基于系统功能语言学的语言决策研究
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摘要
20世纪60年代至今,语言决策研究登上学术舞台已逾半个世纪。经过80年代的短暂停滞,语言领域中出现的新问题促使语言决策研究拓展其原有领域,90年代起重新走进人们的视野,并逐渐成为语言学界的关注热点之一。语言决策研究在西方仍属于新兴学科,在我国起步则更晚,研究成果还不多。
我国学界在语言决策研究领域的问题主要体现在以下方面：(1)语言决策研究大多属于调查或综述性质,有理论介入的研究不多。(2)研究大多以社会因素入手,从外部视角切入,从语言理论的角度研究语言决策的成果还不多。(3)对决策实施过程以及期间出现的问题关注不够,针对这方面的研究成果较少。
语言决策是关于语言选择的科学,而依据系统功能语言‘学,语言是可以进行选择的意义潜势。两者核心理念的契合为理论应用奠定了基础。系统功能语言学核心思想与Spolsky的语言决策三分法有机结合,能够更有效地考察语言决策实施过程,解析在此期间可能出现的问题。鉴于此,本研究从意义学的视角介入语言决策研究,利用系统功能语言学的核心思想探讨语言决策的三个关键层面：语言实践、语言认识和语言管理。致力于回答三个问题：(1)如何将系统功能语言学的核心思想进行适当筛选和组合,构建有助于语言决策研究的理论基础。(2)如何通过系统功能语言学的核心思想分析语言决策的特点,以便服务于语言干预过程。(3)如何通过所构建的理论思想剖析新中国建国后的若干典型语言政策,分析在其实施过程中出现的问题,并给出相应的改进建议。
首先,应用级阶理论初步建立语言决策的级阶模型,为语言决策研究的系统功能途径奠定基础。利用元功能思想解析语言决策,找出功能描写在语言决策中的实现方法。之后再利用功能、系统、层次、语境、盖然率等系统功能语言学核心思想，分别从内部结构和外部关系两个视角剖析语言决策,并力求得出一些可以应用于实践的有效结论。
其次,语言决策的诸多特点随理论介入逐渐显现,且随着理论应用的深入,我们发现语言决策越来越多的特征,即：(1)语言‘决策是意义潜势,且是比语言层次更高、包含因素更复杂的意义综合。(2)语言决策是一个由语言实践、语言认识和语言‘管理三部分组成的有机统一的动态过程,三个因素相互作用、相互影响。(3)语言决策是一个有丰富系统的多面体,每一个方面都有其独特的成分和结构。
另外,我们选取了建国以来中国语言决策领域的典型事件,主要关注其在实施过程中出现的问题,并根据之前的理论思考对其进行分析,提出我们的看法和建议。
文章主要包括三个部分。
第一部分包括1、2、3章。第一章主要介绍了研究背景、研究意义、研究目的等。第二章主要介绍语言决策研究领域的研究现状：包括其简要发展脉络,语言决策、语言规划等基本概念界定,50年来语言决策领域的重要思想和观点梳理等。第三章主要阐释系统功能语言学应用于语言决策研究的理据。这一部分的主要目的是发现问题。
第二部分包括4、5章。第四章利用级阶思想和元功能思想介入语言决策研究,为功能描写奠定基础,属于总体的理论思考。第五章分别利用功能、系统、层次、语境、盖然率等系统功能核心思想进一步介入语言决策研究,分析其在新视角下呈现的特点,并得出一些具体的理论探讨之途径。这一部分主要是将系统功能语言学核心思想和Spolsky语言决策思想相结合,逐步构建观察语言决策的理论视角。这一部分为理论探讨。
第三部分包括6、7、8章。第六章主要解析建国初期我国采纳的重要语言决策,主要关注其在实施过程中出现的问题,并根据我们的理论视角探讨其原因,并给出建议。第七章选取改革开放以后我国语言决策领域的典型案例(网络语言决策、外语字母词决策和中国姓名外译决策)进行分析,同样关注其在实施过程中产生的问题,结合我们的视角对其进行分析,并给出合理建议。第八章是结语,本章总结全文内容和观点,指出研究局限和不足。这一部分主要是利用理论观点解决问题。
Language policy has been a research topic for linguists for more than half a century. After a brief stagnation in the1980s, language policy research has once again gained momentum since the1990s, reclaiming itself as a focus for academic investigation. A new discipline in western academia as it is, language policy research in China starts even later.
