高中英语应试作文错误的阅卷评判研究
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摘要
错误分析作为应用语言学的一个重要分支，无疑在第二语言的教与学中作出了许多贡献。它不仅能帮助我们了解学习者对第二语言掌握的程度以及学习的策略，而且还可以帮助教师了解学生学习中共同的问题所在，对促进教师的教学及学生的学习具有重要意义。
尽管对于英语为第二语言学习者的写作错误已有众多研究，但对写作错误的量化研究却很有限，在国内更为少见。为此，本文从采集数据入手，借助错误分析和阅卷评判，对辽宁省2005年高考学生的作文样本进行数理统计。结果表明，语内因素和语际因素是导致错误的两个主要原因，而且由于本族语干扰造成的语言错误较语际错误相对显著。因此，本文主要就母语的负迁移和目标语的学习策略进行讨论。通过讨论，本文提出了相应的更正方法，以及对英语写作教学的一些启示。在文章的最后，我们也同样指出了本文所存在的一些不足，以供后来的研究者参考和借鉴。
Error analysis as a branch of Applied Linguistics, undoubtedly has made many contributions to the (?)ndy on second lang,age learning. It not (?)ly throws some light on the process of second language learning, but also helps us gain some insights into the strategies the learner employs in the learning process. A careful study of the errors will reveal the common characteristics shared by the language learners, which is believed to be of great help to both the language teachers and the language learners.
Although a great many researches on EFL writing errors appear, the quantitative researches are limited, let alone in China. Therefore, this thesis beginning with collecting data, analyzes the written production sampled from examination essays written by high school students in NMET 2005 in Liao Ning Province through error analysis and the assessment and perception of these essays by raters.. The analysis shows that interlingual and intralingual errors are two major types, with the former playing a more prominent role than the latter. Therefore, this thesis focuses on the negative transfer of the mother tongue and the learning strategies of the learners. Following the analysis and discussion, relevant error correction methods and pedagogical suggestion are put forward. At the end of the whole thesis, the researcher also points out some limitations provided for the future researchers.
尽管对于英语为第二语言学习者的写作错误已有众多研究，但对写作错误的量化研究却很有限，在国内更为少见。为此，本文从采集数据入手，借助错误分析和阅卷评判，对辽宁省2005年高考学生的作文样本进行数理统计。结果表明，语内因素和语际因素是导致错误的两个主要原因，而且由于本族语干扰造成的语言错误较语际错误相对显著。因此，本文主要就母语的负迁移和目标语的学习策略进行讨论。通过讨论，本文提出了相应的更正方法，以及对英语写作教学的一些启示。在文章的最后，我们也同样指出了本文所存在的一些不足，以供后来的研究者参考和借鉴。
Error analysis as a branch of Applied Linguistics, undoubtedly has made many contributions to the (?)ndy on second lang,age learning. It not (?)ly throws some light on the process of second language learning, but also helps us gain some insights into the strategies the learner employs in the learning process. A careful study of the errors will reveal the common characteristics shared by the language learners, which is believed to be of great help to both the language teachers and the language learners.
Although a great many researches on EFL writing errors appear, the quantitative researches are limited, let alone in China. Therefore, this thesis beginning with collecting data, analyzes the written production sampled from examination essays written by high school students in NMET 2005 in Liao Ning Province through error analysis and the assessment and perception of these essays by raters.. The analysis shows that interlingual and intralingual errors are two major types, with the former playing a more prominent role than the latter. Therefore, this thesis focuses on the negative transfer of the mother tongue and the learning strategies of the learners. Following the analysis and discussion, relevant error correction methods and pedagogical suggestion are put forward. At the end of the whole thesis, the researcher also points out some limitations provided for the future researchers.
引文
Allwright, D. & K. Bailey. 1991. Focus on the language classroom. Cambridge, UK; Cambridge University Press
Allwright, R. L. 1975. "Problems in the Study of the Language; Teacher's Treatment of Learner Error". In Burt and Dulay (eds.)
Bachman, L.F. Lynch, B.K. & Mason, M. (1995). Investigating Variability in Tasks and Rater Judgments in a" Perfonnance Test of Foreign Language Speaking. Language Testing, 12, 238-257.
Brown, H. D. 1994. Principles of Language Learning and Teaching. Pearson Hall Regents,203.
Burt, M. & C. and Kiparsky, 1974. The Gooficon: A Repair Manual for English. Newbury House, Rowley, MA, 73.
Carlson, S.B., Bridgement, B., Camp, R. & Wanders, J. (1985). The relationship of Admission Test Scores to Writing Performance of Native and Nonnative Speakers of English. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.
