高功率短脉冲固体激光及其泵浦的中红外周期极化铌酸锂光学参量振荡器特性研究
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摘要
高功率短脉冲固体激光及其泵浦的中红外周期极化铌酸锂(Periodically Poled Lithium Niobate, PPLN)光学参量振荡器(Optical Parametric Oscillator, OPO)特性研究对于脉冲固体激光和中红外激光光源优化有着重要的实际指导价值。本论文中,在考虑激光介质上下能级热弛豫和下能级非辐射弛豫、调Q开关打开时间、激光横模等影响下,我们研究了增益开关、主动和被动调Q脉冲固体激光的输出特性；接着,理论和实验研究了脉冲固体激光泵浦的中红外PPLN-OPO特性。主要研究内容总结如下：
(1)激光弛豫振荡过程及增益开关脉冲特性研究
研究了激光上下能级热弛豫和下能级非辐射弛豫过程(统称为能级弛豫)对1064nmNd:YAG连续激光开启动态过程及稳态输出特性的影响；并进一步分析了能级弛豫对增益开关脉冲激光形成过程及输出特性的影响。结果表明,能级弛豫过程对连续激光开启动态弛豫过程和增益开关脉冲激光输出特性有着明显的影响,尤其是在高功率短脉冲情况下；与不考虑能级弛豫相比较,发现在相同的泵浦持续时间下,考虑能级弛豫条件下产生的增益开关脉冲宽度较宽,脉冲能量和峰值强度均较低。但是,能级弛豫对于连续激光最终的稳定输出状态无任何影响。从中可以得出,能级弛豫主要对于激光动态过程尤其是短脉冲形成过程有着不可忽视的影响,在短脉冲激光器优化设计中需要考虑其作用。
(2)主动调Q脉冲激光特性研究
研究了能级弛豫过程对主动快开关电光调QNd:YAG脉冲激光输出特性的影响和慢开关效应对声光调Q脉冲激光的不利影响及避免方式。对于电光调Q脉冲激光,其可视为快开关进行近似处理；然而,由于电光调Q激光脉冲的脉宽较短(ns量级),需考虑能级弛豫对其输出特性的影响。而对于声光调Q脉冲激光,其脉冲宽度较宽,因此无需考虑能级弛豫的影响；但是其开关打开时间较长,在高功率下容易产生多脉冲现象,大大降低激光能量转换效率,同时恶化激光脉冲均一性和光束质量,需尽量避免慢开关效应的不利影响。
(3)被动调Q脉冲激光特性研究
研究了能级弛豫过程和激光横模对Cr4+:YAG被动调Q脉冲激光特性的影响,对获得稳定可靠的被动调Q脉冲有一定的指导意义。实验研究了LD端泵Nd:YVO4Cr4+:YAG被动调Q脉冲激光输出特性,并将能级弛豫引入被动调Q速率方程,发现当热弛豫时间t=5ns时理论模拟结果与实验结果能够很好的吻合。接着,研究了连续工作LD侧泵Nd:YAG热致双折射效应引起的轴对称TEM01*模形成过程。而当插入Cr4+:YAG可饱和吸收体后,由于可饱和吸收体的横模选择作用,在临界工作区域产生四束对称分布的相位锁定高斯光,并在远场观察到正弦-余弦调制的高分辨率高斯干涉条纹；另外,实验发现当激光横模达到稳定的相位锁定时,被动调Q激光脉冲输出也很稳定。
(4)中红外PPLN-OPO理论研究
理论分析了非线性光学的三波相互作用耦合波方程、准相位匹配原理和优点、PPLN-OPO调谐方式、外腔式单谐振OPO的振荡阈值和转换效率。
(5)外腔式单谐振中红外PPLN-OPO实验研究
采用声光调Q LD侧泵1.064μm Nd:YAG脉冲激光作为泵浦源,研究了外腔式单谐振中红外MgO:PPLN-OPO的功率和光谱输出特性,其闲频光输出波长在3.8μm附近能够实现小范围的温度调谐。首先,我们对高功率中红外PPLN-OPO中相关实验参数设计进行分析,主要包括泵浦光源、PPLN晶体、OPO腔镜镀膜和机械调整架的设计。接着,通过在LD侧泵1.064μm Nd:YAG调Q脉冲激光腔内插入不同直径的小孔光阑,分析了泵浦光光束质量对OPO输出特性的影响。实验结果表明,泵浦光光束质量越好,参量转换效率越高。实验中,我们获得了最高5.5W3.8μm闲频光平均功率输出和27%1.064μm泵浦光至3.8μm闲频光功率转换效率。同时,我们对上述实验过程中PPLN晶体的热效应对泵浦光横模的影响进行了分析,当泵浦功率高于某一值时,热透镜效应转换为热波导效应,泵浦光被限制在晶体内,泵浦光和参量光的模式重叠提高,这有益于OPO的高效稳定运行。最后,我们对中红外PPLN-OPO参量光光谱和寄生振荡可见光光谱进行了简要分析,除了近红外信号光和中红外闲频光光谱外还能通过人眼观察到寄生振荡绿光和红光可见光。
Study on high power short pulse solid lasers and mid-infrared periodically poled Lithium Niobate optical parametric oscillators (PPLN-OPO) has important practical guidance value for the optimization of pulse solid laser and mid-infrared laser light sources. In this dissertation, we have studied the gain-switching, active and passive Q-switching pulse solid laser output characteristics, when considering the influence of thermalization and lower multiplet relaxation of the laser medium, Q-switch turn-on time and laser transverse mode; Then, the features of mid-infrared PPLN-OPO pumped by pulse solid lasers were studied theoretically and experimentally. The main research content is summarized below:
(1) Characteristics of laser relaxation oscillation process and gain-switching pulses
