cdmaOne/WCDMA基站仿真器基带模块的研究与实现
摘要
本文基于一个CDMA基站仿真器项目，探讨了cdmaOne和WCDMA基站仿真器基带模块的设计与实现。对于cdmaOne基站仿真器，作者在对IS-95系列协议进行分析的基础上，着重研究了信道编译码，交织与去交织、扰码与去扰、扩频与解扩、调制与解调等物理层处理方法，给出了一个完整的cdmaOne基带模块设计方案，在用matlab和Turbo C进行可行性仿真实验以后，采用了DSP+CPLD／FPGA与调制解调芯片并用的硬件结构实现了本方案的设计。对于WCDMA基站仿真器，作者分析了3GPP系列协议，着重研究的物理层技术包括信道编码(包括卷积编码和Turbo编码)、速率匹配、交织、信道复用和扩频调制等，并给出了WCDMA基带模块设计与实现方案。在本文最后，通过软件无线电思想，设计出多种移动通信系统兼容的基带方案，解决了不同移动通信系统间不兼容的问题。
This paper is based on a CDMA base station simulator project, mainly talking abut the baseband design and realization of cdmaOne and WCDMA base station simulator. In case of cdmaOne base station simulator, the author deeply analyzed IS-95 protocols, put much emphasis upon such IS-95 physical techniques as channel encoding and decoding, interleaving and de-interleaving, scrambling and de-scrambling, spread spectrum and de-spread spectrum, modulation and demodulation, etc. A whole scheme of cdmaOne baseband is provided and tested by Matlab and Turbo C program, realized by the hardware structure consisting of DSP+CPLD/FPGA and two modulation/demodulation chips. In case of WCDMA base station simulator, based on the analysis of 3GPP protocols, the author brings out design and realization schemes of WCDMA baseband module after researching on WCDMA channel encoding(including convolutional encoding and Turbo encoding), speed matching, interleaving, channel duplex, spread spectrum and quadrature modulation techniques. The final chapter of this paper is about software radio, with the help of its spirit, a scheme is provided to make all kinds of mobile communication systems compatible.
This paper is based on a CDMA base station simulator project, mainly talking abut the baseband design and realization of cdmaOne and WCDMA base station simulator. In case of cdmaOne base station simulator, the author deeply analyzed IS-95 protocols, put much emphasis upon such IS-95 physical techniques as channel encoding and decoding, interleaving and de-interleaving, scrambling and de-scrambling, spread spectrum and de-spread spectrum, modulation and demodulation, etc. A whole scheme of cdmaOne baseband is provided and tested by Matlab and Turbo C program, realized by the hardware structure consisting of DSP+CPLD/FPGA and two modulation/demodulation chips. In case of WCDMA base station simulator, based on the analysis of 3GPP protocols, the author brings out design and realization schemes of WCDMA baseband module after researching on WCDMA channel encoding(including convolutional encoding and Turbo encoding), speed matching, interleaving, channel duplex, spread spectrum and quadrature modulation techniques. The final chapter of this paper is about software radio, with the help of its spirit, a scheme is provided to make all kinds of mobile communication systems compatible.
引文
[1] Jhong Sam Lee.Leonard E．Miller著.许希斌译．CDMA系统工程手册．人民 邮电出版社．2001． 2
[2] Lawrence Harte著．粟欣译．蜂窝及个人通信系统中的CDMA IS-95 术、运营和业务．人民邮电出版社．2001． 9
[3] Tero ojanpera,ramjee Prasad著．朱旭红译．宽带CDMA：第三代移动通信技 术．人民邮电出版社．2000． 9
[4] Vijay K．Garg著．于鹏译．第三代移动通信系统原理与工程设计IS-95 CDMA和cdma2000． 电子工业出版社．2001． 1
[5] J. Viterbi, "CDMA Principle of Spread Spectrum Communication." Addison Wesly Publishing Company Inc., 1998． 3
[6] Sridhar R., "Efficient VLSI Architectures for Baseband Signal Processing in Wireless Base-Station Receivers." IEEE ASAP'00, pp.564-576,2000
[7] David C. Chen, Bing J. Sheu, and Theodore W. Berger, "A Compact Neural Network Based CDMA Receiver for Multimedia Wireless Communication." IEEE ICCD '96, pp.321-367, 1996
[8] Simon, M.K., J.K. Omura, R.A. Scholtz, and B.K. Levitt, "Spread Spectrum Communications Handbook." Rev.ed., ch.5, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994． 4
[ 9 ] Aris Papasakellariou, "Overview of Interference Cancellation for CDMA Wireless Systems." IEEE ITCC'00, pp.134-135, 2000
[10] Man Young Rhee, "CDMA Cellular Mobile Communications and Network Security." pp.751-772, Prentice-Hall Inc., 1998． 2
[11] Viterbi, A.J., "Convolutional Codes and Their Performance in Communication Systems." IEEE Trans. On Information Theory, Vol. IT-17, pp.751-772, Oct. 1971