The deficiency of Chinese research on language policy is mainly manifested in the following aspects. First, many Chinese scholars' language policy research is carried out in a fashion of survey and summary, which lacks theoretical intervention in the field. Second, Chinese scholars often conduct their language policy research from an external perspective, focusing on the examination of social factors involved, which lacks an internal perspective from linguistic theory. Third, language policy researchers in China have scarcely paid attention to the implementation process and problems arisen in this process.
Language policy is defined as a science about language choice, which corresponds with the fundamental idea in Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL henceforth) that language is a meaning potential from which choices could be made. Such correspondence in core ideas has laid a foundation for theory application. A theoretical alliance of core ideas in SFL and Spolsky's tripartite division of language policy can offer us a better access to examine the implementation process of language policy, along with its possible problems. Based on the above reasons, our research approaches the topic from the perspective of semiotics, analyzing three key components of language policy (language practice, language ideology and language management). We set out to answer three questions in the dissertation. One, with proper selection and combination of core ideas in SFL, how can we appropriately constitute a theoretical foundation to approach language policy? Two, what characteristics of language policy can be revealed during this process, which may be instrumental in language intervention? Three, with this new approach, how can we analyze problems which have arisen during the implementation process of some Chinese language policies?
We choose to apply rank scale to language policy first, which lays a solid foundation for SFL application. Next, we choose to approach language policy with metafunction, which offers an access to realize functional description. After that, we choose to apply the thoughts of function, system, stratification, context and probability one by one, analyzing language policy from both internal and external perspectives.
We then discover that the characteristics of language policy gradually reveal themselves with the deepening of SFL application into the field:language policy is a meaning potential from which distinct choices could be made to exert impact on language use; language policy is a tripartite dynamic process in which the three major components (namely language practice, language ideology and language management) are constantly influencing each other and functioning as a unified whole; language policy is a multi-faceted entity in which every aspect has its own unique composition and structure.
Finally we selected two typical cases in Chinese language policy since the founding of People's Republic of China (P.R.C. henceforth), analyzing problems arisen during the process of implementation from the SFL perspective.
The dissertation is divided into three parts.
The first part includes Chapter1, Chapter2and Chapter3. Chapter1gives an introduction to some basic information of the dissertation, such as background of the research, significance of the research, purpose of the research etc. Chapter2is the literature review, which includes major ingredients like a brief history of language policy research, definitions of basic terms such as language policy and language planning, and a short account of influential thoughts and ideas concerning language policy in the past fifty years. Chapter3justifies the possibility of approaching language policy from the SFL perspective. The first part can be viewed as a process of locating problems.
The second part embraces Chapter4and Chapter5. Chapter4applies rank scale and metafunction to language policy research, providing a foundation and access for functional description. Chapter5further applies the thoughts of function, system, stratification, context and probability to language policy, trying to analyze features of language policy shown in new perspectives and search for practical guidance. This part can be viewed as a theoretical discussion.
The third part is composed of Chapter6. Chapter7and Chapter8. With the new approach. Chapter6examines important language policies in early years of P.R.C. The research is mainly directed at problems occurred during the process of implementation of language policies, trying to approach the problem in our perspective and propose relevant suggestions. Chapter7investigates language policies on cyber words, on pure lettered words and on translation of Chinese names after the country adopted Reform and Opening-up policy in1978. In this Chapter, we continue to focus on problems arisen during the implementation process, in hope of locating reasons for the failure of language policy and provide practical guidance and suggestions. Chapter8concludes the whole dissertation and proposes problems for future studies.