Calve, P.C. 1992. The Canadian Modern Language Review. 48:458-471
Chaudron, C. 1988. Second Language Classrooms. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Chen, S.Q. (1990). A Study of Communication Strategies in Interlanguage Production by Chinese EFL Learners. Language Learning, 40,155-187.
Cohen, A.& M. Robbins, 1976. "Towards assessing Interlanguage performance the relationship between selected errors, learner's characteristics and learner's explanations". Language Learning 26; 45-66 and Robbins, 1976)
Connor. U. and Lauer, J. (1985). Understanding Persuasive Essay Writing: Linguistic/Rhetorical Approach. Text, 5, 309-326.
Connor-Linton, J. (1995). Looking Behind the Curtain: What Do L2 Composition Ratings Really Mean? TESOL Quarterly, 29, 762—765.
Corder, S. P. 1967. "The significance of learners'errors". In Jack C. Richards (ed.) 1974. Error Analysis. 2: 19—30. kongman Singapore Publishers (Pte) Ltd.
Corder, S. P. 1973. Introducing Applied Linguistics. Harmondsworth, Miidlesex: Penguin Books.
Corder, S. P. 1981. Error Analysis and Interlanguage. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 21, 42-3
Corder, S. P. "Idiosyncratic Dialects and Error Analysis" In Richards (ed.): 158-171. 1974.
Davidson, F. (1993). Testing English across cultures: summary and comments. Wold Englishes, 12, 113—125.
Davidson, F. (1994). The Interlanguage Metaphor and Language Assessment. World Englishes, 13, 377—386.
Douglas, B. 1994. Principles of Language Learning and Teaching. (3rd.ed.) New Jersey: Prentice Hall Regents, 203-204
Ellis, R. 1994. The Study of Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hamp-kyons, L. (1989). Raters Respond to Rhetoric in Writing. In Dechert, H. W. & Raupach, M. (eds.) Interlingual Processes (pp. 229—244). Tubingen: Gunter Narr Verlag.
Hamp-Lyons, L.(1991a). Basic concepts. In Hamp-Lyons, L. (ed.). Assessing Second Language Writing in Academic Contexts (pp. 5—15). Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation.
Hamp-Lyons, L, (1991b). Pre-text: Task-related influences on the writer. In Hamp-Lyons, L. (ed.) Assessing Second Language Writing in Academic Contexts (pp. 87—107). Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation.
Hamp-Lyons, L. (1991c). Scoring Procedures for ESL Contexts. In Hamp-Lyons, L. (ed.) Assessing Second Language Writing in Academic Contexts (pp. 241—276). Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation.
Hamp-Lyons, 1. (1991d). Reconstructing "academic writing proficiency". In Hamp-Lyons, L. (ed.) Assessing Second Language Writing in Academic Contexts (pp. 127—153). Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation
Hendrickson, J.M. 1978. "Error correction in foreign language teaching: recent theory, research, and practice". Modern Language Journal 62: 387-98
James, C. 1980. Contrastive Analysis. London: Longman, 146.
James, C. Errors in Language Learning and Use. New York Addison Wesley Longman Inc. 1998: 142-161
Kaplan, R.B. (1966). Cultural Thought Patterns in Inter-cultural Education. Language Learning, 16, 1—20.
Krashen, S. 1985. The Input Hypothesis: Issues and Implications. London: Longman
Krashen, S. 1989. "We acquire vocabulary and spelling by reading: additional evidence for the input hypothesis". Modern Language Journal 73: 440-64
Lado, R. 1957. Linguistic across Culture. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Lennon, P. 1991. "Error: some problems of definition, identification and distinction". Applied Linguistics, 12/2: 180—196.
Long, M. 1991. "Focus on form: a design feature in language teaching methodology". In Kees de Bot, R. B. Ginsberg and C. Kramsch (eds.), Foreign Language Research in Cross-Cultural Perspective. J. Benjamins, Amsterdam. PP. 39-52
Long, M; 1977. "Teacher Feedback on Learner Error: Mapping Cognitions". In Brown et al. (eds.)
Lumley, T. & Mcnamara, T.F.(1995). Rater Characteristics and Rater Bias: Implications for Training. Language Testing, 12, 55—71.
McCarthy, M. Discourse Analysis for language Teachers. Cambridge University Press, 1991: 26.
Nemser, W. 1971. "Approximative System of Foreign Language Learners" in Richards (ed.) 1974. Error Analysis, 4:55-63. Longman Singapore Publishers (Pte) Ltd.
Patton, M.Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Patton, M.Q. (1987). How to Use Qualitative Methods in Evaluation. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Raimes. A "Teaching writing" Annual Review of Applied Linguistics (18), 142. 167. 1983.
Richards, Jack C et al. 1992. Dictionary of Language Teaching & Applied Linguistics. 2~(nd) ed. Essex: Longman Group UK Limited, 186
Ringbom, H. (1992). On L1 Transfer in L2 Comprehension and L2 Production. Language Learning, 42, 1, 85-112.