[12] Holmes, J.K., "Coherent Spread Spectrum System." New York: Wiley, 1982． 1
[13] Hamming, R.W., "Error Detecting and Error Correcting Codes." Bell System Technical Journal, vol.29, pp. 147-160, apr.1950
[14] Swick, D.A., "Walsh Function Generation." IEEE Trans, on Information Theory (Correspondence), Vol.IT-15, p. 167, Jan. 1969
[15] Ning Kong, Milstein, L.B., "Performance of CDMA with Mobile Cells." IEEE Proceedings of the 29th Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, pp. 152-168, 1996
[ 16 ] Khorramabadi, "Baseband Filters for IS-95 CDMA Receiver Applications Festering Digital Automatic Frequency Tuning." DIG TECH PAP IEEE INT SOLID STATE CIRCUITS CONF, IEEE, PISCATAWAY, NJ, (USA), Vol. 39, pp. 172-173,1996
[17] Rouphael, Tony J, "Improved Base Station Circular Antenna Array Receiver for
Wireless CDMA Systems." International Journal of Wireless Information Networks, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 187-194, 1996
[18] Zhang, J; Aalo, V, "Performance Analysis of a Multi-cell DS-CDMA System With Base Station Diversity." IEEE Proceedings: Communications IEEE Proc Commun, Vol. 148, No. 2, pp. 112-118, Apr.2001
[19] Hayashi, Masaki; "CDMA/TDD Cellular Systems Utilizing a Base-Station Based Diversity Scheme." IEEE VEH TECHNOL CONF, IEEE, PISCATAWAY, NJ, (USA), Vol. 2, pp. 799-803, 1995
[20] Miller, John E; Miller, Scott L, "Performance of DS-CDMA Systems Using Partial Power Control and a Base Station Antenna Array." PROC IEEE MIL COMMUN CONF MILCOM, IEEE, PISCATAWAY, NJ, (USA), Vol. 2, pp. 491-495, 1995
[21 ] E. A. Sourour and S. C. Gupta,"Direct-sequence spread-spectrum parallel acquisition in afading mobile channel," IEEE Trans. Commun, vol. 38, no. 7, pp. 992-998, Jul. 1990
[22] S.-M.Pan, D.E.Dodds, and S.Kumar,"Acquisition time distribution for spread-spectrum receivers,' IEEE J Select. Areas Commun, vol. 8, no. 5, pp800-808,Jun,1990
[23] A. Sampath. P. S. Kumar and J.M. Holtzman, "Power Control and Resource Management for Multimedia Wireless CDMA System", In PIMRC'95, Sep. 1995
[24] S.Bellctletto and GMontorsi, "Unveiling Turbo Codes: Some Results on Parallel Concatenated Coding Schemes," IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, Vol.42, No.2, pp.409-428, Mar. 1996
[25] G Ungerboeck. "Channel Coding With Multilevel/Phase Signaling" IEEE Trans. Comun., Vol.37, pp.222-229, Jan. 1982．
[26] Tantikovit.S."Effect of Channel Estimation, Interleaving and Channel Coding on Rake Receivers for Mobile DS-CDMA Systems", IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, pp2422-2426, Mar. 1999
[27] S. H. Jamaii and T.le-neoc."Coded-Modulation Techniques for Fading Channels", New York: Kluwer, 1994
[28] Lu, Xuguang, "Minimum variance multiuser detection for dual rate and space-time coded DS-CDMA systems", Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume 62, pp19-25
[29] Kim, Jong-Hyune. "Power control and adaptive data transmission for SC/MC-CDMA systems". Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume 62, pp33-40
[30] Psaromiligkos, Ioannis N. "Short-data-record design and analysis of adaptive receivers for smart-antenna-equipped DS/CDMA wireless communications systems". Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume 62, pp37-41
[31] Bircan, Anil. "Resource allocation for CDMA downlink to achieve maximum
throughput". Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume 62pp 52-65
[32] Tang, Kai. "Coding and interference suppression for CDMA systems on fading channels". Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume 62, pp 47-49
[33] Dinan, Esmael Hejazi, "Quality of service based access control schemes for wireless packet CDMA", Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume 62, pp 9-87
[34] Deshpande, Nikhil Mukund. "A Walsh code assignment scheme for minimizing CCDF of RF envelope power in forward link signal of the CDMA base station", Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 62, pp 28-60
[35] CDMA系列协议
3G TS 25.101 "UE Radio transmission and Reception (FDD)".
