无线通信中相位噪声和载波频偏的估计与消除
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摘要
由于晶振存在一定的精度以及发送端接收端两者之间存在相对运动,通信系统中普遍存在相位噪声和载波频偏的干扰,系统性能往往因此而受到不同程度的损失。本文中,我们针对两者展开研究,并针对不同系统和参数提出相应的估计和抑制算法。其中针对OFDM和循环前缀单载波系统(SCCP)的相位噪声,我们提出了基于离散余弦变换和变分贝叶斯算法的估计算法。而针对低轨卫星通信系统,我们将粒子滤波算法应用于两步频偏估计结构中,从两个方面对两步估计结构进行改进从而提高其估计性能。本文主要研究成果如下：
一、深入研究了相位噪声对OFDM系统的影响以及抑制相位噪声影响的相关算法。基于前人利用DCT变换和LS算法的OFDM系统相位噪声估计方案,我们推导了基于DCT变换和变分贝叶斯算法的三种新相位噪声估计算法。并且比较了推导所得的三种相位噪声估计算法,发现了第一种算法与LS算法实质是殊途同归。而与LS算法相比其它两种变分贝叶斯算法有效抑制了白噪声带来的影响,从而具有更高的估计精度以及更好的系统接收性能,我们通过电脑仿真手段证明了以上结论。从仿真结果还可以看出所设计的变分贝叶斯算法二具有较好的性能和复杂度折中。
二、深入研究了循环前缀单载波系统中相位噪声的影响与消除,并针对相位噪声的特点提出了新的估计算法——基于DCT变换的循环前缀单载波系统相位噪声估计。利用相位噪声对循环前缀单载波信号影响的特点我们提出利用DCT变换展开相位噪声影响序列,从而可以避开非线性处理,进而可忽略DCT变换的高阶项降低算法复杂度。并且提出了采用LS算法估计DCT变换符号——等效于估计出相位噪声影响序列。然后我们又提出采用变分贝叶斯算法估计DCT变换符号从而提高系统性能。事实上LS算法未对高斯白噪声做任何处理,因而影响了相位噪声估计的精度。为了抑制估计过程中高斯白噪声的影响,需要将其方差作为额外的待估参数,我们利用变分贝叶斯算法通过迭代的方式完成相位噪声和白噪声方差的联合估计。最后我们通过仿真手段比较了变分贝叶斯算法的估计结果和LS算法的估计结果。
三、针对低轨卫星接收机的时变频偏展开深入研究,并提出了基于粒子滤波的精估计算法。针对MPSK DS-CDMA卫星系统,我们利用载波残留频偏对解扩信号幅度的影响,归纳了非线性非高斯的频偏观测模型,并设计了基于粒子滤波的精频偏跟踪算法。所设计的算法与已有的最速梯度下降算法相比在低信噪比条件下具有更好的跟踪性能,而高性噪比时两者性能相仿。
四、深入研究了低轨卫星的两步载波频偏估计结构,提出了迭代式粒子滤波频偏估计与跟踪方案。该估计方案可运用于连续传输场景的低轨卫星接收机中。两步载波频偏估计器由利用导频的粗估计和利用数据的精估计两步组成,利用粒子滤波器的时变特性,这两步估计过程可合并到一个估计器中,从而实现在两者之间传递初始化分布。因而除了利用粗估计的数学期望消除大频偏之外,还可以利用粗估计器得到的其他统计特性辅助精估计器的工作,提高精估计器的性能。反之,精估计器也能得到待估参数的高阶统计特性或其近似后验分布,可用于提高粗估计器的性能。仿真结果证明了以上结论。
The phase noise(PHN) and carrier frequency offset(CFO) which are caused by the jitter of oscillators and the Doppler effect induced by the movement between transmitters and receivers are two of the most important factors that disturb the performance of the receivers in wireless communication. In this thesis these two parameters were investigated and several algorithm were proposed for different kinds of communication systems. For the OFDM system and single carrier with cyclic prefix (SCCP) system the algorithm that estimates the PHN by exporting DCT and VB method was proposed while for low earth orbit (LEO) satellite receivers we proposed new particle filter based algorithms that improves the performance of two-step CFO estimator by two ways. The main contributions of this thesis are as follows:
1. The effect of the PHN for OFDM system was investigated as well as the exiting estimation method. Based on the method which exploits DCT and LS approach, we derived three new methods utilizing DCT and VB approach with the first one, however, being equivalent to the LS approach. The other two methods outperform the LS approach since they can suppress the effect of AWGN while estimating the PHN and lead to more accurate estimating result and better system performance. This conclusion was proved by computer simulations. Another conclusion was that the second VB based method can achieve best tradeoff between performance and complexity.
