语用隐含与文学翻译
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摘要
翻译就是翻译意义，这一命题在翻译界似乎已达成共识。但深入到对“意义”内涵的把握以及在译语中如何实现对“意义”的表达，则是见仁见智，莫衷一是。至于文学隐含意义的翻译，虽有学者论及，如陈文伯(1996：92)提出隐含义“何者该显何者该隐”的问题，但缺乏理论支持，也未分类加以说明，无法指导实践。本文试图在文学隐含的翻译这一问题上做一客观、系统的分析。
本文第一章分别介绍了翻译学与语用学的发展现状，说明语用学与翻译的结合为翻译研究开辟了一条新的道路。
第二章详细说明了会话含义理论的由来，探讨了隐含意义在文学中的运用。结合巴赫金的言谈理论，论证了会话含义理论运用到文学文本的可行性。
在第三章中，作者从翻译的理解和表达两个方面入手，论证了文学隐含话语的大量存在是由其审美特性决定的。译者必须充分考虑读者的反应，尽可能将原作者在行文叙述中的隐含意义和人物对话的隐含意义保留在译文中；同时，指出文学翻译中制约隐含意义的三个要素：语境、非言语符号和推理。
在第四章至第六章中，作者围绕这三个要素，通过实例分析，说明翻译的原则与方法。由于译文读者不熟悉原作中的文化背景而形成的文化空缺，译者应尽可能消除，甚至可以用加注的方法；对于译文读者所不熟悉的源语中容许的行文空缺，译者必须小心地予以保留。只有这样，才能给读者留有参与文学作品结构活动的余地。
最后，作者总结和明确了自己的观点：语用含义理论并不能解决文学翻译的所有问题，但语用学理论的运用会为翻译研究的发展拓展出很有前途的新领域。
It is the consensus of the translation circles that translating is translating meaning; however, opinions differ from each other as to the connotation of meaning and the realization of meaning in the target language. Due to the lack of theoretical sustainment, scientific classification of specific examples, many translation problems involving pragmatic implicature remain unsolved. This thesis purports to offer a fair, objective and systematic approach to the translation of pragmatic implicatures in literary texts.
Chapter One provides a detailed introduction to the development of translation studies and pragmatic studies, indicating that the application of pragmatics to translation will shed new light on translation studies.
Chapter Two is a tentative study on application of Grice's theory of conversational implicature to literary translation in the light of Bakhtin's theory.
In Chapter Three, based on the premise that in all translating processes, there are two moments: the moment of comprehension and the moment of expression, the author points out that it is the aesthetic power of literary texts that decides the existence of many sentences with pragmatic implicature. The translator, therefore, must take the reader's response into full account. Through an analysis of three tendencies of translating pragmatic implicatures, the author draws attention to the importance of retaining literary implicatures in the target language.
From Chapter Four to Chapter Six, the author introduces three parameters of translating implicatures through examples: context, nonverbal symbols and inference.
Finally, as the conclusion for the whole dissertation, the author restates that the implicature theory cannot, on its own, serve as a theory of literary translation, but the application of pragmatics explores a new and promising vista for translation studies.
本文第一章分别介绍了翻译学与语用学的发展现状，说明语用学与翻译的结合为翻译研究开辟了一条新的道路。
第二章详细说明了会话含义理论的由来，探讨了隐含意义在文学中的运用。结合巴赫金的言谈理论，论证了会话含义理论运用到文学文本的可行性。
在第三章中，作者从翻译的理解和表达两个方面入手，论证了文学隐含话语的大量存在是由其审美特性决定的。译者必须充分考虑读者的反应，尽可能将原作者在行文叙述中的隐含意义和人物对话的隐含意义保留在译文中；同时，指出文学翻译中制约隐含意义的三个要素：语境、非言语符号和推理。
在第四章至第六章中，作者围绕这三个要素，通过实例分析，说明翻译的原则与方法。由于译文读者不熟悉原作中的文化背景而形成的文化空缺，译者应尽可能消除，甚至可以用加注的方法；对于译文读者所不熟悉的源语中容许的行文空缺，译者必须小心地予以保留。只有这样，才能给读者留有参与文学作品结构活动的余地。
最后，作者总结和明确了自己的观点：语用含义理论并不能解决文学翻译的所有问题，但语用学理论的运用会为翻译研究的发展拓展出很有前途的新领域。
It is the consensus of the translation circles that translating is translating meaning; however, opinions differ from each other as to the connotation of meaning and the realization of meaning in the target language. Due to the lack of theoretical sustainment, scientific classification of specific examples, many translation problems involving pragmatic implicature remain unsolved. This thesis purports to offer a fair, objective and systematic approach to the translation of pragmatic implicatures in literary texts.