我国学界在语言决策研究领域的问题主要体现在以下方面：(1)语言决策研究大多属于调查或综述性质,有理论介入的研究不多。(2)研究大多以社会因素入手,从外部视角切入,从语言理论的角度研究语言决策的成果还不多。(3)对决策实施过程以及期间出现的问题关注不够,针对这方面的研究成果较少。
语言决策是关于语言选择的科学,而依据系统功能语言‘学,语言是可以进行选择的意义潜势。两者核心理念的契合为理论应用奠定了基础。系统功能语言学核心思想与Spolsky的语言决策三分法有机结合,能够更有效地考察语言决策实施过程,解析在此期间可能出现的问题。鉴于此,本研究从意义学的视角介入语言决策研究,利用系统功能语言学的核心思想探讨语言决策的三个关键层面：语言实践、语言认识和语言管理。致力于回答三个问题：(1)如何将系统功能语言学的核心思想进行适当筛选和组合,构建有助于语言决策研究的理论基础。(2)如何通过系统功能语言学的核心思想分析语言决策的特点,以便服务于语言干预过程。(3)如何通过所构建的理论思想剖析新中国建国后的若干典型语言政策,分析在其实施过程中出现的问题,并给出相应的改进建议。
首先,应用级阶理论初步建立语言决策的级阶模型,为语言决策研究的系统功能途径奠定基础。利用元功能思想解析语言决策,找出功能描写在语言决策中的实现方法。之后再利用功能、系统、层次、语境、盖然率等系统功能语言学核心思想，分别从内部结构和外部关系两个视角剖析语言决策,并力求得出一些可以应用于实践的有效结论。
其次,语言决策的诸多特点随理论介入逐渐显现,且随着理论应用的深入,我们发现语言决策越来越多的特征,即：(1)语言‘决策是意义潜势,且是比语言层次更高、包含因素更复杂的意义综合。(2)语言决策是一个由语言实践、语言认识和语言‘管理三部分组成的有机统一的动态过程,三个因素相互作用、相互影响。(3)语言决策是一个有丰富系统的多面体,每一个方面都有其独特的成分和结构。
另外,我们选取了建国以来中国语言决策领域的典型事件,主要关注其在实施过程中出现的问题,并根据之前的理论思考对其进行分析,提出我们的看法和建议。
文章主要包括三个部分。
第一部分包括1、2、3章。第一章主要介绍了研究背景、研究意义、研究目的等。第二章主要介绍语言决策研究领域的研究现状：包括其简要发展脉络,语言决策、语言规划等基本概念界定,50年来语言决策领域的重要思想和观点梳理等。第三章主要阐释系统功能语言学应用于语言决策研究的理据。这一部分的主要目的是发现问题。
第二部分包括4、5章。第四章利用级阶思想和元功能思想介入语言决策研究,为功能描写奠定基础,属于总体的理论思考。第五章分别利用功能、系统、层次、语境、盖然率等系统功能核心思想进一步介入语言决策研究,分析其在新视角下呈现的特点,并得出一些具体的理论探讨之途径。这一部分主要是将系统功能语言学核心思想和Spolsky语言决策思想相结合,逐步构建观察语言决策的理论视角。这一部分为理论探讨。
第三部分包括6、7、8章。第六章主要解析建国初期我国采纳的重要语言决策,主要关注其在实施过程中出现的问题,并根据我们的理论视角探讨其原因,并给出建议。第七章选取改革开放以后我国语言决策领域的典型案例(网络语言决策、外语字母词决策和中国姓名外译决策)进行分析,同样关注其在实施过程中产生的问题,结合我们的视角对其进行分析,并给出合理建议。第八章是结语,本章总结全文内容和观点,指出研究局限和不足。这一部分主要是利用理论观点解决问题。
Language policy has been a research topic for linguists for more than half a century. After a brief stagnation in the1980s, language policy research has once again gained momentum since the1990s, reclaiming itself as a focus for academic investigation. A new discipline in western academia as it is, language policy research in China starts even later.