2. A DCT based PHN estimation method was proposed for SCCP system. based on the feature of PHN, we proposed to approximate the PHN as a sum of discrete time domain components which linearized the effect of the PHN. Then LS estimation was exploited to estimate the DCT transmitted symbols which was equally to estimate the PHN in time domain. Then, the VB method was proposed to jointly estimate the transmitted symbols and the variance of AWGN by iterative mean considering that the LS approach failed to mitigate the effect of AWGN while estimating PHN. The proposed methods were compared by computer simulations.
3. We investigated the frequency offset tracking problem for MPSK DS-CDMA system. A non-linear non-Gaussian model was firstly formulated by considering the MPSK DS-CDMA signal structure and the frequency-offset-induced power degradation. Then a particle filtering based frequency offset tracking method was proposed to solve the model. The simulation results show the proposed method can achieve better performance than the existing gradient descent method in tracking accuracy in low SNR scenario while in high SNR both of the two method performed similarly.
4. A new automatic frequency control (AFC) scheme was proposed, which could be used for the receiver of LEO satellite communication system in continuous transmitting scenario. By employing the time varying characteristic of particle filter technique, the new scheme combined the preamble based estimating step and data based estimating step to provide initial probability density recursively. It was proved by computer simulations with the criteria of Root-Mean Square (RMS) frequency estimating performance and the bit error rate performance that the proposed AFC scheme could provide better performance than the two-step scheme.
一、深入研究了相位噪声对OFDM系统的影响以及抑制相位噪声影响的相关算法。基于前人利用DCT变换和LS算法的OFDM系统相位噪声估计方案,我们推导了基于DCT变换和变分贝叶斯算法的三种新相位噪声估计算法。并且比较了推导所得的三种相位噪声估计算法,发现了第一种算法与LS算法实质是殊途同归。而与LS算法相比其它两种变分贝叶斯算法有效抑制了白噪声带来的影响,从而具有更高的估计精度以及更好的系统接收性能,我们通过电脑仿真手段证明了以上结论。从仿真结果还可以看出所设计的变分贝叶斯算法二具有较好的性能和复杂度折中。
二、深入研究了循环前缀单载波系统中相位噪声的影响与消除,并针对相位噪声的特点提出了新的估计算法——基于DCT变换的循环前缀单载波系统相位噪声估计。利用相位噪声对循环前缀单载波信号影响的特点我们提出利用DCT变换展开相位噪声影响序列,从而可以避开非线性处理,进而可忽略DCT变换的高阶项降低算法复杂度。并且提出了采用LS算法估计DCT变换符号——等效于估计出相位噪声影响序列。然后我们又提出采用变分贝叶斯算法估计DCT变换符号从而提高系统性能。事实上LS算法未对高斯白噪声做任何处理,因而影响了相位噪声估计的精度。为了抑制估计过程中高斯白噪声的影响,需要将其方差作为额外的待估参数,我们利用变分贝叶斯算法通过迭代的方式完成相位噪声和白噪声方差的联合估计。最后我们通过仿真手段比较了变分贝叶斯算法的估计结果和LS算法的估计结果。
三、针对低轨卫星接收机的时变频偏展开深入研究,并提出了基于粒子滤波的精估计算法。针对MPSK DS-CDMA卫星系统,我们利用载波残留频偏对解扩信号幅度的影响,归纳了非线性非高斯的频偏观测模型,并设计了基于粒子滤波的精频偏跟踪算法。所设计的算法与已有的最速梯度下降算法相比在低信噪比条件下具有更好的跟踪性能,而高性噪比时两者性能相仿。
四、深入研究了低轨卫星的两步载波频偏估计结构,提出了迭代式粒子滤波频偏估计与跟踪方案。该估计方案可运用于连续传输场景的低轨卫星接收机中。两步载波频偏估计器由利用导频的粗估计和利用数据的精估计两步组成,利用粒子滤波器的时变特性,这两步估计过程可合并到一个估计器中,从而实现在两者之间传递初始化分布。因而除了利用粗估计的数学期望消除大频偏之外,还可以利用粗估计器得到的其他统计特性辅助精估计器的工作,提高精估计器的性能。反之,精估计器也能得到待估参数的高阶统计特性或其近似后验分布,可用于提高粗估计器的性能。仿真结果证明了以上结论。
The phase noise(PHN) and carrier frequency offset(CFO) which are caused by the jitter of oscillators and the Doppler effect induced by the movement between transmitters and receivers are two of the most important factors that disturb the performance of the receivers in wireless communication. In this thesis these two parameters were investigated and several algorithm were proposed for different kinds of communication systems. For the OFDM system and single carrier with cyclic prefix (SCCP) system the algorithm that estimates the PHN by exporting DCT and VB method was proposed while for low earth orbit (LEO) satellite receivers we proposed new particle filter based algorithms that improves the performance of two-step CFO estimator by two ways. The main contributions of this thesis are as follows:
1. The effect of the PHN for OFDM system was investigated as well as the exiting estimation method. Based on the method which exploits DCT and LS approach, we derived three new methods utilizing DCT and VB approach with the first one, however, being equivalent to the LS approach. The other two methods outperform the LS approach since they can suppress the effect of AWGN while estimating the PHN and lead to more accurate estimating result and better system performance. This conclusion was proved by computer simulations. Another conclusion was that the second VB based method can achieve best tradeoff between performance and complexity.