Chapter One provides a detailed introduction to the development of translation studies and pragmatic studies, indicating that the application of pragmatics to translation will shed new light on translation studies.
Chapter Two is a tentative study on application of Grice's theory of conversational implicature to literary translation in the light of Bakhtin's theory.
In Chapter Three, based on the premise that in all translating processes, there are two moments: the moment of comprehension and the moment of expression, the author points out that it is the aesthetic power of literary texts that decides the existence of many sentences with pragmatic implicature. The translator, therefore, must take the reader's response into full account. Through an analysis of three tendencies of translating pragmatic implicatures, the author draws attention to the importance of retaining literary implicatures in the target language.
From Chapter Four to Chapter Six, the author introduces three parameters of translating implicatures through examples: context, nonverbal symbols and inference.
Finally, as the conclusion for the whole dissertation, the author restates that the implicature theory cannot, on its own, serve as a theory of literary translation, but the application of pragmatics explores a new and promising vista for translation studies.
引文
Akman, Varol, 1997, Rethinking Context as a Social Construct, Journal of Pragmatics 32(6): 743-759, 2000.
Baker, Mona, 2000, In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation, Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research press
Bartlett, F. C., 1964 [1932], Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology Cambridge University Press, London.
Belhaaj, Aziz Elmouloudi Papers on Translation Theory and Practice Translation Theory and the Translation Curriculum Internet publication: http://www.casanet.net.ma/bca/downloads/majalla/43
Bock, Philip, 1979, Modern Cultural Anthropology. 3rd., New York: Alfred & Knopf.
Brown, G. & Yule. G., 1983, Discourse Analysis, Cambridge University Press, London
Catford, J. C. 1965, A Linguistic Theory of Translation: An Essay in Applied Linguistics. London, Oxford University Press, p.94.
Clark, Herbert & Carlson, Thomas, 1981. Context for Comprehension. In: J. Long and A. Baddeley, eds., Attention and Performance Ⅸ, 313-320. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Condon, W. S. & Osgton, W. D., 1971, Speech and body motion synchrony of the speaker-hearer, In: D.H. Horton and J.J. Jenkins, eds. The Perception of Language, Academic Press.
Cook, Guy, 1994, Discourse and Literature: the Interplay of Form and Mind, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Crystal, David, 1991, A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, Oxford: Blackwell. (Third edition.)
Duncan, S., 1974, Some Signals and Rules for Taking Speaking Turns in Conversations. In S. Weitz (Ed.), Nonverbal Communication. New York: Oxford University Press.
Grice, H. P., 1957, Meaning, Philosophical Review, 66, p.377-388
_________,1968, Utterer's Meaning, Sentence-Meaning, and Word-Meaning. Foundations of Language, 4, p.225-242
____________,1969, Utterer's Meaning and Intention. Philosophical Review, 68,
p.147-158.
__________, 1975, Logic and Conversation, In Cole, P. & Morgan, J. (eds.) Syntax and Semantics, Vol. 3: Speech Acts, New York: Academic Press, 1975
Gutt, Ernst August, 1991, Translation and Relevance: Cognition and Context, Basil Blackwell Ltd.
Halliday, M. A. K., NcIntosh, A., & Strevens, P. 1964, The Linguistic Sciences and Language Teaching, London, Longman.
Hancher, Michael, 1977, Grice's "Implicature" and Literary Interpretation: Background and Preface, University of Minnesota.
Hu Yongfang The Sociosemiotic Approach and Translation of Fiction, Translation Journal, Vol. 4, No. 4, Oct. 2000.
Iser, Wolfgang, 1980, Interaction between Reader and Text, In: Suleiman, Susan K. and Crosman, Inge, eds. The Reader in the Text: Essays on Audience and Interpretation, Princeton: Princeton UP, p. 106-119.
Jang Hong-Tae, 2000, Translation Quality and the Reader's Response, internet publication: http://www.ntu.edu.au/education/csle/student/jang
Kecskés, Istvan: A Cognitive-pragmatic Approach to Situation-bound Utterances, Journal of Pragmatics 32 (2000) p.609.
