小型热泵式空调制冷剂R290及其润滑油混合物特性研究
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摘要
氟利昂(CFCs、HCFCs)制冷剂被广泛运用于制冷设备和空调中,但因其对臭氧层有破坏作用,且是温室气体,有一定的温室效应,发达国家已从1996起全面禁止生产和使用CFCs,对HCFCs的最后禁用时间也在蒙特利尔修正案中由2030年提前到2020年。本文在分析制冷剂替代(特别是HCFCs替代)的历史、现状和国内外形势基础上,论证了在小型热泵空调上以R290替代R22的可行性,其中包括物化性质、理论制冷循环、经济性和安全性等多方面的内容。
     R290的基本热物理性质与R22相近,化学性质也较稳定,价格低廉容易获得,与材料相容性好,其热物理性质在许多方面甚至优于R22。而且其ODP、GWP值均为零,不存在破坏环境的问题。因此以R290替代R22在小型制冷装置中有着广阔的前景。
     丙烷是一种碳氢化合物,作为制冷剂其易燃性是一个需认真考虑的问题。为了制冷机安全运行,在保证COP的前提下,应尽量减少丙烷的充灌量。制冷剂在润滑油中的溶解性会对制冷剂的充注量和制冷性能产生重大影响。
     为了探究丙烷与润滑油的混合物的性质,设计了实验装置,并对实验方法和测试手段进行了优化。通过丙烷与所选三种润滑油的互溶性对比实验,分析相应条件下制冷循环的性能,寻求丙烷制冷空调系统可采用的最佳冷冻油及其匹配比例。实验结果表明,对于R290与不溶性油的混合物,冷冻油对制冷循环性能没有什么影响,但会带来压缩机回油困难。对于R290与溶性油的混合物,为了保证系统的COP,须控制润滑油的充注量,以不超过5%为好,最大也不要超过20%。而且,在丙烷制冷系统中,采用PAG润滑油是更好的选择,因为它兼顾了安全性、系统制冷性能和压缩机回油等多方面的要求。
     在总结理论分析和实验研究的基础上,对今后R290的推广运用提出了尚需进一步完善、改进和深入研究的意见。
Freon( CFCs, HCFCs) is widely used in the refrigerating equipments and air-conditioner. Because of their depleting the ozonosphere and making the earth become warmer, the developed countries had been prohibited from producing and used CFCs since 1996, and the banning schedule for HCFC-22 would be ahead from 2030 to 2020 according to the Montreal Revision. On the basis of analyzing the history, current situation and international and domestic tendency of alternative refrigerants, especial alternative for HCFCs, the paper demonstrate the possibility that propane (R290) substitute R22 in the small-sized heat pump, including the physical and chemical properties, theoretical refrigerating cycle, economic, safety concerning the R290, and etc,
    With the basic physical properties of approaching almost to R22's, stable chemical property, low price, compatibility with material used commonly in the refrigerating equipments, no damaging the environment, R290 has a bright future as alternative for R22.
    As a hydrocarbon, the flammability of R290 must be treated carefully. To safe operation of the refrigerating machine, under the premise of ensuring the COP of refrigerating system, the quantity of R290 charged should be minimized as its possibility. The solubility of propane with lubrication oil plays great influence on the quantity of refrigerants charged and the refrigerating effect of the system.
    To research the character of the mixtures of propane and lubricants, experimental installation is designed, experimental and testing method is optimized. The best refrigerating oil and the best ratio between refrigerant and lubricant are found through the comparative experiments of propane with commonly used compressor lubricants and analyzing the refrigerating performance under the corresponding condition. The experimental results indicate that insoluble propane and oil, which will result in the difficulty of returning oil of compressor, have little influence on the COP of refrigerating system. For soluble propane and oil, the quantity of lubrication oils charged should be limited below 5%(a maximum of no exceeding 20%). The PAG synthetic oil is the best choice for the refrigerating system, which takes propane as refrigerant, because it;
    
    
    can meet the requirements of safety, COP, returning oils of compressor, and etc, The suggestions that further complete and improve the application of propane are provided on the basis of summarizing the theoretical analysis and experimental research.
    Xiong Ailhg (Refrigeration and Cryogenic Engineering) Directed by Han Houde and Cao Hongfen
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