供应链环境下企业采购关键问题研究
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摘要
当今世界经济的发展,具有两个主要特征,即经济全球化和跨国公司的飞速发展。尤其是进入21世纪以来,经济全球化趋势明显加快,企业在全球范围内的竞争更加激烈。企业之间的竞争也逐渐演变为供应链之间的竞争。在供应链环境下,如何提高企业的采购管理水平,对于降低企业成本,提高企业核心竞争力至关重要。
本文采用定性和定量相互结合的分析方法研究供应链环境下企业采购的关键问题,主要内容如下:
(1)供应链环境下企业采购的主要特征。阐述采购的基本理论,给出供应链环境下企业采购的定义,对企业采购的发展过程拓展分析;研究供应链环境下企业采购特征及采购地位提升的原因。
(2)供应链环境下采购商合作伙伴关系。探讨以采购商为核心企业的供应链流程;剖析企业的组织性质和构成,探讨企业组织性质的本质、集聚性和共生性并给出形成原因;提出采购商合作伙伴关系的结构和主要类型;研究采购商合作伙伴关系的演进,给出采购商合作伙伴关系的开发进程及描述函数;提出采购商合作伙伴关系发展战略和实施步骤。
(3)供应链环境下采购商合作伙伴关系模糊评价。定义综合满意度并给出其描述函数,结合语言评估标度理论,提出综合满意度评价步骤;构建采购商合作伙伴关系形成和发展的评价指标体系,给出基于三角模糊理论的指标权重确定方法;建立“指标因素-伙伴关系-合作满意”模型;提出基于反馈的合作伙伴关系模糊评价过程。
(4)供应链环境下企业采购系统的协调机理。分析供应链环境下企业采购系统结构,提出供应链环境下企业采购系统协调的概念和目的,探讨供应链环境下企业采购系统的协调层面、协调要素和协调度;提出基于功能单元的采购系统协调机理,建立供应链环境下企业采购系统功能单元协调模型,并深入研究采购主控中心Agent协调流程和协调约束条件;提出基于决策过程的采购系统内部协调流程。
(5)不完全信息条件下企业采购协调机制设计。针对采购商上、下游合作企业之间博弈的不完全信息特征,建立采购商与上游供应商和下游客户的博弈模型,深入研究单个供应商、多个供应商与采购商的博弈;提出供应链环境下采购商上下游供应链协调机制;并结合算例分析各因素对协调性的影响。
(6)供应链环境下企业采购的风险管理。分析采购风险的成因,划分采购风险为可控风险、不可控风险两种类型;结合风险发生概率及风险评价矩阵设计可控风险系数计算公式;提出企业采购风险规避策略。
In recent years, the global economy is developing with two outstanding features, one is globalization and the other is the fast growing of international enterprises. Especially, in the 21st century, economic globalization is speeding up with more intensive competition among these enterprises. The competition among the enterprises is gradually evolved into competing of the supply chain. In the supply chain environment, how to improve the purchasing management efficiency is very crucial for enterprises to reduce operation costs and improve their core competitiveness.
In this paper, with a qualitative and quantitative approach, the key issues of enterprise purchasing in supply chain environment are investigated as follows.
(1) The main features of enterprise purchasing in supply chain environment. The basic theory of purchasing is introduced and the definition of enterprise purchasing in supply chain environment is specified. Then, the development process is analyzed. The basic characteristics of enterprise purchasing in supply chain environment and the reasons of position leveraging are explored.
(2) Buyer partnership in supply chain environment. The supply chain procedure with the buyer as the core enterprise is analyzed. The organization and construction of the enterprise is clarified. The essence, aggregation and co-existence of enterprise organization, as well as the motivations, are analyzed. The structure and main categories of the buyer partnership are proposed. The evolution of buyer partnership and the development process and characterizing function are proposed. On this basis, the partnership development strategy and implementation procedures are proposed.
(3) Fuzzy evaluation of the buyer partnership in supply chain environment. The comprehensive satisfaction degree is defined with the characterizing function. Using the linguistic assessment theory, an evaluation procedure for cooperation satisfaction is proposed. The evaluation index system for buyer partnership formulation and development is established and the weight of indexes is obtained with triangular fuzzy theory. The model of "Index Factors-Partnership-Satisfaction" is established. And, a feedback-based fuzzy evaluation procedure to evaluate partnership is proposed.
(4) Coordination mechanism of purchasing system in supply chain environment. Based on the analysis of its structure, the concept and purpose of the coordination for the enterprise purchasing system in supply chain environment is clarified, and the layers, factors and degree of the coordination is analyzed. The purchasing coordination mechanism based on functional unit is proposed. The coordination model of the purchasing system functional units is established and the Agent coordination process and constraints for the buyer control center are investigated. Finally, the coordination process of the purchasing system based on decision process is proposed.
(5) Enterprise purchasing coordination mechanism with the condition of incomplete information. Based on the observation of the incomplete information feature for the game among the purchaser and their upstream/downstream counterparts, the game model among upstream supplier and downstream customer is established. Then, the game of the purchaser with single and multiple suppliers are investigated respectively. The coordination mechanism of upstream and downstream counterparts in the supply chain environment for the buyer is proposed and numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the impact of different factors on the coordination degree.