Ruth, L. and Murphy, S. (1984). Designing Topics for Writing Assessment: Problems of Meaning. College Composition and Communication, 35, 410-422
Schachter, J. and Celce-Murcia, M. 1977. "Some reservation concerning error analysis". TESOL. Quartery 11:442-51.
Selinker, L. 1972, "Interlanguage" in Richards (ed.). 1974. . Error Analysis, 3:31-54. Longman Singapore Publishers (Pte) Ltd.
Spolsky, B, (1993). Testing Across Cultures: an Historical Perspective. World Englishes, 12, 87-93
Taylor, G. C. (1986). Errors and Explanation. Applied Linguistics 7/2 66-144.
Vanlier, L. 1988. The classroom and the language learner. London: Longman Press
Van Patten, B. 1990. "The acquisition of clitic pronouns in Spanish: Two case studies". In Van Patten and Lee (eds.)
Vaughan, C. (1991). Holistic Assessment: What Does On in the Raters' Minds? In Hamp-Lyons, L. (ed.), Assessing Second Language Writing in Academic Contexts (pp. 111-125). Norword, Nj: Ablex Publishing Corporation. Widdowson (1995: 164)
Weigle, S.C. (1994). Effects of training on raters of ESL compositions. Language Testing, 11, 197-223.
Wu, S. M. (1995). Evaluating Narrative Essays: A Discourse Analysis Perspective RELC Journal, 26, 1, 1—26.
Zhang Wenxia, (2004). The Rhetorical Patterns Found in Chinese EFL Student Writers' Examination Essays in English and the Influence of These Patterns on Rater Response, Tsing Hua University Publication, (2004: 53-54)。
Zhou Zhenglv, (2004). A Study at the Errors in Chinese College Students' EFL Writing, (pp. 37).
Allwright, R. L. 1975. "Problems in the Study of the Language; Teacher's Treatment of Learner Error". In Burt and Dulay (eds.)
Bachman, L.F. Lynch, B.K. & Mason, M. (1995). Investigating Variability in Tasks and Rater Judgments in a" Perfonnance Test of Foreign Language Speaking. Language Testing, 12, 238-257.
Brown, H. D. 1994. Principles of Language Learning and Teaching. Pearson Hall Regents,203.
Burt, M. & C. and Kiparsky, 1974. The Gooficon: A Repair Manual for English. Newbury House, Rowley, MA, 73.
Carlson, S.B., Bridgement, B., Camp, R. & Wanders, J. (1985). The relationship of Admission Test Scores to Writing Performance of Native and Nonnative Speakers of English. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.
Calve, P.C. 1992. The Canadian Modern Language Review. 48:458-471
Chaudron, C. 1988. Second Language Classrooms. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Chen, S.Q. (1990). A Study of Communication Strategies in Interlanguage Production by Chinese EFL Learners. Language Learning, 40,155-187.
Cohen, A.& M. Robbins, 1976. "Towards assessing Interlanguage performance the relationship between selected errors, learner's characteristics and learner's explanations". Language Learning 26; 45-66 and Robbins, 1976)
Connor. U. and Lauer, J. (1985). Understanding Persuasive Essay Writing: Linguistic/Rhetorical Approach. Text, 5, 309-326.
Connor-Linton, J. (1995). Looking Behind the Curtain: What Do L2 Composition Ratings Really Mean? TESOL Quarterly, 29, 762—765.
Corder, S. P. 1967. "The significance of learners'errors". In Jack C. Richards (ed.) 1974. Error Analysis. 2: 19—30. kongman Singapore Publishers (Pte) Ltd.
Corder, S. P. 1973. Introducing Applied Linguistics. Harmondsworth, Miidlesex: Penguin Books.
Corder, S. P. 1981. Error Analysis and Interlanguage. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 21, 42-3
Corder, S. P. "Idiosyncratic Dialects and Error Analysis" In Richards (ed.): 158-171. 1974.
Davidson, F. (1993). Testing English across cultures: summary and comments. Wold Englishes, 12, 113—125.
Davidson, F. (1994). The Interlanguage Metaphor and Language Assessment. World Englishes, 13, 377—386.
Douglas, B. 1994. Principles of Language Learning and Teaching. (3rd.ed.) New Jersey: Prentice Hall Regents, 203-204
Ellis, R. 1994. The Study of Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hamp-kyons, L. (1989). Raters Respond to Rhetoric in Writing. In Dechert, H. W. & Raupach, M. (eds.) Interlingual Processes (pp. 229—244). Tubingen: Gunter Narr Verlag.
