美国总统就职演说的体裁分析
|
摘要
由于总统就职演说所具有的独特性和重要性，它长期以来一直是历史学家，政治学家和语言学家们很感兴趣的一个研究课题。本文采用体裁分析的方法，试图从语篇结构方面揭示总统就职演说作为一种特殊文体所具有的结构布局。
作者首先通过分析总统就职演说的交际目的，听众的期望以及演说的背景，传统和作用论证了总统就职演说属于一种体裁。由于每一类的体裁都会有自己特有的组织结构，作者针对这一点对全部五十四篇总统就职演说的语篇结构进行了统计和分析。研究结果表明：总统就职演说这类体裁的确存在着一种宏观语篇结构模式，它通常由八个可辨认的语步构建而成。作者在本文当中对这八个语步逐一做了描述和分析。同时，作者也指出，在实际应用中，这八个语步的运用存在着选择和顺序上的灵活性，每一个语步的出现都与这一篇就职演说具体的历史背景，交际目的等有着密不可分的关系。
这一研究向人们展示了语篇形式和内容上的相互关联以及人们对语篇结构的认知模式。在文章的最后，作者还从历时研究和语言与意识形态的关系角度，为今后总统就职演说的进一步研究提出了一些建议。
As an important type of historical and political text, the presidential inaugural address has always been the subject of historians, politicians and linguists. This paper attempts to approach the presidential inaugural address from the perspective of genre analysis, which in recent years is developing into a more effective and revealing way of analyzing discourses. In the present study, the presidential inaugural address is characterized as a special type of genre. After examining all the fifty-four presidential inaugurals the author concludes that there indeed exists an identifiable schematic structure in presidential inaugural addresses by which the information is organized, and that a typical presidential inaugural address may contain eight moves through which the form-function correlation is revealed and the understanding of cognitive structuring of presidential inaugurals is improved. Each move of inaugural addresses is further illustrated and analyzed in details and at the same time their flexibility in practical use is pointed out. At the end of the paper suggestions are provided for follow-up research.
作者首先通过分析总统就职演说的交际目的，听众的期望以及演说的背景，传统和作用论证了总统就职演说属于一种体裁。由于每一类的体裁都会有自己特有的组织结构，作者针对这一点对全部五十四篇总统就职演说的语篇结构进行了统计和分析。研究结果表明：总统就职演说这类体裁的确存在着一种宏观语篇结构模式，它通常由八个可辨认的语步构建而成。作者在本文当中对这八个语步逐一做了描述和分析。同时，作者也指出，在实际应用中，这八个语步的运用存在着选择和顺序上的灵活性，每一个语步的出现都与这一篇就职演说具体的历史背景，交际目的等有着密不可分的关系。
这一研究向人们展示了语篇形式和内容上的相互关联以及人们对语篇结构的认知模式。在文章的最后，作者还从历时研究和语言与意识形态的关系角度，为今后总统就职演说的进一步研究提出了一些建议。
As an important type of historical and political text, the presidential inaugural address has always been the subject of historians, politicians and linguists. This paper attempts to approach the presidential inaugural address from the perspective of genre analysis, which in recent years is developing into a more effective and revealing way of analyzing discourses. In the present study, the presidential inaugural address is characterized as a special type of genre. After examining all the fifty-four presidential inaugurals the author concludes that there indeed exists an identifiable schematic structure in presidential inaugural addresses by which the information is organized, and that a typical presidential inaugural address may contain eight moves through which the form-function correlation is revealed and the understanding of cognitive structuring of presidential inaugurals is improved. Each move of inaugural addresses is further illustrated and analyzed in details and at the same time their flexibility in practical use is pointed out. At the end of the paper suggestions are provided for follow-up research.
引文
Askehave, I., & Swales, J. (2001). Genre identification and communicative purpose: a problem and a possible solution. Applied Linguistics, 22, 195-212.
Bakhtin, M. M. (1986). Speech genres and other late essays. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Berkenkotter, C., & Huckin, T. (1994). Genre knowledge in disciplinary communication. Northvale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Bex, T. (1996). Variety in written English. New York: Routledge Press.
Bhatia, V. K. (1993). Analyzing genre: language use in professional settings. New York: Longman.
Bradley, B. (1983). Jefferson and Reagan: the rhetoric of two inaugurals. The Southern Speech Communication Journal, 48, 119-136.
Brook, G. L.(1979). Varieties of English. London: Macmillan.