Kempson, R. M., 1988, Grammar and Conversational Principles, In Newmeyer, F. (ed.) Vol. 2
Korte, Barbara. Body Language in Literature, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997.
Larson, Mildred L., 1984, Meaning-based Translation: A Guide to Cross-Language Equivalence, Lanham: University Press of America.
Leech, G. N. 1983, Principles of Pragmatics, London: Longman.
Leppihalme, Ritva, 1997, Culture Bumps: An Empirical Approach to the Translation of Alliusions, Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Levinson, S. C., 1983, Pragmatics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Levy, J., 1967 "Translation as a Decision Process." In To Honor Roman Jakobson, Vol. Ⅱ (pp. 1171-1182). The Hague: Mouton.
Lycan, W., 1995, Philosophy of Language, in R. Audi (ed.): The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lyons J., 1995, Linguistic Semantics: An Introduction, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, p 271.
Lyons, J., Semantics, Cambridge University Press, 1977.
Maalej, Zouhair, Universal Grammar in Translation Pedagogy, internet
publication: http://simsim.rug.ac.be/Zmaalej/transpeda.html
Malmkjaer, Kirsten. Cooperation and Literary Translation, The Pragmatics of Translation. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
Martinovski, Biljana, Lecture 1: Introduction to Pragmatics, internet publication: http://www.ling.gu.se/～biljana/st1-97/pragmalect1.html
Mehrabian, A., 1967, Inference of Attitudes from Nonverbal Communication in Two Channels, Journal of Consulting Psychology, 31, p.248-252.
Newmark, Peter, 1995, A Textbook of Translation, London: Phoenix ELT.
______________, 2001, Approaches To Translation, Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Nida, Eugene A., 1964, Toward a Science of Translating, Leiden: E. J. Bill
______________, 1993, Language, Culture, and Translating, Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Nida Eugene A. &, Charles R. Taber, 1969, The Theory and Practice of Translation, Leiden: E. J. Bill
Nunan, D. 1991. Language Teaching Methodology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Peccei, Jean Stilwell, 2000, Pragmatics, Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Searle, J. R., 1975, Indirect Speech Acts, in Cole, P. & Morgan, J. (eds.) Syntax and Semantics, Vol.3: Speech Acts, New York: Academic Press, 60-61.
Sperber Dan & Wilson, Deirdre, 1981, On Grice's Theory of Conversation. In: Werth, P. (ed.): Conversation and Discourse. London: Croom Helm, 155.
__________, 1995, Relevance: Communication and Cognition, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Wilss, W., 1996, Knowledge and Skills in Translator Behavior, Benjamins, Amsterdam/Philadelphia.
陈宏薇，《汉英翻译基础》，上海外语教育出版社，1998．
陈生保，《英汉翻译津指》，中国对外翻译出版公司，1998．
陈文伯，“汉语隐含义的英译法”，《中国翻译》，1992，(4)．
邓炎吕、刘润清，《语言与文化》，外语教学与研究出版社，1989．
樊葳葳，张迎丰，“副语言符号英汉互译中的文化沟通”，《中国翻译》，2000，2．
范仲英，《实用翻译教程》，外语教学与研究出版社，1994，p174．
冯广艺，《语境适应论》，湖北教育出版社，1999．
冯庆华，《实用翻译教程》，上海外语教育出版社，1997．
郭建中，《文化与翻译》，中国对外翻译出版公司，2000．
郭建中，《当代美国翻译理论》，湖北教育出版社，2000．
何自然，《语用学概论》，湖南教育出版社，1988．
何自然，《语用学与英语学习》，上海外语教育出版社，1997．
居祖纯，《汉英语篇翻译》，清华大学出版社，1998，p18．
康德根，《跨文化交际学》，中南工业大学出版社，2000．
李福印，《语义学教程》，上海外语教育出版社，1999．
聂振雄，“英汉翻译中引申手法的运用”，《外国语》，1978(2)．
钱歌川，《翻译漫谈》，中国对外翻译出版公司，1980，p52．
钱冠连，《汉语文化语用学》，清华大学出版社，1997．
索振羽，《语用学教程》，北京大学出版社，2000．
孙会军，赵小江，“翻译过程中原作者—译者—译文读者的三元关系”，《中国翻译》，1998(2)．
屠国元，“试论翻译中的语境制约”，《外语翻译文化(2)》，湖南科学技术出版社，1999．
王大伟，“当前中国译学研究的几个误区”，《上海科技翻译》，2000，(1)．
王东风，“文化缺省与翻译中的连贯重构”，《外国语》，1997，(6)．
工丽亚，“话中有话——小说话语的曲折传义”，《外语教学与研究》，1997，(1)．
熊音，“《还乡》原译文语言特色比较”，《英汉语比较研究》，1994．
姚念庚、范岳，《英汉翻译论稿》，辽宁大学出版社，1987．
张今，《文学翻译原理》，河南大学出版社，1987．
张经浩，“与奈达的一次翻译笔谈”，《中国翻译》，2000，(5)．
周婵秀，“含义理论在文学翻译中的应用”，《中国翻译》，2001，(1)．
Baker, Mona, 2000, In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation, Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research press
Bartlett, F. C., 1964 [1932], Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology Cambridge University Press, London.