Hamp-Lyons, L.(1991a). Basic concepts. In Hamp-Lyons, L. (ed.). Assessing Second Language Writing in Academic Contexts (pp. 5—15). Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation.
Hamp-Lyons, L, (1991b). Pre-text: Task-related influences on the writer. In Hamp-Lyons, L. (ed.) Assessing Second Language Writing in Academic Contexts (pp. 87—107). Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation.
Hamp-Lyons, L. (1991c). Scoring Procedures for ESL Contexts. In Hamp-Lyons, L. (ed.) Assessing Second Language Writing in Academic Contexts (pp. 241—276). Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation.
Hamp-Lyons, 1. (1991d). Reconstructing "academic writing proficiency". In Hamp-Lyons, L. (ed.) Assessing Second Language Writing in Academic Contexts (pp. 127—153). Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation
Hendrickson, J.M. 1978. "Error correction in foreign language teaching: recent theory, research, and practice". Modern Language Journal 62: 387-98
James, C. 1980. Contrastive Analysis. London: Longman, 146.
James, C. Errors in Language Learning and Use. New York Addison Wesley Longman Inc. 1998: 142-161
Kaplan, R.B. (1966). Cultural Thought Patterns in Inter-cultural Education. Language Learning, 16, 1—20.
Krashen, S. 1985. The Input Hypothesis: Issues and Implications. London: Longman
Krashen, S. 1989. "We acquire vocabulary and spelling by reading: additional evidence for the input hypothesis". Modern Language Journal 73: 440-64
Lado, R. 1957. Linguistic across Culture. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Lennon, P. 1991. "Error: some problems of definition, identification and distinction". Applied Linguistics, 12/2: 180—196.
Long, M. 1991. "Focus on form: a design feature in language teaching methodology". In Kees de Bot, R. B. Ginsberg and C. Kramsch (eds.), Foreign Language Research in Cross-Cultural Perspective. J. Benjamins, Amsterdam. PP. 39-52
Long, M; 1977. "Teacher Feedback on Learner Error: Mapping Cognitions". In Brown et al. (eds.)
Lumley, T. & Mcnamara, T.F.(1995). Rater Characteristics and Rater Bias: Implications for Training. Language Testing, 12, 55—71.
McCarthy, M. Discourse Analysis for language Teachers. Cambridge University Press, 1991: 26.
Nemser, W. 1971. "Approximative System of Foreign Language Learners" in Richards (ed.) 1974. Error Analysis, 4:55-63. Longman Singapore Publishers (Pte) Ltd.
Patton, M.Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Patton, M.Q. (1987). How to Use Qualitative Methods in Evaluation. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Raimes. A "Teaching writing" Annual Review of Applied Linguistics (18), 142. 167. 1983.
Richards, Jack C et al. 1992. Dictionary of Language Teaching & Applied Linguistics. 2~(nd) ed. Essex: Longman Group UK Limited, 186
Ringbom, H. (1992). On L1 Transfer in L2 Comprehension and L2 Production. Language Learning, 42, 1, 85-112.
Ruth, L. and Murphy, S. (1984). Designing Topics for Writing Assessment: Problems of Meaning. College Composition and Communication, 35, 410-422
Schachter, J. and Celce-Murcia, M. 1977. "Some reservation concerning error analysis". TESOL. Quartery 11:442-51.
Selinker, L. 1972, "Interlanguage" in Richards (ed.). 1974. . Error Analysis, 3:31-54. Longman Singapore Publishers (Pte) Ltd.
Spolsky, B, (1993). Testing Across Cultures: an Historical Perspective. World Englishes, 12, 87-93
Taylor, G. C. (1986). Errors and Explanation. Applied Linguistics 7/2 66-144.
Vanlier, L. 1988. The classroom and the language learner. London: Longman Press
Van Patten, B. 1990. "The acquisition of clitic pronouns in Spanish: Two case studies". In Van Patten and Lee (eds.)
Vaughan, C. (1991). Holistic Assessment: What Does On in the Raters' Minds? In Hamp-Lyons, L. (ed.), Assessing Second Language Writing in Academic Contexts (pp. 111-125). Norword, Nj: Ablex Publishing Corporation. Widdowson (1995: 164)
Weigle, S.C. (1994). Effects of training on raters of ESL compositions. Language Testing, 11, 197-223.
Wu, S. M. (1995). Evaluating Narrative Essays: A Discourse Analysis Perspective RELC Journal, 26, 1, 1—26.
Zhang Wenxia, (2004). The Rhetorical Patterns Found in Chinese EFL Student Writers' Examination Essays in English and the Influence of These Patterns on Rater Response, Tsing Hua University Publication, (2004: 53-54)。
Zhou Zhenglv, (2004). A Study at the Errors in Chinese College Students' EFL Writing, (pp. 37).