中国本土文化背景下的隐喻认知观研究
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摘要
20世纪70年代末80年代初,以Lakoff、Langacker等为代表的认知学者在对乔姆斯基的转换生成语法的反动思潮中,异军突起,开启了语言研究的认知时代。1980年Lakoff&Johnson发表的合著《我们赖以生存的隐喻》(Metaphors WeLiveBy),更是将隐喻解读为根植于人类思维的认知工具,并通过其隐喻概念建构成一个庞大的“隐喻帝国”,从而在国际上掀起了一股“隐喻狂热”。国内学者在跟踪、介绍和引进该理论的同时,较多的是从中国的典籍语料中找寻相关文献,对该理论进行佐证,但是进行理性批判的并不多,从而导致一种“集体失语”的状态。
     本文试图以一种理性客观的态度,对Lakoff的隐喻理论进行审视和反思。其中包括对国内外隐喻研究成果的回顾,中西隐喻的对比,对概念隐喻及隐喻认知功能等方面的再思考,明确提出中国本土化隐喻认知观自主创新的观点。
     在剖析Lakoff概念隐喻过程中发现,其理论存在着很多的矛盾和问题。比如,隐喻概念理论定义中存在的问题;其哲学基础——体验哲学的三项原则中的第一项和第三项之间存在着抵牾和悖论;概念隐喻和隐喻表达之间的诸多矛盾无法得到圆满的解释;基本隐喻中的问题;隐喻概念理解中的不合理性;物理文化经验基础与内部结构连贯性的缺陷;隐喻映射机制中的矛盾;隐喻相似性中的矛盾都还存有很多漏洞;Lakoff把隐喻概念扎根于思维,并让人类的行为也渲染上隐喻的色彩,其思维和行为的隐喻性言过其实等。这些论述或者论断都还有待于商榷。除了上文所说的概念隐喻在实质内容上存在着矛盾和问题之外,隐喻理论的论证中同样存在着大量的问题。所有这些问题和矛盾使得对西方的这种隐喻理论深存疑虑之时,也萌生了构建自己“本土化”认知理论框架的想法。
     Lakoff隐喻理论的认知功能中也存在着大量的问题和矛盾。而在中国传统的文化观念里,许多著名论断表明,隐喻即使存在,也只可能存在于一定的范围之内,而西方的隐喻认知理论却被无限的放大,以至于整个人类世界都是隐喻的,人们离开了隐喻便无法生存,这无疑是很不合适的。本文则认为隐喻的实质就是比较。如果通过隐喻进行认知,其结果无法融合,从根本上否定了本体认知的存在,而中国文化恰恰强调的正是这种本体认知,这种结论是否表明中国人根本就没有认知呢?此外,汉语认知中的特征在西方的这种隐喻认知理论中都被忽略掉了,诸如汉语认知对于高语境的依赖,还有中国人认知中强烈的情感意识都具有中国文化特征的因子。在对隐喻认知理论的研究中,所有这些认知特征都要求,保持理性的思维和态度是前提条件。
     在对西方隐喻认知理论剖析的同时,不可否认,西方的理论也提供了一个值得借鉴的思路——对语言的认知研究。这就要求从本土的典籍语料中找寻相关的理论依据。从庄子“三言”出发,在“物我合一,丧我即道”的本真之中追寻哲学根源,使“寓意于言”的管道隐喻成为一种认知道体的思维方式,是隐喻产生的中国化叙述方式。这为构建本土化隐喻认知观打下坚实的基础。
     依照认知范式构建本土化的理论体系,从而在“学术中国化”的理念下做出一定的努力和尝试。一定意义上,这是本文的研究目的和意义所在,同时,冯友兰在讲到中国学术的现代化时,提出了“照着讲”和“接着讲”两种思路,因此本文则尝试提出“另起炉灶”的理念,以先秦的子学兼顾经学的方式来探索一条西方学术本土化的路径。
     本文的创新点在于对中国先秦诸子语言哲学进行梳理的基础上,发现庄子的寓言是隐喻的中国化叙述方式,而荀子的“心识”认识论是从本土文化出发,构建中国的语言哲学理论,在与西方的隐喻认知理论的比较中也有着自己的理论框架和特色。
     本文的意义在于,在中国本土文化的背景下,对西方理论进行理性的批判,并找寻适合中国本土认知观的发展道路,从而为学术中国化尽一点自己的绵薄之力,最终摆脱一直跟着别人跑的研究窘状,实现自主创新的构想。
As emerging cognitive linguistic scholars of the late1970s and early1980s, Lakoff and Langacker presented an oppositional view to Chomsky's Transformational-Generative Grammar in1980. In their book, Metaphors We Live By, Lakoff and Johnson defined metaphor as a cognitive tool rooted in the human mind, constructing a huge "Metaphor Empire" through the metaphorical concept; their researches even caused a "metaphor mania". When the theory was introduced into China, Chinese scholars, instead of giving more rational criticisms, made more efforts to find related references and proofs in Chinese literature, which resulted in a "collective aphasia"
     This paper makes an effort to review Lakoff s metaphor theory in a more objective manner, and analyze it in terms of conceptual metaphor. Various research methods, both domestic and abroad, are critiqued, with an emphasis on finding differences in terms of conceptual metaphor, metaphorical cognition, and most importantly, methodology to better fit the research in the Chinese context.