3G TS 25.104 "UTRA (BS) FDD; Radio transmission and Reception".
3G TS 25.201 "Physical layer-general description".
3G TS 25.211 "Physical channels and mapping of transport channels onto physical channels (FDD)."
3GPP TS 25.213 "Spreading and modulation (FDD)".
3GPP TS 25.214 "Physical layer procedures (FDD)".
3GPP TS 25.221 "Physical channels and mapping of transport channels onto physical channels (TDD)".
3GPP TS 25.222 "Multiplexing and channel coding (TDD)".
3GPP TS 25.223 "Spreading and modulation (TDD)".
3GPP TS 25.224 "Physical layer procedures (TDD)".
3GPP TS 25.302 "Services Provided by the Physical Layer".
3GPP TS 25.402 "Synchronisation in UTRAN".
YD／T 1026-1999 800MHz CDMA数字蜂窝移动通信网络接口技术要求：移动交换中心与基站子系统间接口
YD／T 1027-1999 800MHz CDMA数字蜂窝移动通信网络接口测试规范：移动交换中心与基站子系统间接口
YD／T 1028-1999 800MHz CDMA数字蜂窝移动通信网设备总技术规范：移动台部分
YD／T 1029-1999 800MHz CDMA数字蜂窝移动通信网设备总技术规范：基站部分
YD／T 1030-1999 800MHz CDMA数字蜂窝移动通信网接口技术要求：空中接口
YD／T 1048-2000 800MHz CDMA数字蜂窝移动通信网设备总技术规范：交换子系统部分
YD／T 1049-2000 800MHz CDMA数字蜂窝移动通信网设备总测试规范：交换子系统部分
YD／T 1050-2000 800MHz CDMA数字蜂窝移动通信网移动通信网设备总测试规范：移动台部分
YD／T 1026-2000 800MHz CDMA数字蜂窝移动通信网接口技术要求：移动交换中心与基站子系统间接口
[36] 邬国扬．CDMA数字蜂窝网．西安电子科技大学出版社．2000．6
[37] 张平，王卫东，陶小峰．WCDMA移动通信系统．人民邮电出版社．2001．7
[38] 吴伟陵．移动通信中的关键技术．北京邮电大学出版社．2000．11
[39] 谢文苗．CDMA基带收发实验系统．中国科技论文统计源期刊．pp．93-95．2001(4)
[40] 姚玉强．IS-95 CDMA前向信道中的基带数字滤波器．电信快报．pp．26-27．2000(4)
[41] 谢显中．第三代移动通信系统的空中接口方案．移动通信．pp．27-31．1999(1)
[42] 刘杰．CDMA-FWA系统基站接收机的实现及CDMA系统多址干扰的研究．北京邮电大学硕士论文．1999
[43] 刘铁．DS／CDMA信号数字接收技术的研究．北京大学博士论文．1998
[44] 宋爱慧．CDMA-FWA系统用户终端(中频、基带部分)的设计与实现．北京邮电大学硕士论文．1998
[45] 谢雪松．CDMA功率控制对系统容量的影响．华中理工大学硕士论文．2000
[46] 陈晓丹．基带数据传输中回波抑制器的研究．电子科技大学硕士论文．2001
[47] 杨震．Viterbi译码器的FPGA设计．西安电子科技大学硕士论文．2002
[48] 侯晶晶．3G中RAKE接收技术的研究．西安电子科技大学硕士论文．2002
[2] Lawrence Harte著．粟欣译．蜂窝及个人通信系统中的CDMA IS-95 术、运营和业务．人民邮电出版社．2001． 9
[3] Tero ojanpera,ramjee Prasad著．朱旭红译．宽带CDMA：第三代移动通信技 术．人民邮电出版社．2000． 9
[4] Vijay K．Garg著．于鹏译．第三代移动通信系统原理与工程设计IS-95 CDMA和cdma2000． 电子工业出版社．2001． 1
[5] J. Viterbi, "CDMA Principle of Spread Spectrum Communication." Addison Wesly Publishing Company Inc., 1998． 3
[6] Sridhar R., "Efficient VLSI Architectures for Baseband Signal Processing in Wireless Base-Station Receivers." IEEE ASAP'00, pp.564-576,2000
[7] David C. Chen, Bing J. Sheu, and Theodore W. Berger, "A Compact Neural Network Based CDMA Receiver for Multimedia Wireless Communication." IEEE ICCD '96, pp.321-367, 1996
[8] Simon, M.K., J.K. Omura, R.A. Scholtz, and B.K. Levitt, "Spread Spectrum Communications Handbook." Rev.ed., ch.5, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994． 4
[ 9 ] Aris Papasakellariou, "Overview of Interference Cancellation for CDMA Wireless Systems." IEEE ITCC'00, pp.134-135, 2000
[10] Man Young Rhee, "CDMA Cellular Mobile Communications and Network Security." pp.751-772, Prentice-Hall Inc., 1998． 2
[11] Viterbi, A.J., "Convolutional Codes and Their Performance in Communication Systems." IEEE Trans. On Information Theory, Vol. IT-17, pp.751-772, Oct. 1971
[12] Holmes, J.K., "Coherent Spread Spectrum System." New York: Wiley, 1982． 1
[13] Hamming, R.W., "Error Detecting and Error Correcting Codes." Bell System Technical Journal, vol.29, pp. 147-160, apr.1950
[14] Swick, D.A., "Walsh Function Generation." IEEE Trans, on Information Theory (Correspondence), Vol.IT-15, p. 167, Jan. 1969
[15] Ning Kong, Milstein, L.B., "Performance of CDMA with Mobile Cells." IEEE Proceedings of the 29th Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, pp. 152-168, 1996
