灾难新闻语域中搭配的功能分析
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摘要
本文着重研究预制性语言的一种典型形式——搭配。以搭配为代表的多词表达的意义是由语言因素和语言外因素共同作用形成的,因此代表功能理念的理论框架最能予以其极佳的诠释。对搭配在特定语域的功能分析表明,语言的三种元功能可以通过搭配来实现对语篇的构建,并在很多情况下,语域决定了搭配的共现规律。因此,搭配将根据其在话语构建中所体现的功能分为:概念搭配、人际搭配和语篇搭配。
事实上,搭配在构建语篇的过程中起着举足轻重的作用。它不仅是表征世界的有效手段,是将语言组织成包含有说话人/写作者和听者/读者的交际事件的资源,而且还是联系和组织语篇的重要纽带。本文将搭配与新闻语域的次语域——灾难新闻语域相连,以功能作为切入点,对灾难新闻中三种搭配进行功能分析。概念搭配以名词和动词短语的形式分别起到表征世界和构建话语常规化的作用;人际搭配通过交代新闻信息源建立新闻报道者与读者之间的关系;语篇搭配通过时间表达为组织衔接连贯的语篇作出贡献。
因此,根据理论论述和实例分析,本文得出如下结论:一灾难新闻语域有其典型的,常规的搭配形式,三种不同类型的搭配作为重要的词汇语法资源与灾难新闻语域有很大的相关性。二概念搭配、人际搭配和语篇搭配作为新闻记者报道灾难事件、体现新闻报道中的人际关系以及创造新闻语篇连贯性的词汇语法资源,在灾难新闻语篇构建的过程中发挥着不可替代的作用。
This study focuses on collocation, a particular type of prefabricated language. Since the meaning of such multi-word unit as collocation is shaped by the interplay of linguistic and extralinguistic factors, it can be best accounted for in a theoretical frame-work which represents a language-for-use conception. Functional analysis of collocation in certain register reveals that in most cases, register is responsible for the repetitive occurrence of collocation. Collocation can be classified according to functions in discourse, namely, ideational collocation, interpersonal collocation and textual collocation.
It is an undeniable fact that collocation plays a very important role in the construction of context. Collocation is not only an effective way to represent the world, a resource to form a communicative situation which involves both the speakers/writers and listeners/readers, but also an important tie to organize text. This study, correlating collocation with the sub-register of news—disaster news, provides a functional analysis of the three kinds of collocation. Ideational collocation which is in the form of nominal and verbal represents the world as well as reflects conventionalization of discourse; Interpersonal collocation manifests the relation between reporters and readers through reported speech and textual collocation makes contribution to the cohesion and coherence of text through temporal expression.
Based on the current research, the writer concludes that (1) register of disaster news has its own typical and conventional collocations and the above-mentioned three types of collocation correlate with the register of disaster news (2) ideational collocation, interpersonal collocation and textual collocation are important lexical-grammatical resources in reporting disaster news, reflecting relation between reporters and readers and constructing cohesive texts.
事实上,搭配在构建语篇的过程中起着举足轻重的作用。它不仅是表征世界的有效手段,是将语言组织成包含有说话人/写作者和听者/读者的交际事件的资源,而且还是联系和组织语篇的重要纽带。本文将搭配与新闻语域的次语域——灾难新闻语域相连,以功能作为切入点,对灾难新闻中三种搭配进行功能分析。概念搭配以名词和动词短语的形式分别起到表征世界和构建话语常规化的作用;人际搭配通过交代新闻信息源建立新闻报道者与读者之间的关系;语篇搭配通过时间表达为组织衔接连贯的语篇作出贡献。
因此,根据理论论述和实例分析,本文得出如下结论:一灾难新闻语域有其典型的,常规的搭配形式,三种不同类型的搭配作为重要的词汇语法资源与灾难新闻语域有很大的相关性。二概念搭配、人际搭配和语篇搭配作为新闻记者报道灾难事件、体现新闻报道中的人际关系以及创造新闻语篇连贯性的词汇语法资源,在灾难新闻语篇构建的过程中发挥着不可替代的作用。
This study focuses on collocation, a particular type of prefabricated language. Since the meaning of such multi-word unit as collocation is shaped by the interplay of linguistic and extralinguistic factors, it can be best accounted for in a theoretical frame-work which represents a language-for-use conception. Functional analysis of collocation in certain register reveals that in most cases, register is responsible for the repetitive occurrence of collocation. Collocation can be classified according to functions in discourse, namely, ideational collocation, interpersonal collocation and textual collocation.