Influence of thermalization and lower multiplet relaxation (collectively called as energy level relaxation) of the laser medium on turn-on relaxation oscillation process and steady state output characteristics of1064nm Nd:YAG CW laser was studied; And further influence of laser energy level relaxation on gain-switching laser pulse building-up process and output characteristics was also analyzed. Results show that the energy level dynamic relaxation process has obvious effect on turn-on relaxation oscillation process of CW laser and gain-switching pulse laser output characteristics, especially in the case of high power short pulses; Compared with the situation regardless of the energy level relaxation, it is found that under the same pump duration gain-switching pulse width is wider, and pulse energy and peak intensity are lower when considering energy level relaxation. However, the energy level relaxation hasn't any impact on the final steady state output of CW laser. Therefore, we can conclude that energy level relaxation mainly has influence on laser dynamic process especially short pulse laser building-up process, and it is needed to consider the role of energy level relaxation in the optimal design of short pulse lasers.
(2) Characteristics of active Q-switching laser pulses
Influence of energy level relaxation process on fast active electro-optical Q-switching Nd:YAG pulse laser output characteristics and the adverse influence of slow-switch effect on acousto-optical Q-switching pulse lasers were studied. For the electro-optical Q-switching pulse lasers, the approximate treatment can be considered as fast-switch; However, as electro-optical Q-switching laser pulses have a short pulse width (ns magnitude), it is needed to consider the influence of energy level relaxation on its output characteristics. For the acousto-optical Q-switching pulse lasers, the pulse width is wider, so it isn't needed to consider the effect of energy level relaxation; But the acousto-optical Q-switch is opened with a long time, it is easy to generate multiple pulses under high power situation, greatly reducing the laser energy conversion efficiency, deteriorating laser pulse uniformity and beam quality at the same time, which should be avoided.
(3) Characteristics of passive Q-switching laser pulses
Influence of energy level relaxation process and laser transverse mode on Cr4+:YAG passive Q-switching laser output characteristics was studied, which has some guiding significance in obtaining stable and reliable Q-switching laser pulses. The output characteristics of LD end-pumped Nd:YVO4Cr4+:YAG passive Q-switching laser were measured experimentally, and then when introducing energy level relaxation into passive Q-switching rate equations, it was found that the theoretical simulation results agreed well with the experimental results when thermalization time tt=5ns. Then, formation of axisymmetric TEM01*modes caused by thermal birefringence effect was studied in a LD side-pumped Nd:YAG CW laser. When inserting Cr4+:YAG saturable absorber, due to transverse mode selection effect of the saturable absorber, four symmetric distributed phase-locked Gaussian beams were produced in the critical work area of the laser resonantor, and high-resolution sine and cosine-modulated Gaussian interference fringes were observed in the far field; In addition, it was found that when the laser transverse mode was phase locked stably, the passive Q-switching laser pulses were also stable.