[ 16 ] Khorramabadi, "Baseband Filters for IS-95 CDMA Receiver Applications Festering Digital Automatic Frequency Tuning." DIG TECH PAP IEEE INT SOLID STATE CIRCUITS CONF, IEEE, PISCATAWAY, NJ, (USA), Vol. 39, pp. 172-173,1996
[17] Rouphael, Tony J, "Improved Base Station Circular Antenna Array Receiver for
Wireless CDMA Systems." International Journal of Wireless Information Networks, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 187-194, 1996
[18] Zhang, J; Aalo, V, "Performance Analysis of a Multi-cell DS-CDMA System With Base Station Diversity." IEEE Proceedings: Communications IEEE Proc Commun, Vol. 148, No. 2, pp. 112-118, Apr.2001
[19] Hayashi, Masaki; "CDMA/TDD Cellular Systems Utilizing a Base-Station Based Diversity Scheme." IEEE VEH TECHNOL CONF, IEEE, PISCATAWAY, NJ, (USA), Vol. 2, pp. 799-803, 1995
[20] Miller, John E; Miller, Scott L, "Performance of DS-CDMA Systems Using Partial Power Control and a Base Station Antenna Array." PROC IEEE MIL COMMUN CONF MILCOM, IEEE, PISCATAWAY, NJ, (USA), Vol. 2, pp. 491-495, 1995
[21 ] E. A. Sourour and S. C. Gupta,"Direct-sequence spread-spectrum parallel acquisition in afading mobile channel," IEEE Trans. Commun, vol. 38, no. 7, pp. 992-998, Jul. 1990
[22] S.-M.Pan, D.E.Dodds, and S.Kumar,"Acquisition time distribution for spread-spectrum receivers,' IEEE J Select. Areas Commun, vol. 8, no. 5, pp800-808,Jun,1990
[23] A. Sampath. P. S. Kumar and J.M. Holtzman, "Power Control and Resource Management for Multimedia Wireless CDMA System", In PIMRC'95, Sep. 1995
[24] S.Bellctletto and GMontorsi, "Unveiling Turbo Codes: Some Results on Parallel Concatenated Coding Schemes," IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, Vol.42, No.2, pp.409-428, Mar. 1996
[25] G Ungerboeck. "Channel Coding With Multilevel/Phase Signaling" IEEE Trans. Comun., Vol.37, pp.222-229, Jan. 1982．
[26] Tantikovit.S."Effect of Channel Estimation, Interleaving and Channel Coding on Rake Receivers for Mobile DS-CDMA Systems", IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, pp2422-2426, Mar. 1999
[27] S. H. Jamaii and T.le-neoc."Coded-Modulation Techniques for Fading Channels", New York: Kluwer, 1994
[28] Lu, Xuguang, "Minimum variance multiuser detection for dual rate and space-time coded DS-CDMA systems", Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume 62, pp19-25
[29] Kim, Jong-Hyune. "Power control and adaptive data transmission for SC/MC-CDMA systems". Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume 62, pp33-40
[30] Psaromiligkos, Ioannis N. "Short-data-record design and analysis of adaptive receivers for smart-antenna-equipped DS/CDMA wireless communications systems". Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume 62, pp37-41
[31] Bircan, Anil. "Resource allocation for CDMA downlink to achieve maximum
throughput". Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume 62pp 52-65
[32] Tang, Kai. "Coding and interference suppression for CDMA systems on fading channels". Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume 62, pp 47-49
[33] Dinan, Esmael Hejazi, "Quality of service based access control schemes for wireless packet CDMA", Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume 62, pp 9-87
[34] Deshpande, Nikhil Mukund. "A Walsh code assignment scheme for minimizing CCDF of RF envelope power in forward link signal of the CDMA base station", Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 62, pp 28-60
[35] CDMA系列协议
3G TS 25.101 "UE Radio transmission and Reception (FDD)".