Belhaaj, Aziz Elmouloudi Papers on Translation Theory and Practice Translation Theory and the Translation Curriculum Internet publication: http://www.casanet.net.ma/bca/downloads/majalla/43
Bock, Philip, 1979, Modern Cultural Anthropology. 3rd., New York: Alfred & Knopf.
Brown, G. & Yule. G., 1983, Discourse Analysis, Cambridge University Press, London
Catford, J. C. 1965, A Linguistic Theory of Translation: An Essay in Applied Linguistics. London, Oxford University Press, p.94.
Clark, Herbert & Carlson, Thomas, 1981. Context for Comprehension. In: J. Long and A. Baddeley, eds., Attention and Performance Ⅸ, 313-320. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Condon, W. S. & Osgton, W. D., 1971, Speech and body motion synchrony of the speaker-hearer, In: D.H. Horton and J.J. Jenkins, eds. The Perception of Language, Academic Press.
Cook, Guy, 1994, Discourse and Literature: the Interplay of Form and Mind, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Crystal, David, 1991, A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, Oxford: Blackwell. (Third edition.)
Duncan, S., 1974, Some Signals and Rules for Taking Speaking Turns in Conversations. In S. Weitz (Ed.), Nonverbal Communication. New York: Oxford University Press.
Grice, H. P., 1957, Meaning, Philosophical Review, 66, p.377-388
_________,1968, Utterer's Meaning, Sentence-Meaning, and Word-Meaning. Foundations of Language, 4, p.225-242
____________,1969, Utterer's Meaning and Intention. Philosophical Review, 68,
p.147-158.
__________, 1975, Logic and Conversation, In Cole, P. & Morgan, J. (eds.) Syntax and Semantics, Vol. 3: Speech Acts, New York: Academic Press, 1975
Gutt, Ernst August, 1991, Translation and Relevance: Cognition and Context, Basil Blackwell Ltd.
Halliday, M. A. K., NcIntosh, A., & Strevens, P. 1964, The Linguistic Sciences and Language Teaching, London, Longman.
Hancher, Michael, 1977, Grice's "Implicature" and Literary Interpretation: Background and Preface, University of Minnesota.
Hu Yongfang The Sociosemiotic Approach and Translation of Fiction, Translation Journal, Vol. 4, No. 4, Oct. 2000.
Iser, Wolfgang, 1980, Interaction between Reader and Text, In: Suleiman, Susan K. and Crosman, Inge, eds. The Reader in the Text: Essays on Audience and Interpretation, Princeton: Princeton UP, p. 106-119.
Jang Hong-Tae, 2000, Translation Quality and the Reader's Response, internet publication: http://www.ntu.edu.au/education/csle/student/jang
Kecskés, Istvan: A Cognitive-pragmatic Approach to Situation-bound Utterances, Journal of Pragmatics 32 (2000) p.609.
Kempson, R. M., 1988, Grammar and Conversational Principles, In Newmeyer, F. (ed.) Vol. 2
Korte, Barbara. Body Language in Literature, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997.
Larson, Mildred L., 1984, Meaning-based Translation: A Guide to Cross-Language Equivalence, Lanham: University Press of America.
Leech, G. N. 1983, Principles of Pragmatics, London: Longman.
Leppihalme, Ritva, 1997, Culture Bumps: An Empirical Approach to the Translation of Alliusions, Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Levinson, S. C., 1983, Pragmatics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Levy, J., 1967 "Translation as a Decision Process." In To Honor Roman Jakobson, Vol. Ⅱ (pp. 1171-1182). The Hague: Mouton.