(4) Theoretical study of mid-infrared PPLN-OPO
Three waves interaction coupled wave equations of nonlinear optics, quasi-phase matching principle and its advantages, wavelength tuning of PPLN-OPO, oscillation threshold and conversion efficiency of external-cavity, singly resonant OPO were analyzed theoretically.
(5) Experimental study of external-cavity, singly resonant mid-infrared PPLN-OPO
Using acousto-optical Q-switching LD side-pumped1.064μm Nd:YAG pulse lasers as the pump sources, the power output and spectral characteristics of external-cavity, singly resonant mid-infrared MgO:PPLN-OPO were studied, with the idler wavelength temperature-tunable around3.8μm. First of all, related experimental parameter designs were analyzed for the high power mid-infrared PPLN-OPO, mainly including pump light source, PPLN crystal, OPO cavity mirror coating and mechanical design. Then, through inserting an aperture of different sizes into the LD side-pumped1.064μm Nd:YAG pulse laser cavity, the influence of the pump beam quality on OPO output characteristics was analyzed. The experimental results show that the better is the pump beam quality, the higher is the parametric conversion efficiency. In the experiments, the highest3.8μm idler beam power of5.5W and1.064μm pump beam to3.8μm idler beam conversion efficiency of27%were obtained. At the same time, we analyzed the influence of the PPLN crystal thermal effect on the pump beam transverse mode. When the pump power was higher than a certain value, the thermal lens effect was converted to thermal waveguide effect, the pump beam was restricted within the crystal, and thus the parametric beams overlap better with the pump beam, which is beneficial for the efficient and stable operation of OPO. Finally, we briefly analyzed the parametric light spectrum and parasitic oscillation visible light spectrum of the mid-infrared PPLN-OPO. In addition to the near-infrared signal light and mid-infrared idle light spectrum, parasitic oscillation of green and red visible light was also observed by human eyes.
(1)激光弛豫振荡过程及增益开关脉冲特性研究
研究了激光上下能级热弛豫和下能级非辐射弛豫过程(统称为能级弛豫)对1064nmNd:YAG连续激光开启动态过程及稳态输出特性的影响；并进一步分析了能级弛豫对增益开关脉冲激光形成过程及输出特性的影响。结果表明,能级弛豫过程对连续激光开启动态弛豫过程和增益开关脉冲激光输出特性有着明显的影响,尤其是在高功率短脉冲情况下；与不考虑能级弛豫相比较,发现在相同的泵浦持续时间下,考虑能级弛豫条件下产生的增益开关脉冲宽度较宽,脉冲能量和峰值强度均较低。但是,能级弛豫对于连续激光最终的稳定输出状态无任何影响。从中可以得出,能级弛豫主要对于激光动态过程尤其是短脉冲形成过程有着不可忽视的影响,在短脉冲激光器优化设计中需要考虑其作用。
(2)主动调Q脉冲激光特性研究
研究了能级弛豫过程对主动快开关电光调QNd:YAG脉冲激光输出特性的影响和慢开关效应对声光调Q脉冲激光的不利影响及避免方式。对于电光调Q脉冲激光,其可视为快开关进行近似处理；然而,由于电光调Q激光脉冲的脉宽较短(ns量级),需考虑能级弛豫对其输出特性的影响。而对于声光调Q脉冲激光,其脉冲宽度较宽,因此无需考虑能级弛豫的影响；但是其开关打开时间较长,在高功率下容易产生多脉冲现象,大大降低激光能量转换效率,同时恶化激光脉冲均一性和光束质量,需尽量避免慢开关效应的不利影响。
(3)被动调Q脉冲激光特性研究