Brown, G., & Yule, G. (2000). Discourse analysis. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Campbell, K.,& Jamieson, K. (1990). Deeds done in words: presidential rhetoric and the genres of governance. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Chapman, M. (1999). Situated, social, active: rewriting genre in the elementary classroom, Written communication, 16, 469-490.
Chester, E. (1980). A new look at presidential inaugural addresses. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 10, 571-87.
Crystal, D.& Davy, D. (1969). Investigating English Style. Harlow: Longman.
Dow, B. (1989). The function of epideictic and deliberative strategies in presidential crisis rhetoric. The Western Journal of Speech Communication, 53, 294-317.
Duffy, B. K. & Jacobi, M.(1993). The Politics of Rhetoric. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press.
Feldman, O., & Landtsheer, C, (Eds.). (1998). Politically Speaking: A Worldwide
Examination of Language Used in the Public Sphere. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Press.
Finkelstein, L. (1981). The calendrical rite of the ascension to power. The Western Journal of Speech Communication, 45, 51-59.
Frow, J. (1983). Reading as system and as practice. Comparative Criticism 5, 1983, 87-105.
Gee, J. P. (2000). An introduction to discourse analysis: theory and method. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Georgakopoulou, A. (1997). Discourse analysis: an introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Gregory, M., & Carroll, S. (1978). Language and situation: language varieties and their social contexts. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd.
Gronbeck, B. (1986). Ronald Reagan's enactment of the presidency in his 1981 inaugural address. In H. Simons and A. Aghazarian (Eds.), Form, Genre, and the Study of Political Discourse. (pp. 226-245). Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
Halliday, M. A. K. (1978). Language as social semiotic. London: Arnold.
Hart, R. (1986). Of genre, computers, and the Reagan inaugural. In H. Simons and A. Aghazarian (Eds.), Form, Genre, and the Study of Political Discourse. (pp. 278-297). Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
Hart, R. P. (1984). Verbal style and the presidency: a computer-based analysis. Orlando, Fla: Academic Press.
Jamieson, K. H., & Campbell, K. K. (Eds.). (1978). Form and genre: shaping rhetorical action. Falls Church, VA: Speech Communication Association.
Joslyn, R. (1986). Keeping politics in the study of political discourse. In H. Simons and A. Aghazarian (Eds.), Form, genre, and the study of political discourse. (pp. 301-338). Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
Leckie-Tarry, H. (1993). The specification of a text: register, genre and language teaching. In Ghadessy, M., Register analysis: theory and practice. (pp. 26-42).
London; New York: Printer Publishers.
Lucas, S. (1986). Genre criticism and historical context: the case of George Washington's first inaugural address. The Southern Speech Communication Journal, 51, 354-370.
Medhurst, M. J. (1996). Beyond the rhetorical presidency. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.
Miller, C. (1998). Genre as social action. In T. B. Farrell (Ed.), Landmark Essays on Contemporary Rhetoric. (pp. 123-141). Hermagoras Press.
Noppen, J. P. (1995). The presidential inaugural address: a genre analysis. Bruxelles: Les Cahiers du CeDoP.
Norman, F. (1995). Critical discourse analysis. New York: Longman.
Phifer, G. (1983). Two inaugurals: a second look. The Southern Speech Communication Journal, 48, 378-385.
Procter, D. E., & Ritter, K. (1996). Inaugurating the Clinton presidency: regenerative rhetoric and the American community. In R. E. Denton (Ed.), The Clinton presidency: images, issues, and communication strategies. (pp. 1-16). Westport: Praeger Publishers.
Ryan, H. (Ed.). (1993). The inaugural addresses of twentieth-century American presidents. Westport: Praeger Publishers.
Ryan, H. (Ed.). (1995). U.S. presidents as orators. Westport: Greenwood Press.
Scott, R. (1970). Rhetoric that postures: an intrinsic reading of Richard M. Nixon's inaugural address. Western Journal of Speech Communication, 34, 46-52.
Sher, R. (Ed.). (1994). The encyclopaedia of language and linguistics.(vol 3) Oxford:Pergamon Press.
Slagell, A. R. (1991). Anatomy of a masterpiece: a close textual analysis of Abraham Lincoln's second inaugural address. Communication Studies, 42, 155-171.
Swales, J. (1990). Genre analysis: English in academic and research settings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Trosborg, A. (2000). The inaugural address: president Clinton's 1993 address. In A.
Trosborg (Ed.), Analysing professional genres. (pp. 121-142). Amsterdam; Philadelphia: J. Benjamins Pub. Co.
WAUDAG.(1990). The rhetoric construction of a president. Discourse and Society, 1,189-200.