Lycan, W., 1995, Philosophy of Language, in R. Audi (ed.): The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lyons J., 1995, Linguistic Semantics: An Introduction, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, p 271.
Lyons, J., Semantics, Cambridge University Press, 1977.
Maalej, Zouhair, Universal Grammar in Translation Pedagogy, internet
publication: http://simsim.rug.ac.be/Zmaalej/transpeda.html
Malmkjaer, Kirsten. Cooperation and Literary Translation, The Pragmatics of Translation. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
Martinovski, Biljana, Lecture 1: Introduction to Pragmatics, internet publication: http://www.ling.gu.se/～biljana/st1-97/pragmalect1.html
Mehrabian, A., 1967, Inference of Attitudes from Nonverbal Communication in Two Channels, Journal of Consulting Psychology, 31, p.248-252.
Newmark, Peter, 1995, A Textbook of Translation, London: Phoenix ELT.
______________, 2001, Approaches To Translation, Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Nida, Eugene A., 1964, Toward a Science of Translating, Leiden: E. J. Bill
______________, 1993, Language, Culture, and Translating, Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Nida Eugene A. &, Charles R. Taber, 1969, The Theory and Practice of Translation, Leiden: E. J. Bill
Nunan, D. 1991. Language Teaching Methodology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Peccei, Jean Stilwell, 2000, Pragmatics, Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Searle, J. R., 1975, Indirect Speech Acts, in Cole, P. & Morgan, J. (eds.) Syntax and Semantics, Vol.3: Speech Acts, New York: Academic Press, 60-61.
Sperber Dan & Wilson, Deirdre, 1981, On Grice's Theory of Conversation. In: Werth, P. (ed.): Conversation and Discourse. London: Croom Helm, 155.
__________, 1995, Relevance: Communication and Cognition, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Wilss, W., 1996, Knowledge and Skills in Translator Behavior, Benjamins, Amsterdam/Philadelphia.
陈宏薇，《汉英翻译基础》，上海外语教育出版社，1998．
陈生保，《英汉翻译津指》，中国对外翻译出版公司，1998．
陈文伯，“汉语隐含义的英译法”，《中国翻译》，1992，(4)．
邓炎吕、刘润清，《语言与文化》，外语教学与研究出版社，1989．
樊葳葳，张迎丰，“副语言符号英汉互译中的文化沟通”，《中国翻译》，2000，2．
范仲英，《实用翻译教程》，外语教学与研究出版社，1994，p174．
冯广艺，《语境适应论》，湖北教育出版社，1999．
冯庆华，《实用翻译教程》，上海外语教育出版社，1997．
郭建中，《文化与翻译》，中国对外翻译出版公司，2000．
郭建中，《当代美国翻译理论》，湖北教育出版社，2000．
何自然，《语用学概论》，湖南教育出版社，1988．
何自然，《语用学与英语学习》，上海外语教育出版社，1997．
居祖纯，《汉英语篇翻译》，清华大学出版社，1998，p18．
康德根，《跨文化交际学》，中南工业大学出版社，2000．
李福印，《语义学教程》，上海外语教育出版社，1999．
聂振雄，“英汉翻译中引申手法的运用”，《外国语》，1978(2)．
钱歌川，《翻译漫谈》，中国对外翻译出版公司，1980，p52．
钱冠连，《汉语文化语用学》，清华大学出版社，1997．
索振羽，《语用学教程》，北京大学出版社，2000．
孙会军，赵小江，“翻译过程中原作者—译者—译文读者的三元关系”，《中国翻译》，1998(2)．
屠国元，“试论翻译中的语境制约”，《外语翻译文化(2)》，湖南科学技术出版社，1999．
王大伟，“当前中国译学研究的几个误区”，《上海科技翻译》，2000，(1)．
王东风，“文化缺省与翻译中的连贯重构”，《外国语》，1997，(6)．
工丽亚，“话中有话——小说话语的曲折传义”，《外语教学与研究》，1997，(1)．
熊音，“《还乡》原译文语言特色比较”，《英汉语比较研究》，1994．
姚念庚、范岳，《英汉翻译论稿》，辽宁大学出版社，1987．
张今，《文学翻译原理》，河南大学出版社，1987．
张经浩，“与奈达的一次翻译笔谈”，《中国翻译》，2000，(5)．
周婵秀，“含义理论在文学翻译中的应用”，《中国翻译》，2001，(1)．