2. A DCT based PHN estimation method was proposed for SCCP system. based on the feature of PHN, we proposed to approximate the PHN as a sum of discrete time domain components which linearized the effect of the PHN. Then LS estimation was exploited to estimate the DCT transmitted symbols which was equally to estimate the PHN in time domain. Then, the VB method was proposed to jointly estimate the transmitted symbols and the variance of AWGN by iterative mean considering that the LS approach failed to mitigate the effect of AWGN while estimating PHN. The proposed methods were compared by computer simulations.
3. We investigated the frequency offset tracking problem for MPSK DS-CDMA system. A non-linear non-Gaussian model was firstly formulated by considering the MPSK DS-CDMA signal structure and the frequency-offset-induced power degradation. Then a particle filtering based frequency offset tracking method was proposed to solve the model. The simulation results show the proposed method can achieve better performance than the existing gradient descent method in tracking accuracy in low SNR scenario while in high SNR both of the two method performed similarly.
4. A new automatic frequency control (AFC) scheme was proposed, which could be used for the receiver of LEO satellite communication system in continuous transmitting scenario. By employing the time varying characteristic of particle filter technique, the new scheme combined the preamble based estimating step and data based estimating step to provide initial probability density recursively. It was proved by computer simulations with the criteria of Root-Mean Square (RMS) frequency estimating performance and the bit error rate performance that the proposed AFC scheme could provide better performance than the two-step scheme.
引文
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[1]Nee Richard van, Prasad Ramjee. OFDM for Wireless Multimedia Communications. Boston, US:Artech House,2000
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[8]Bishop C M, Tipping M E. Variational relevance vector machine. Articial Intelligence,2000, (1):46-53
[9]Wainwright M, Jordan M. Graphical Models, Exponential Families, and Variational Inference. Foundations and Trends in Machine Learning,2008, 1(1-2):1-305
[10]Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS).3GPP TR25.996 version 10.0.0. Spatial channel model for Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) simulations.2011
[11]Darryl Dexu Lin; Teng Joon Lim;, "The Variational Inference Approach to Joint Data Detection and Phase Noise Estimation in OFDM," Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on, vol.55, no.5, pp.1862-1874, May 2007
[1]F. Pancaldi, G. Vitetta, R.Kalbasi, N. Al-Dhahir, M.Uysal and H. Mheidat, "Single-carrier frequency domain equalization," IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, Vol.25, pp.37-56, Sep.2008
[2]N. Benvenuto, R. Dinis, D. Falconer, and S. Tomasin, "Single carrier modulation with nonlinear frequency domain equalization:An idea whose time has come again," Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol.98, pp.69-96, Jan.2010
[3]Z. Wang, X. Ma and G. Giannakis, "OFDM or Single-carrier block transmissions?," IEEE, Transactions on Communications, Vol.52, pp.380-394, Mar.2004
[4]M.Ghogho, V. Gil-Jimenez and A.Swami, "Multipath Diversity and Coding Gain of Cyclic-prefixed Single Carrier Systems," in Acoustics, Speech and signal Processing,2009.(ICASSP 2009) IEEE International Conference on, pp 2837-2840, Apr.2009
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[8]Casas R A, Biracree S L, Youtz A E. Time domain phase noise correction for OFDM signals. IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting,2002,48(3):230-236
[9]J. Zamorano, J. Nsenga, W. Van Thillo, A. Bourdoux, and F. Horlin, "Impact of Phase Noise on OFDM and SC-CP," in IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference,2007, pp.3822-3825, Nov.2007
[10]J. Bhatti and M. Moeneclaey, "Iterative soft-decision-directed phase noise estimation from a DCT basis expansion," in Proceedings of PIMRC 2009, (Tokyo, Japan), September 2009.