It is an undeniable fact that collocation plays a very important role in the construction of context. Collocation is not only an effective way to represent the world, a resource to form a communicative situation which involves both the speakers/writers and listeners/readers, but also an important tie to organize text. This study, correlating collocation with the sub-register of news—disaster news, provides a functional analysis of the three kinds of collocation. Ideational collocation which is in the form of nominal and verbal represents the world as well as reflects conventionalization of discourse; Interpersonal collocation manifests the relation between reporters and readers through reported speech and textual collocation makes contribution to the cohesion and coherence of text through temporal expression.
Based on the current research, the writer concludes that (1) register of disaster news has its own typical and conventional collocations and the above-mentioned three types of collocation correlate with the register of disaster news (2) ideational collocation, interpersonal collocation and textual collocation are important lexical-grammatical resources in reporting disaster news, reflecting relation between reporters and readers and constructing cohesive texts.
引文
Biber, D. S, Johansson, G. Leech, S. Conrad and E. Finegan. 1999. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Bolinger, D. 1976. Meaning and Memory. Forum Linguisticum 1 (1): 1-14.
Butler, C. S. 1985.Systemic Linguistics: theory and applications. London: Batsford.
Coulmas, F. 1981. Introduction: conversational routines. In Coulmas, F (ed.). Conversational Routines: explorations in standardized communication situations and prepatterned speech: 1-17. The Hague: Mouton.
Fernando, C. 1996. Idioms and Idiomaticity. Oxford: OUP.
Firth, J. R. 1951. Modes of meaning. The English Association: Essays and Studies. John Murray. Reprinted in J. R. Firth, 1957a: 190-215.
Firth, J. R. 1952. Linguistic analysis as a study of meaning. In F.R, Palmer. 1968: 12-26.
Firth, J. R. 1957a. Papers in Linguistics, 1934 – 1951.Oxford: OUP.
Firth, J. R. 1957b. A Synopsis of Linguistic Theory, 1930-1955. Studies in Linguistic Analysis. London: Blackwell.
Halliday, M. A. K. 1966. Lexis as a linguistic level. In C. E. Bazell, J. C. Catford and M. A. K. Halliday (eds.). In Memory of Firth, London: Longman.
Halliday, M. A. K. 1973. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold.
Halliday, M. A. K. 1976. System and function in language. G.Kess (ed.). London: OUP.
Halliday, M. A. K. 1978. Language as a Social Semiotic: the social interpretation of language and meaning. London: Edward Arnold.
Halliday, M. A. K. 1994. An Introduction to Function Grammar (2nd edition). London: Edward Arnold. Halliday, M. A. K. An Introduction to Functional Grammar (2nd edition). London: Edward Arnold. 2000.
Halliday, M. A. K. and R. Hasan. 1985. Language, Context and Text: aspects of language in a social-semiotic perspective. Oxford: OUP.
Halliday, M. A. K. and R. Hasan. 2001. Cohesion in English. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Halliday, M. A. K., A. McIntosh and P. Strevens. 1964. The Linguistic Sciences and Language Teaching. (Longmans’ Linguistic Library). London: Longman.
Hasan, R. 1987. The grammarian’s dream: lexis as most delicate grammar. M. A. K. Halliday and R.P. Fawcett (eds.) London: Pinter.
Henderson, E. J. A. 1987. J. R. Firth in retrospect: a view from the eighties. In R. Steele and T. Threadgold (eds.), Language Topics: essays in honour of Michael Halliday. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Hill, J. 1999. Collocational Competence. ETP April.
Hoey, M. 1991. Patterns of Lexis in Text. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kjellmer, G. 1990. Theory and Practice in Corpus Linguistics. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
Lakoff, G. and M. Johnson. 1980. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
Leech, G.N. 1983.Principles of Pragmatics. London: Longman.
Lewis, M. 1997. Implementing the Lexical Approach: Putting Theory into Practice. Hove: Language Teaching Publications.
Lewis, M. 2000.Teaching Collocation: Further Development in the Lexical Approach. Hove: Language Teaching Publications.
Makkai, A. 1972. Idiom Structure in English. The Hague:Mouton.
Malinowski, B. 1923. The problem of meaning in primitive languages. Supplement 1 to C. K. Ogden and I.A. Richards, The Meaning of Meaning. New York: Harcout Brace & World: 296-336.
Malinowski, B. 1935. Coral Gardens and Their Magic. Vol. 2. London: Allen & Unwin.