研究了能级弛豫过程和激光横模对Cr4+:YAG被动调Q脉冲激光特性的影响,对获得稳定可靠的被动调Q脉冲有一定的指导意义。实验研究了LD端泵Nd:YVO4Cr4+:YAG被动调Q脉冲激光输出特性,并将能级弛豫引入被动调Q速率方程,发现当热弛豫时间t=5ns时理论模拟结果与实验结果能够很好的吻合。接着,研究了连续工作LD侧泵Nd:YAG热致双折射效应引起的轴对称TEM01*模形成过程。而当插入Cr4+:YAG可饱和吸收体后,由于可饱和吸收体的横模选择作用,在临界工作区域产生四束对称分布的相位锁定高斯光,并在远场观察到正弦-余弦调制的高分辨率高斯干涉条纹；另外,实验发现当激光横模达到稳定的相位锁定时,被动调Q激光脉冲输出也很稳定。
(4)中红外PPLN-OPO理论研究
理论分析了非线性光学的三波相互作用耦合波方程、准相位匹配原理和优点、PPLN-OPO调谐方式、外腔式单谐振OPO的振荡阈值和转换效率。
(5)外腔式单谐振中红外PPLN-OPO实验研究
采用声光调Q LD侧泵1.064μm Nd:YAG脉冲激光作为泵浦源,研究了外腔式单谐振中红外MgO:PPLN-OPO的功率和光谱输出特性,其闲频光输出波长在3.8μm附近能够实现小范围的温度调谐。首先,我们对高功率中红外PPLN-OPO中相关实验参数设计进行分析,主要包括泵浦光源、PPLN晶体、OPO腔镜镀膜和机械调整架的设计。接着,通过在LD侧泵1.064μm Nd:YAG调Q脉冲激光腔内插入不同直径的小孔光阑,分析了泵浦光光束质量对OPO输出特性的影响。实验结果表明,泵浦光光束质量越好,参量转换效率越高。实验中,我们获得了最高5.5W3.8μm闲频光平均功率输出和27%1.064μm泵浦光至3.8μm闲频光功率转换效率。同时,我们对上述实验过程中PPLN晶体的热效应对泵浦光横模的影响进行了分析,当泵浦功率高于某一值时,热透镜效应转换为热波导效应,泵浦光被限制在晶体内,泵浦光和参量光的模式重叠提高,这有益于OPO的高效稳定运行。最后,我们对中红外PPLN-OPO参量光光谱和寄生振荡可见光光谱进行了简要分析,除了近红外信号光和中红外闲频光光谱外还能通过人眼观察到寄生振荡绿光和红光可见光。
Study on high power short pulse solid lasers and mid-infrared periodically poled Lithium Niobate optical parametric oscillators (PPLN-OPO) has important practical guidance value for the optimization of pulse solid laser and mid-infrared laser light sources. In this dissertation, we have studied the gain-switching, active and passive Q-switching pulse solid laser output characteristics, when considering the influence of thermalization and lower multiplet relaxation of the laser medium, Q-switch turn-on time and laser transverse mode; Then, the features of mid-infrared PPLN-OPO pumped by pulse solid lasers were studied theoretically and experimentally. The main research content is summarized below:
(1) Characteristics of laser relaxation oscillation process and gain-switching pulses
Influence of thermalization and lower multiplet relaxation (collectively called as energy level relaxation) of the laser medium on turn-on relaxation oscillation process and steady state output characteristics of1064nm Nd:YAG CW laser was studied; And further influence of laser energy level relaxation on gain-switching laser pulse building-up process and output characteristics was also analyzed. Results show that the energy level dynamic relaxation process has obvious effect on turn-on relaxation oscillation process of CW laser and gain-switching pulse laser output characteristics, especially in the case of high power short pulses; Compared with the situation regardless of the energy level relaxation, it is found that under the same pump duration gain-switching pulse width is wider, and pulse energy and peak intensity are lower when considering energy level relaxation. However, the energy level relaxation hasn't any impact on the final steady state output of CW laser. Therefore, we can conclude that energy level relaxation mainly has influence on laser dynamic process especially short pulse laser building-up process, and it is needed to consider the role of energy level relaxation in the optimal design of short pulse lasers.