Windt, T.,& B, Ingold. (Eds.). (1983). Essays in presidential rhetoric. Dubuque: Kendall/Hunt.
Wolfarth, D. (1961). John E Kennedy in the tradition of inaugural speeches. The Quarterly Journal of Speech, 47, 124-132.
Wright, L., & Hope, J. (2000). Stylistics: a practical coursebook. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
王佐良，丁往道，(1987)，《英语文体学引论》。外语教学与研究出版社。
王欣，(1997)，《自然科学学术著作前言的体裁分析》。(硕士论文)西北工业大学。
申丹，(1997)，“有关功能文体学的几点思考”《外国语》1997年第5期。
许力生，(1997)，“当代语体研究中的不同模式与取向”《外国语》1997年第5期。
徐有志，(1994)，“公众讲演英语”《外语教学与研究》1994年第2期。
徐振忠，(1990)，“英语演说辞文体刍议”《外国语》1990年第5期。
徐振忠，(1995)，“林肯演说辞的风格”《外语教学》1995年第1期。
徐振忠，(1995)，“英语政治演说辞的宗教色彩”《现代外语》1995年第3期。
徐振忠，(1999)，“试析英汉演说辞中的排比和对偶”《外语与翻译》1999年第3期。
秦秀白，(1987)，《文体学概论》。湖南教育出版社。
章远荣，(1997)，“语篇的文体分析、语域分析和体裁分析” 《山东外语教学》1997年第3期。
黄国文，(1987)，《语篇分析概要》湖南教育出版社
黄振定，(1997)，“试论话语分析的三个标准”《外国语》1997年第5期。
程雨民，(1985)，《英语语体学》上海外语教育出版社。
戴炜华，(1999)，“语篇分析：评述与展望”《外语研究》1999年第4期。
鞠玉梅，(1999)，“汉英篇章中语法衔接手段及其文体效应” 《外语与外语教学》1999年第11期。
Bakhtin, M. M. (1986). Speech genres and other late essays. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Berkenkotter, C., & Huckin, T. (1994). Genre knowledge in disciplinary communication. Northvale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Bex, T. (1996). Variety in written English. New York: Routledge Press.
Bhatia, V. K. (1993). Analyzing genre: language use in professional settings. New York: Longman.
Bradley, B. (1983). Jefferson and Reagan: the rhetoric of two inaugurals. The Southern Speech Communication Journal, 48, 119-136.
Brook, G. L.(1979). Varieties of English. London: Macmillan.
Brown, G., & Yule, G. (2000). Discourse analysis. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Campbell, K.,& Jamieson, K. (1990). Deeds done in words: presidential rhetoric and the genres of governance. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Chapman, M. (1999). Situated, social, active: rewriting genre in the elementary classroom, Written communication, 16, 469-490.
Chester, E. (1980). A new look at presidential inaugural addresses. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 10, 571-87.
Crystal, D.& Davy, D. (1969). Investigating English Style. Harlow: Longman.
Dow, B. (1989). The function of epideictic and deliberative strategies in presidential crisis rhetoric. The Western Journal of Speech Communication, 53, 294-317.
Duffy, B. K. & Jacobi, M.(1993). The Politics of Rhetoric. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press.
Feldman, O., & Landtsheer, C, (Eds.). (1998). Politically Speaking: A Worldwide
Examination of Language Used in the Public Sphere. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Press.
Finkelstein, L. (1981). The calendrical rite of the ascension to power. The Western Journal of Speech Communication, 45, 51-59.
Frow, J. (1983). Reading as system and as practice. Comparative Criticism 5, 1983, 87-105.
Gee, J. P. (2000). An introduction to discourse analysis: theory and method. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Georgakopoulou, A. (1997). Discourse analysis: an introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Gregory, M., & Carroll, S. (1978). Language and situation: language varieties and their social contexts. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd.
Gronbeck, B. (1986). Ronald Reagan's enactment of the presidency in his 1981 inaugural address. In H. Simons and A. Aghazarian (Eds.), Form, Genre, and the Study of Political Discourse. (pp. 226-245). Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
Halliday, M. A. K. (1978). Language as social semiotic. London: Arnold.
Hart, R. (1986). Of genre, computers, and the Reagan inaugural. In H. Simons and A. Aghazarian (Eds.), Form, Genre, and the Study of Political Discourse. (pp. 278-297). Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
Hart, R. P. (1984). Verbal style and the presidency: a computer-based analysis. Orlando, Fla: Academic Press.