     It is found that Lakoff s conceptual metaphor theory has quite a number of contradictions and problems, for example, problematic definition of conceptual metaphor theory, paradox between the first and the third principles among its philosophical basis, various contradictions between conceptual metaphor and metaphorical expression, problems in primary metaphors, irrationality for understanding conceptual metaphors, defects of physical cultural experiential basis and internal coherence, as well as among metaphorical mapping mechanism and metaphorical resemblances. Besides, Lakoff is trapped in his own logic that metaphor influences human actions, and even in metaphors in terms of which people both think and act. But actually his conclusions, his proofs and the ways of proving, are not convincing. All these prompt a motivation to set up a localized framework for the theory in the Chinese context.
     Lakoff s metaphorical cognition is not without problems, either. Many classical Chinese quotes indicate that, metaphor exists in a limited scope. However, the role of western metaphorical cognition has been enlarged beyond limit, resulting in the universal metaphor in our world. That is not the case. In this paper, metaphor, by its nature, is defined as comparison; cognition through metaphorical thinking would cause results that deny the very existence of cognitive essence, which is essential in the traditional Chinese culture. Lakoff's theory would then deprive the Chinese people of their metaphorical cognition. Besides, the cognitive features like Chinese cognitive dependence in a high-context culture are simply ignored along his line of thought. All these make a critical review of his theory necessary in metaphorical researches.
     When we deconstruct the theory of metaphorical cognition, there is no denying that this western theory provides a useful method—a cognitive study of language. But theoretical supports from the native literature are needed. According to the "three speeches" theory of Chuang Tzu, the philosophical root is pursued in the nature of "Unity of the being and the self, Taoism of losing self, which enables the conduit metaphor as "Connotation lies in Speech" to be a thinking mode of the Taosit Body, and becomes a Sinicized narrative mode that metaphors come into being. These should be a foundation for constructing the localized metaphorical cognition.
     Towards that direction, this paper attempts to follow the more recent drive to realize what is known as the "Academic Sinicization". In a certain sense, these efforts capture the aims and significance of this research. This paper, meanwhile, agrees with what Feng Youlan proposed:"follow to talk" and "continue to talk". In addition, this paper tries to find a new route to localize western theories based on the review of Chinese Pre-Qin Zi Theory and Jing Theory.
     In this paper, a sinicized narrative mode is also provided for Chuang Tzu's fable, with reviewing language philosophy of Pre-Qin Chinese Scholars, especially Hsun Tzu's epistemology of "Mind and Things" from native culture. That leads to the construction of a Chinese theory of language philosophy, its own theoretical construct and characteristics different from the western metaphorical cognitive theory.
     The significance of this paper lies in the construction of a proper perspective and reasonable way to help develop Chinese localized cognition through the combination of the criticism of the western conceptual theory and the assimilation of the oriental cultural background.
引文
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