(2) Characteristics of active Q-switching laser pulses
Influence of energy level relaxation process on fast active electro-optical Q-switching Nd:YAG pulse laser output characteristics and the adverse influence of slow-switch effect on acousto-optical Q-switching pulse lasers were studied. For the electro-optical Q-switching pulse lasers, the approximate treatment can be considered as fast-switch; However, as electro-optical Q-switching laser pulses have a short pulse width (ns magnitude), it is needed to consider the influence of energy level relaxation on its output characteristics. For the acousto-optical Q-switching pulse lasers, the pulse width is wider, so it isn't needed to consider the effect of energy level relaxation; But the acousto-optical Q-switch is opened with a long time, it is easy to generate multiple pulses under high power situation, greatly reducing the laser energy conversion efficiency, deteriorating laser pulse uniformity and beam quality at the same time, which should be avoided.
(3) Characteristics of passive Q-switching laser pulses
Influence of energy level relaxation process and laser transverse mode on Cr4+:YAG passive Q-switching laser output characteristics was studied, which has some guiding significance in obtaining stable and reliable Q-switching laser pulses. The output characteristics of LD end-pumped Nd:YVO4Cr4+:YAG passive Q-switching laser were measured experimentally, and then when introducing energy level relaxation into passive Q-switching rate equations, it was found that the theoretical simulation results agreed well with the experimental results when thermalization time tt=5ns. Then, formation of axisymmetric TEM01*modes caused by thermal birefringence effect was studied in a LD side-pumped Nd:YAG CW laser. When inserting Cr4+:YAG saturable absorber, due to transverse mode selection effect of the saturable absorber, four symmetric distributed phase-locked Gaussian beams were produced in the critical work area of the laser resonantor, and high-resolution sine and cosine-modulated Gaussian interference fringes were observed in the far field; In addition, it was found that when the laser transverse mode was phase locked stably, the passive Q-switching laser pulses were also stable.
(4) Theoretical study of mid-infrared PPLN-OPO
Three waves interaction coupled wave equations of nonlinear optics, quasi-phase matching principle and its advantages, wavelength tuning of PPLN-OPO, oscillation threshold and conversion efficiency of external-cavity, singly resonant OPO were analyzed theoretically.
(5) Experimental study of external-cavity, singly resonant mid-infrared PPLN-OPO
Using acousto-optical Q-switching LD side-pumped1.064μm Nd:YAG pulse lasers as the pump sources, the power output and spectral characteristics of external-cavity, singly resonant mid-infrared MgO:PPLN-OPO were studied, with the idler wavelength temperature-tunable around3.8μm. First of all, related experimental parameter designs were analyzed for the high power mid-infrared PPLN-OPO, mainly including pump light source, PPLN crystal, OPO cavity mirror coating and mechanical design. Then, through inserting an aperture of different sizes into the LD side-pumped1.064μm Nd:YAG pulse laser cavity, the influence of the pump beam quality on OPO output characteristics was analyzed. The experimental results show that the better is the pump beam quality, the higher is the parametric conversion efficiency. In the experiments, the highest3.8μm idler beam power of5.5W and1.064μm pump beam to3.8μm idler beam conversion efficiency of27%were obtained. At the same time, we analyzed the influence of the PPLN crystal thermal effect on the pump beam transverse mode. When the pump power was higher than a certain value, the thermal lens effect was converted to thermal waveguide effect, the pump beam was restricted within the crystal, and thus the parametric beams overlap better with the pump beam, which is beneficial for the efficient and stable operation of OPO. Finally, we briefly analyzed the parametric light spectrum and parasitic oscillation visible light spectrum of the mid-infrared PPLN-OPO. In addition to the near-infrared signal light and mid-infrared idle light spectrum, parasitic oscillation of green and red visible light was also observed by human eyes.
引文
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