Jamieson, K. H., & Campbell, K. K. (Eds.). (1978). Form and genre: shaping rhetorical action. Falls Church, VA: Speech Communication Association.
Joslyn, R. (1986). Keeping politics in the study of political discourse. In H. Simons and A. Aghazarian (Eds.), Form, genre, and the study of political discourse. (pp. 301-338). Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
Leckie-Tarry, H. (1993). The specification of a text: register, genre and language teaching. In Ghadessy, M., Register analysis: theory and practice. (pp. 26-42).
London; New York: Printer Publishers.
Lucas, S. (1986). Genre criticism and historical context: the case of George Washington's first inaugural address. The Southern Speech Communication Journal, 51, 354-370.
Medhurst, M. J. (1996). Beyond the rhetorical presidency. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.
Miller, C. (1998). Genre as social action. In T. B. Farrell (Ed.), Landmark Essays on Contemporary Rhetoric. (pp. 123-141). Hermagoras Press.
Noppen, J. P. (1995). The presidential inaugural address: a genre analysis. Bruxelles: Les Cahiers du CeDoP.
Norman, F. (1995). Critical discourse analysis. New York: Longman.
Phifer, G. (1983). Two inaugurals: a second look. The Southern Speech Communication Journal, 48, 378-385.
Procter, D. E., & Ritter, K. (1996). Inaugurating the Clinton presidency: regenerative rhetoric and the American community. In R. E. Denton (Ed.), The Clinton presidency: images, issues, and communication strategies. (pp. 1-16). Westport: Praeger Publishers.
Ryan, H. (Ed.). (1993). The inaugural addresses of twentieth-century American presidents. Westport: Praeger Publishers.
Ryan, H. (Ed.). (1995). U.S. presidents as orators. Westport: Greenwood Press.
Scott, R. (1970). Rhetoric that postures: an intrinsic reading of Richard M. Nixon's inaugural address. Western Journal of Speech Communication, 34, 46-52.
Sher, R. (Ed.). (1994). The encyclopaedia of language and linguistics.(vol 3) Oxford:Pergamon Press.
Slagell, A. R. (1991). Anatomy of a masterpiece: a close textual analysis of Abraham Lincoln's second inaugural address. Communication Studies, 42, 155-171.
Swales, J. (1990). Genre analysis: English in academic and research settings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Trosborg, A. (2000). The inaugural address: president Clinton's 1993 address. In A.
Trosborg (Ed.), Analysing professional genres. (pp. 121-142). Amsterdam; Philadelphia: J. Benjamins Pub. Co.
WAUDAG.(1990). The rhetoric construction of a president. Discourse and Society, 1,189-200.
Windt, T.,& B, Ingold. (Eds.). (1983). Essays in presidential rhetoric. Dubuque: Kendall/Hunt.
Wolfarth, D. (1961). John E Kennedy in the tradition of inaugural speeches. The Quarterly Journal of Speech, 47, 124-132.
Wright, L., & Hope, J. (2000). Stylistics: a practical coursebook. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
王佐良，丁往道，(1987)，《英语文体学引论》。外语教学与研究出版社。
王欣，(1997)，《自然科学学术著作前言的体裁分析》。(硕士论文)西北工业大学。
申丹，(1997)，“有关功能文体学的几点思考”《外国语》1997年第5期。
许力生，(1997)，“当代语体研究中的不同模式与取向”《外国语》1997年第5期。
徐有志，(1994)，“公众讲演英语”《外语教学与研究》1994年第2期。
徐振忠，(1990)，“英语演说辞文体刍议”《外国语》1990年第5期。
徐振忠，(1995)，“林肯演说辞的风格”《外语教学》1995年第1期。
徐振忠，(1995)，“英语政治演说辞的宗教色彩”《现代外语》1995年第3期。
徐振忠，(1999)，“试析英汉演说辞中的排比和对偶”《外语与翻译》1999年第3期。
秦秀白，(1987)，《文体学概论》。湖南教育出版社。
章远荣，(1997)，“语篇的文体分析、语域分析和体裁分析” 《山东外语教学》1997年第3期。
黄国文，(1987)，《语篇分析概要》湖南教育出版社
黄振定，(1997)，“试论话语分析的三个标准”《外国语》1997年第5期。
程雨民，(1985)，《英语语体学》上海外语教育出版社。
戴炜华，(1999)，“语篇分析：评述与展望”《外语研究》1999年第4期。
鞠玉梅，(1999)，“汉英篇章中语法衔接手段及其文体效应” 《外语与外语教学》1999年第11期。