3G TS 25.104 "UTRA (BS) FDD; Radio transmission and Reception".
3G TS 25.201 "Physical layer-general description".
3G TS 25.211 "Physical channels and mapping of transport channels onto physical channels (FDD)."
3GPP TS 25.213 "Spreading and modulation (FDD)".
3GPP TS 25.214 "Physical layer procedures (FDD)".
3GPP TS 25.221 "Physical channels and mapping of transport channels onto physical channels (TDD)".
3GPP TS 25.222 "Multiplexing and channel coding (TDD)".
3GPP TS 25.223 "Spreading and modulation (TDD)".
3GPP TS 25.224 "Physical layer procedures (TDD)".
3GPP TS 25.302 "Services Provided by the Physical Layer".
3GPP TS 25.402 "Synchronisation in UTRAN".
YD／T 1026-1999 800MHz CDMA数字蜂窝移动通信网络接口技术要求：移动交换中心与基站子系统间接口
YD／T 1027-1999 800MHz CDMA数字蜂窝移动通信网络接口测试规范：移动交换中心与基站子系统间接口
YD／T 1028-1999 800MHz CDMA数字蜂窝移动通信网设备总技术规范：移动台部分
YD／T 1029-1999 800MHz CDMA数字蜂窝移动通信网设备总技术规范：基站部分
YD／T 1030-1999 800MHz CDMA数字蜂窝移动通信网接口技术要求：空中接口
YD／T 1048-2000 800MHz CDMA数字蜂窝移动通信网设备总技术规范：交换子系统部分
YD／T 1049-2000 800MHz CDMA数字蜂窝移动通信网设备总测试规范：交换子系统部分
YD／T 1050-2000 800MHz CDMA数字蜂窝移动通信网移动通信网设备总测试规范：移动台部分
YD／T 1026-2000 800MHz CDMA数字蜂窝移动通信网接口技术要求：移动交换中心与基站子系统间接口
[36] 邬国扬．CDMA数字蜂窝网．西安电子科技大学出版社．2000．6
[37] 张平，王卫东，陶小峰．WCDMA移动通信系统．人民邮电出版社．2001．7
[38] 吴伟陵．移动通信中的关键技术．北京邮电大学出版社．2000．11
[39] 谢文苗．CDMA基带收发实验系统．中国科技论文统计源期刊．pp．93-95．2001(4)
[40] 姚玉强．IS-95 CDMA前向信道中的基带数字滤波器．电信快报．pp．26-27．2000(4)
[41] 谢显中．第三代移动通信系统的空中接口方案．移动通信．pp．27-31．1999(1)
[42] 刘杰．CDMA-FWA系统基站接收机的实现及CDMA系统多址干扰的研究．北京邮电大学硕士论文．1999
[43] 刘铁．DS／CDMA信号数字接收技术的研究．北京大学博士论文．1998
[44] 宋爱慧．CDMA-FWA系统用户终端(中频、基带部分)的设计与实现．北京邮电大学硕士论文．1998
[45] 谢雪松．CDMA功率控制对系统容量的影响．华中理工大学硕士论文．2000
[46] 陈晓丹．基带数据传输中回波抑制器的研究．电子科技大学硕士论文．2001
[47] 杨震．Viterbi译码器的FPGA设计．西安电子科技大学硕士论文．2002
[48] 侯晶晶．3G中RAKE接收技术的研究．西安电子科技大学硕士论文．2002