Martin, J. R. 1992. English Text: system and structure. Philadelphia/ Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Martin, J. R. 2000. Beyond exhange: Appraisal system in English. In Hunston, S. & G. Thompson (eds.). Evaluation in Text: Authorial Stance and the Construction of Discourse. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Martin, J. R. & Rose, David. 2003. Working with Discourse. London & New York: Continuum,
McCarthy, M. J. 1995. Vocabulary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Moon, R. 1994. The analysis of fixed expressions in text. In M. Coulthard (ed.). Advances in Written Text Analysis: 117-135. London: Routledge.
Moon, R. 1998. Fixed Expressions and Idioms in English: a corpus-based approach. Oxford: OUP.
Nattinger, J. R. 1980. A Lexical Phrase Grammar for ESL. TESOL Quarterly.
Nattinger J. R. and J. S. Decarrico. 1992. Lexical Phrases and Language Teaching. Oxford: OUP.
Palmer, H. E. 1933. Second Interim report on English Collocations. Tokyo: Institute for Research in English Teaching: 7.
Reid, T. B. 1956. Linguistics, structuralism, philosophy. Archicum Linguisticum.: 28-37.
Sinclair, J. Mch. 1988. Sense and Structure in lexis. In J. D. Benson, M.J. Cummings and W. S. Greavers (eds.). Linguistics in a Systemic Perspective. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Sinclair, J. Mch. 1991. Corpus, Concordance, Collocation. Oxford: OUP.
Sinclair, J. Mch.1966. Beginning the Study of Lexis. In C.E. Bazell, J.C. Catford and M.A.K. Halliday (eds.): 410-430. London: Longman.
Strasler, J. 1982. Idioms in English: a pragmatic analysis. Tubingen: Verlag.
Weinreich, U. 1969. Problems in the analysis of idioms. In Puhvel, J. (ed.). The Substance and Structure of Language. Berkeley: University of California Press: 23-81.
陈菊, 2006, 英语习语研究,上海外语教育出版社。
丁建新,2000, 语法学家之梦-----‘词汇作为最精密的语法’述评,现代外语,第 4 期。
丁建新,2007,预制性语言在广告语域中的话语分析,上海外语教育出版社。
黄国文,2000, Halliday 系统功能语言学 40 年发展述评,外语教学研究,第 1 期。
李国庆.2002,弗斯语言学视野中的搭配研究:理论、描述方法及个案分析,外语教学,第 1 期。
孙文荣,1998,韩礼德的语域理论对外语教学的启示,汉中师范学院学报,第 2 期。
孙文荣, 王录,1998,略论韩礼德的语域理论,河南职技师院学报,第 2 期。
卫乃兴,2002,词语搭配的界定与研究体系,上海交通大学出版社。
杨玉晨,1999,英语词汇的“板块”性及其对英语教学的启示,外语界,第 3 期。
朱永升,严世清,2005,系统功能语言学多维思考,上海外语教育出版社。
Bolinger, D. 1976. Meaning and Memory. Forum Linguisticum 1 (1): 1-14.
Butler, C. S. 1985.Systemic Linguistics: theory and applications. London: Batsford.
Coulmas, F. 1981. Introduction: conversational routines. In Coulmas, F (ed.). Conversational Routines: explorations in standardized communication situations and prepatterned speech: 1-17. The Hague: Mouton.
Fernando, C. 1996. Idioms and Idiomaticity. Oxford: OUP.
Firth, J. R. 1951. Modes of meaning. The English Association: Essays and Studies. John Murray. Reprinted in J. R. Firth, 1957a: 190-215.
Firth, J. R. 1952. Linguistic analysis as a study of meaning. In F.R, Palmer. 1968: 12-26.
Firth, J. R. 1957a. Papers in Linguistics, 1934 – 1951.Oxford: OUP.
Firth, J. R. 1957b. A Synopsis of Linguistic Theory, 1930-1955. Studies in Linguistic Analysis. London: Blackwell.
Halliday, M. A. K. 1966. Lexis as a linguistic level. In C. E. Bazell, J. C. Catford and M. A. K. Halliday (eds.). In Memory of Firth, London: Longman.
Halliday, M. A. K. 1973. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold.
Halliday, M. A. K. 1976. System and function in language. G.Kess (ed.). London: OUP.
Halliday, M. A. K. 1978. Language as a Social Semiotic: the social interpretation of language and meaning. London: Edward Arnold.
Halliday, M. A. K. 1994. An Introduction to Function Grammar (2nd edition). London: Edward Arnold. Halliday, M. A. K. An Introduction to Functional Grammar (2nd edition). London: Edward Arnold. 2000.
Halliday, M. A. K. and R. Hasan. 1985. Language, Context and Text: aspects of language in a social-semiotic perspective. Oxford: OUP.