(6) Purchasing risk management in supply chain environment. Based on the analysis of the causes of purchasing risks, the purchasing risks are categorized into controllable and uncontrollable risks. According to the risk probability and risk evaluation matrix, the formulation of controllable risk coefficient is designed and the purchasing avoidance strategy is proposed.
本文采用定性和定量相互结合的分析方法研究供应链环境下企业采购的关键问题,主要内容如下:
(1)供应链环境下企业采购的主要特征。阐述采购的基本理论,给出供应链环境下企业采购的定义,对企业采购的发展过程拓展分析;研究供应链环境下企业采购特征及采购地位提升的原因。
(2)供应链环境下采购商合作伙伴关系。探讨以采购商为核心企业的供应链流程;剖析企业的组织性质和构成,探讨企业组织性质的本质、集聚性和共生性并给出形成原因;提出采购商合作伙伴关系的结构和主要类型;研究采购商合作伙伴关系的演进,给出采购商合作伙伴关系的开发进程及描述函数;提出采购商合作伙伴关系发展战略和实施步骤。
(3)供应链环境下采购商合作伙伴关系模糊评价。定义综合满意度并给出其描述函数,结合语言评估标度理论,提出综合满意度评价步骤;构建采购商合作伙伴关系形成和发展的评价指标体系,给出基于三角模糊理论的指标权重确定方法;建立“指标因素-伙伴关系-合作满意”模型;提出基于反馈的合作伙伴关系模糊评价过程。
(4)供应链环境下企业采购系统的协调机理。分析供应链环境下企业采购系统结构,提出供应链环境下企业采购系统协调的概念和目的,探讨供应链环境下企业采购系统的协调层面、协调要素和协调度;提出基于功能单元的采购系统协调机理,建立供应链环境下企业采购系统功能单元协调模型,并深入研究采购主控中心Agent协调流程和协调约束条件;提出基于决策过程的采购系统内部协调流程。
(5)不完全信息条件下企业采购协调机制设计。针对采购商上、下游合作企业之间博弈的不完全信息特征,建立采购商与上游供应商和下游客户的博弈模型,深入研究单个供应商、多个供应商与采购商的博弈;提出供应链环境下采购商上下游供应链协调机制;并结合算例分析各因素对协调性的影响。
(6)供应链环境下企业采购的风险管理。分析采购风险的成因,划分采购风险为可控风险、不可控风险两种类型;结合风险发生概率及风险评价矩阵设计可控风险系数计算公式;提出企业采购风险规避策略。
In recent years, the global economy is developing with two outstanding features, one is globalization and the other is the fast growing of international enterprises. Especially, in the 21st century, economic globalization is speeding up with more intensive competition among these enterprises. The competition among the enterprises is gradually evolved into competing of the supply chain. In the supply chain environment, how to improve the purchasing management efficiency is very crucial for enterprises to reduce operation costs and improve their core competitiveness.
In this paper, with a qualitative and quantitative approach, the key issues of enterprise purchasing in supply chain environment are investigated as follows.
(1) The main features of enterprise purchasing in supply chain environment. The basic theory of purchasing is introduced and the definition of enterprise purchasing in supply chain environment is specified. Then, the development process is analyzed. The basic characteristics of enterprise purchasing in supply chain environment and the reasons of position leveraging are explored.
(2) Buyer partnership in supply chain environment. The supply chain procedure with the buyer as the core enterprise is analyzed. The organization and construction of the enterprise is clarified. The essence, aggregation and co-existence of enterprise organization, as well as the motivations, are analyzed. The structure and main categories of the buyer partnership are proposed. The evolution of buyer partnership and the development process and characterizing function are proposed. On this basis, the partnership development strategy and implementation procedures are proposed.
(3) Fuzzy evaluation of the buyer partnership in supply chain environment. The comprehensive satisfaction degree is defined with the characterizing function. Using the linguistic assessment theory, an evaluation procedure for cooperation satisfaction is proposed. The evaluation index system for buyer partnership formulation and development is established and the weight of indexes is obtained with triangular fuzzy theory. The model of "Index Factors-Partnership-Satisfaction" is established. And, a feedback-based fuzzy evaluation procedure to evaluate partnership is proposed.
(4) Coordination mechanism of purchasing system in supply chain environment. Based on the analysis of its structure, the concept and purpose of the coordination for the enterprise purchasing system in supply chain environment is clarified, and the layers, factors and degree of the coordination is analyzed. The purchasing coordination mechanism based on functional unit is proposed. The coordination model of the purchasing system functional units is established and the Agent coordination process and constraints for the buyer control center are investigated. Finally, the coordination process of the purchasing system based on decision process is proposed.
(5) Enterprise purchasing coordination mechanism with the condition of incomplete information. Based on the observation of the incomplete information feature for the game among the purchaser and their upstream/downstream counterparts, the game model among upstream supplier and downstream customer is established. Then, the game of the purchaser with single and multiple suppliers are investigated respectively. The coordination mechanism of upstream and downstream counterparts in the supply chain environment for the buyer is proposed and numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the impact of different factors on the coordination degree.
(6) Purchasing risk management in supply chain environment. Based on the analysis of the causes of purchasing risks, the purchasing risks are categorized into controllable and uncontrollable risks. According to the risk probability and risk evaluation matrix, the formulation of controllable risk coefficient is designed and the purchasing avoidance strategy is proposed.
引文
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