The deficiency of Chinese research on language policy is mainly manifested in the following aspects. First, many Chinese scholars' language policy research is carried out in a fashion of survey and summary, which lacks theoretical intervention in the field. Second, Chinese scholars often conduct their language policy research from an external perspective, focusing on the examination of social factors involved, which lacks an internal perspective from linguistic theory. Third, language policy researchers in China have scarcely paid attention to the implementation process and problems arisen in this process.
Language policy is defined as a science about language choice, which corresponds with the fundamental idea in Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL henceforth) that language is a meaning potential from which choices could be made. Such correspondence in core ideas has laid a foundation for theory application. A theoretical alliance of core ideas in SFL and Spolsky's tripartite division of language policy can offer us a better access to examine the implementation process of language policy, along with its possible problems. Based on the above reasons, our research approaches the topic from the perspective of semiotics, analyzing three key components of language policy (language practice, language ideology and language management). We set out to answer three questions in the dissertation. One, with proper selection and combination of core ideas in SFL, how can we appropriately constitute a theoretical foundation to approach language policy? Two, what characteristics of language policy can be revealed during this process, which may be instrumental in language intervention? Three, with this new approach, how can we analyze problems which have arisen during the implementation process of some Chinese language policies?
We choose to apply rank scale to language policy first, which lays a solid foundation for SFL application. Next, we choose to approach language policy with metafunction, which offers an access to realize functional description. After that, we choose to apply the thoughts of function, system, stratification, context and probability one by one, analyzing language policy from both internal and external perspectives.
We then discover that the characteristics of language policy gradually reveal themselves with the deepening of SFL application into the field:language policy is a meaning potential from which distinct choices could be made to exert impact on language use; language policy is a tripartite dynamic process in which the three major components (namely language practice, language ideology and language management) are constantly influencing each other and functioning as a unified whole; language policy is a multi-faceted entity in which every aspect has its own unique composition and structure.
Finally we selected two typical cases in Chinese language policy since the founding of People's Republic of China (P.R.C. henceforth), analyzing problems arisen during the process of implementation from the SFL perspective.
The dissertation is divided into three parts.
The first part includes Chapter1, Chapter2and Chapter3. Chapter1gives an introduction to some basic information of the dissertation, such as background of the research, significance of the research, purpose of the research etc. Chapter2is the literature review, which includes major ingredients like a brief history of language policy research, definitions of basic terms such as language policy and language planning, and a short account of influential thoughts and ideas concerning language policy in the past fifty years. Chapter3justifies the possibility of approaching language policy from the SFL perspective. The first part can be viewed as a process of locating problems.
The second part embraces Chapter4and Chapter5. Chapter4applies rank scale and metafunction to language policy research, providing a foundation and access for functional description. Chapter5further applies the thoughts of function, system, stratification, context and probability to language policy, trying to analyze features of language policy shown in new perspectives and search for practical guidance. This part can be viewed as a theoretical discussion.
The third part is composed of Chapter6. Chapter7and Chapter8. With the new approach. Chapter6examines important language policies in early years of P.R.C. The research is mainly directed at problems occurred during the process of implementation of language policies, trying to approach the problem in our perspective and propose relevant suggestions. Chapter7investigates language policies on cyber words, on pure lettered words and on translation of Chinese names after the country adopted Reform and Opening-up policy in1978. In this Chapter, we continue to focus on problems arisen during the implementation process, in hope of locating reasons for the failure of language policy and provide practical guidance and suggestions. Chapter8concludes the whole dissertation and proposes problems for future studies.
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