Halliday, M. A. K. and R. Hasan. 2001. Cohesion in English. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Halliday, M. A. K., A. McIntosh and P. Strevens. 1964. The Linguistic Sciences and Language Teaching. (Longmans’ Linguistic Library). London: Longman.
Hasan, R. 1987. The grammarian’s dream: lexis as most delicate grammar. M. A. K. Halliday and R.P. Fawcett (eds.) London: Pinter.
Henderson, E. J. A. 1987. J. R. Firth in retrospect: a view from the eighties. In R. Steele and T. Threadgold (eds.), Language Topics: essays in honour of Michael Halliday. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Hill, J. 1999. Collocational Competence. ETP April.
Hoey, M. 1991. Patterns of Lexis in Text. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kjellmer, G. 1990. Theory and Practice in Corpus Linguistics. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
Lakoff, G. and M. Johnson. 1980. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
Leech, G.N. 1983.Principles of Pragmatics. London: Longman.
Lewis, M. 1997. Implementing the Lexical Approach: Putting Theory into Practice. Hove: Language Teaching Publications.
Lewis, M. 2000.Teaching Collocation: Further Development in the Lexical Approach. Hove: Language Teaching Publications.
Makkai, A. 1972. Idiom Structure in English. The Hague:Mouton.
Malinowski, B. 1923. The problem of meaning in primitive languages. Supplement 1 to C. K. Ogden and I.A. Richards, The Meaning of Meaning. New York: Harcout Brace & World: 296-336.
Malinowski, B. 1935. Coral Gardens and Their Magic. Vol. 2. London: Allen & Unwin.
Martin, J. R. 1992. English Text: system and structure. Philadelphia/ Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Martin, J. R. 2000. Beyond exhange: Appraisal system in English. In Hunston, S. & G. Thompson (eds.). Evaluation in Text: Authorial Stance and the Construction of Discourse. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Martin, J. R. & Rose, David. 2003. Working with Discourse. London & New York: Continuum,
McCarthy, M. J. 1995. Vocabulary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Moon, R. 1994. The analysis of fixed expressions in text. In M. Coulthard (ed.). Advances in Written Text Analysis: 117-135. London: Routledge.
Moon, R. 1998. Fixed Expressions and Idioms in English: a corpus-based approach. Oxford: OUP.
Nattinger, J. R. 1980. A Lexical Phrase Grammar for ESL. TESOL Quarterly.
Nattinger J. R. and J. S. Decarrico. 1992. Lexical Phrases and Language Teaching. Oxford: OUP.
Palmer, H. E. 1933. Second Interim report on English Collocations. Tokyo: Institute for Research in English Teaching: 7.
Reid, T. B. 1956. Linguistics, structuralism, philosophy. Archicum Linguisticum.: 28-37.
Sinclair, J. Mch. 1988. Sense and Structure in lexis. In J. D. Benson, M.J. Cummings and W. S. Greavers (eds.). Linguistics in a Systemic Perspective. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Sinclair, J. Mch. 1991. Corpus, Concordance, Collocation. Oxford: OUP.
Sinclair, J. Mch.1966. Beginning the Study of Lexis. In C.E. Bazell, J.C. Catford and M.A.K. Halliday (eds.): 410-430. London: Longman.
Strasler, J. 1982. Idioms in English: a pragmatic analysis. Tubingen: Verlag.
Weinreich, U. 1969. Problems in the analysis of idioms. In Puhvel, J. (ed.). The Substance and Structure of Language. Berkeley: University of California Press: 23-81.
陈菊, 2006, 英语习语研究,上海外语教育出版社。
丁建新,2000, 语法学家之梦-----‘词汇作为最精密的语法’述评,现代外语,第 4 期。
丁建新,2007,预制性语言在广告语域中的话语分析,上海外语教育出版社。
黄国文,2000, Halliday 系统功能语言学 40 年发展述评,外语教学研究,第 1 期。
李国庆.2002,弗斯语言学视野中的搭配研究:理论、描述方法及个案分析,外语教学,第 1 期。
孙文荣,1998,韩礼德的语域理论对外语教学的启示,汉中师范学院学报,第 2 期。
孙文荣, 王录,1998,略论韩礼德的语域理论,河南职技师院学报,第 2 期。
卫乃兴,2002,词语搭配的界定与研究体系,上海交通大学出版社。
杨玉晨,1999,英语词汇的“板块”性及其对英语教学的启示,外语界,第 3 期。
朱永升,严世清,2005,系统功能语言学多维思考,上海外语教育出版社。