆华,2003,《实用翻译教程》(增订本),上海:上海外语教育出版社。
[38] 蒋晓华,2003,意识形态对翻译的影响:阐发与新思考,《中国翻译》,第五期,24-29页。
[39] 孙艺风,文学翻译过程,载:谢天振,2003,《翻译的理论构建与文化透视》,上海:上海外语教育出版社,第56-72页。
[40] 孙致礼,2002,中国的文学翻译:从归化走向异化,《中国翻译》,第一期,40-44页。
[41] 王斌,2000,关联理论对翻译解释的局限性,《中国翻译》,第四期,13-16页。
[42] 王东风,1997,文化缺省与翻译中的连贯重构,《外国语》,第六期,55-60页。
[43] 王东风,2003,一只看不见的手——论意识形态对翻译实践的操纵,《中国翻译》 第五期,24-26页。
[44] 危东亚(主编),1995,《汉英词典》,北京:外语教学与研究出版社。
[45] 吴敬梓(杨宪益、戴乃迭译),1996,《儒林外史》(汉英对照中国古典名著丛书),长沙:湖南出版社。
[46] 吴敬梓,1977,《儒林外史》,北京:人民文学出版社。
[47] 谢天振,1999,《译介学》,上海:上海外语教育出版社。
[48] 许渊冲,2000,《新编千家诗》(汉英对照),北京:中华书局。
[49] 杨莉黎,1997,《英汉互译教程》,开封:河南大学出版社。
[50] 赵彦春,1999,关联理论对翻译的解释力,《现代外语》,第三期,273-295页。
[51] 周方珠,1997,《英汉翻译原理》,合肥:安徽大学出版社。
[52] 朱生豪(译),1982,《莎士比亚全集》,北京:人民文学出版社。
[2] Barnes, A. C. (tr.) 1962. Morning in Shanghai. Peking: Foreign Language Press.
[3] Bassnett, S.&A. Lefevere. (eds.) 1990. Translation, History and Culture. London and New York: Pinter.
[4] Bassnett, S.&A. Lefevere. 1998. Constructing Cultures---Essays on Literary Translation. Multilingual Matters Ltd, Clevedon, UK.
[5] Bell, R. T. 1991.Translation and Translating." Theory and Practice. New York: Longman.
[6] Campbell, S. 1998. Translation into the Second Language. London and New York: Addison Wesley Longman Limited.
[7] Catford, J. C. 1965. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[8] Festinger, L. 1957. A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson.
[9] Graham A. C. 1965. Poems of the Late Tang. Penguin.
[10] Gutt, E.A. 1991, 2000. Translation and Relevance: Cognition and Context. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing.
[11] Hatim, B. 1997.Communication Across Cultures---Translation Theory and Contrastive Text Linguistics. University of Exeter Press, UK.
[12] Hatim, B.&I. Maison. 1990. Discourse and the Translator. London: Longman Group UK Limited.
[13] Hatim. B.&I. Mason. The Translator as Communicator. London and New York: Routledge.
[14] Hawkes D. (tr.) 1973. The Story of the Stone. Penguin.
[15] He, Ziran(何自然). 2003. Notes on pragmatics. Nanjing: Nanjing Normal University Press.
[16] Heider, F. 1958. The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations. New York: Wiley.
[17] Homby A. S. 1997. Oxford Advanced Learner's Fngiish-Chinese Dictionary. Oxford University Press
[18] Iser. W. 1978. The Act of Reading: A Theory of Aesthetic Response. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press..
[19] Kelly, H. H. 1967. Attribution Theory in Social Psychology. In: Levine, D.(ed.) Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
[20] Kelly. G S. 1987. Principles of Social Psychology. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
[21] Lambert,&R. van den Broeck. (eds in Literary Translation. In: Holmes,.)1978. Literature and Translation: Perspectives in Literary Studies. Leuven: Acco.
[22] Lefevere, A. 1992. Translation, Rewriting and the Manipulation of Literary Fame. London and New York: Routledge.
[23] Newmark, P. 1981. Approaches to Translation, Oxford and New York: Pergamon.
[24] Nida, E. A. 1982. Translating Meaning (A lecture series sponsored by Guangzhou Institute of Foreign Languages. Guangzhou English Language Institute, China.
[25] Nord, C. 1997. Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functionalist Approaches Explained. Manchester UK: St. Jerome Publishing.
[26] Samovar, L. A., Porter, R. E.&L. A. Stefani. 1998. Communication Between Cultures. Wadsworth Publishing Company.
[27] Shuttleworth, M.&Cowie, M. Dictionary of Translation Studies. Manchester: St. Jerome
[28] 29 Snell-Hornby, M. 1988, 1995. Translation Studies: An Integrated Approach. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
[29] Snell-Hornby. M. Linguistic Transcoding or Cultural Transfer? A Critique of Translation Theory in Germany. In: Bassnett, S&A. Lefevere (eds.) 1990. Translation, History and Culture. London: Pinter.
[30] Sperber, D.&D. Wilson. 1986, 1995. Relevance: Communication and Cognition. Oxford: Blackwell.
[31] Toury, G. 1980, 1985 In Search of a Theory of Translation. Tel Aviv: Porter Institute.
[32] Venuti, L. 1995. The Translator's Invisibility: A History of Translation. London and New York: Routledge.
[33] Verschueren, J.(1999) Understanding Pragmatics. London: Edward Arnold
[34] 包惠南,2003,《文化语境与语言翻译》,北京:中国对外翻译出版公司。
[35] 包惠南、包昂,2004,《中国文化与汉英翻译》,北京:外文出版社。
[36] 曹雪芹、高颚,《红楼梦》,2001,上海:上海占籍出版社。
[37] 冯庆华,2003,《实用翻译教程》(增订本),上海:上海外语教育出版社。
[38] 蒋晓华,2003,意识形态对翻译的影响:阐发与新思考,《中国翻译》,第五期,24-29页。
[39] 孙艺风,文学翻译过程,载:谢天振,2003,《翻译的理论构建与文化透视》,上海:上海外语教育出版社,第56-72页。
[40] 孙致礼,2002,中国的文学翻译:从归化走向异化,《中国翻译》,第一期,40-44页。
[41] 王斌,2000,关联理论对翻译解释的局限性,《中国翻译》,第四期,13-16页。
[42] 王东风,1997,文化缺省与翻译中的连贯重构,《外国语》,第六期,55-60页。
[43] 王东风,2003,一只看不见的手——论意识形态对翻译实践的操纵,《中国翻译》 第五期,24-26页。
[44] 危东亚(主编),1995,《汉英词典》,北京:外语教学与研究出版社。
[45] 吴敬梓(杨宪益、戴乃迭译),1996,《儒林外史》(汉英对照中国古典名著丛书),长沙:湖南出版社。
[46] 吴敬梓,1977,《儒林外史》,北京:人民文学出版社。
[47] 谢天振,1999,《译介学》,上海:上海外语教育出版社。
[48] 许渊冲,2000,《新编千家诗》(汉英对照),北京:中华书局。
[49] 杨莉黎,1997,《英汉互译教程》,开封:河南大学出版社。
[50] 赵彦春,1999,关联理论对翻译的解释力,《现代外语》,第三期,273-295页。
[51] 周方珠,1997,《英汉翻译原理》,合肥:安徽大学出版社。
[52] 朱生豪(译),1982,《莎士比亚全集》,北京:人民文学出版社。