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[7]Caponi, M.; Frescura. F.; Sereni, E.; Barbini, A.; "Digital Front End for Satellite LEO Applications on W Band", ehicular Technology Conference,2002. Proceedings. VTC 2002-Fall.2002 IEEE 56th. pp.2308-2312 vol.4
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[1]Nee Richard van, Prasad Ramjee. OFDM for Wireless Multimedia Communications. Boston, US:Artech House,2000
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[5]Casas R A, Biracree S L, Youtz A E. Time domain phase noise correction for OFDM signals. IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting,2002,48(3):230-236
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[11]Darryl Dexu Lin; Teng Joon Lim;, "The Variational Inference Approach to Joint Data Detection and Phase Noise Estimation in OFDM," Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on, vol.55, no.5, pp.1862-1874, May 2007
[1]F. Pancaldi, G. Vitetta, R.Kalbasi, N. Al-Dhahir, M.Uysal and H. Mheidat, "Single-carrier frequency domain equalization," IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, Vol.25, pp.37-56, Sep.2008
[2]N. Benvenuto, R. Dinis, D. Falconer, and S. Tomasin, "Single carrier modulation with nonlinear frequency domain equalization:An idea whose time has come again," Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol.98, pp.69-96, Jan.2010
[3]Z. Wang, X. Ma and G. Giannakis, "OFDM or Single-carrier block transmissions?," IEEE, Transactions on Communications, Vol.52, pp.380-394, Mar.2004
[4]M.Ghogho, V. Gil-Jimenez and A.Swami, "Multipath Diversity and Coding Gain of Cyclic-prefixed Single Carrier Systems," in Acoustics, Speech and signal Processing,2009.(ICASSP 2009) IEEE International Conference on, pp 2837-2840, Apr.2009
[5]D. Tse and P. Viswanath. Fundamentals of Wireless Communications. Cambridge University Press,2005.
[6]T.E. Parker, "Characteristics and sources of phase noise in stable oscillators," in Proc.41st Annual Symposium on Frequency Control, pp.99-110,1987
[7]A. Demir, A. Mehrotra, and Roychowdhury J., "Phase noise in oscillators:A unifying theory and numerical methods for characterization," IEEE Transactions on Circuits and System-I:Fundamental Theory and Applications, vol.47, no.5, pp.655-674, May 2000.
[8]Casas R A, Biracree S L, Youtz A E. Time domain phase noise correction for OFDM signals. IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting,2002,48(3):230-236
[9]J. Zamorano, J. Nsenga, W. Van Thillo, A. Bourdoux, and F. Horlin, "Impact of Phase Noise on OFDM and SC-CP," in IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference,2007, pp.3822-3825, Nov.2007
[10]J. Bhatti and M. Moeneclaey, "Iterative soft-decision-directed phase noise estimation from a DCT basis expansion," in Proceedings of PIMRC 2009, (Tokyo, Japan), September 2009.
[1]Vatalaro F, et al. Analysis of LEO, MEO and GEO Global Mobile Satellite System in the Presence of Interference and Fading. IEEE Selected Areas in Communications,1995,13(2):291-300.
[2]Syang Myau, Mao Yu, Lin Yang. A low complexity carrier recovery and frequency estimation algorithm for Iridium handset system. IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference,1999,3:1208-1211,.
[3]Simon M K. Dual-pilot tone calibration technique. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,1986,35(2):63-70.
[4]M. K. Simon and D. Divsalar, "Doppler-corrected differential detection of MPSK,"IEEE Trans. Commun, vol.37, pp.99-109, Feb.1989.
[5]J. Namiki. "Block demodulation for short radio packet" (in Japanese), IEICE Trans. Commun., vol. J69-B, pp.54-61, Jan.1984.
[6]Wang, Yin-Pin E, Ottosson T. Cell search in W-CDMA. IEEE Selected Areas in Communications,2000,18(8):1470-1482.
[7]Caponi, M.; Frescura. F.; Sereni, E.; Barbini, A.; "Digital Front End for Satellite LEO Applications on W Band", ehicular Technology Conference,2002. Proceedings. VTC 2002-Fall.2002 IEEE 56th. pp.2308-2312 vol.4
[8]Attapol Wannasarmmaytha, Shinsuke Hara. Two-Step Kalman-Filter-Based AFC for Direct Conversion-Type Receiver in LEO Satellite Communications. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,2000,49(1):246-253.
[9]Zhang Hua, Pan Peng and Zhang Youguang. Two-Step Particle-Filter-Based AFC for LEO Satellite Receiver with Impulsive Noise.2010 WASE International Conference on Information Engineering,2010,4:122-126.
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