用于差频产生THz波的激光器及THz光子晶体带隙特性的研究
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摘要
太赫兹波(THz波)的产生是THz研究领域的关键技术之一。实现THz波总体上分为电子学和光子学两种方法。在光子学领域,非线性光学差频方法是获取高功率、低成本、便携式和室温运转THz波的主要方法之一。在利用非线性光学差频方法产生THz波的关键技术中,研制新型的差频泵浦源是最为重要的。同时,随着THz波辐射源和THz探测技术的不断发展,如何构建一套完整的THz光学系统已成为研究的热点之一。光子晶体作为一种新型人工材料有望在THz功能器件的开发和研制中扮演重要的角色,从而为THz系统的集成化和小型化作出贡献。本论文主要围绕用于差频产生THz辐射源的多波长激光器及THz光子晶体的带隙特性分析而展开,论文的主要内容包括:
一、从LD端面泵浦固体激光器的激光阈值公式出发,理论计算了腔镜对于两个波长的透过率关系,实现了LD端面泵浦Nd:YAG 1319nm/1338nm双波长激光连续、准连续及线偏振稳定输出。这两条非常接近的谱线为进一步通过非线性光学差频方法获得高重复频率、高相干性3.23THz的THz波提供了实验基础,实验结果达到国内领先水平;
二、实现了LD端面泵浦Nd:YAG LBO内腔倍频连续和准连续多波长红光稳定输出。将659.5nm/669nm双波长红光作为差频泵浦光,选择合适的差频晶体,有望实现6.73THz的高频率THz波输出。这是利用非线性光学差频方法产生THz波的第二套实验方案;
三、基于非线性光学频率变换理论,计算模拟出在不同相位匹配条件下,GaSe和ZnGeP2晶体差频的相位匹配角、走离角,允许角和有效非线性系数,总结出对应输出不同THz波长的最佳相位匹配方式。计算结果为利用非线性光学差频方法产生THz辐射源的实验研究提供了深入和全面的理论基础;
四、利用平面波展开法,通过改变二维THz光子晶体的结构参数,对二维THz光子晶体完全带隙进行了优化,分析出两种适合工作在THz波段的二维光子晶体结构;采用时域有限差分法和平面波展开法,计算出THz波在二维光子晶体“T”型分束波导,45度旋转波导中传输的电磁场分布以及缺陷模;
五、Woodpile面心立方四角结构是三维光子晶体中被研究最广泛的结构之一。基于该结构,通过改变其中某些结构参数,设计出一种新颖的、对称性较低的,具有良好完全带隙特性的,制备工艺相对容易并可工作于THz波段的三维woodpile结构。该三维woodpile结构的新颖性得到国际同行的认可。
The generation of terahertz (THz) waves is one of the key technologies in the THz study field. The methods of THz generation are divided into electronics and photonics. The nonlinear optical difference frequency method is one of the main methods to generate all-solid-state, low cost, compactable, room-temperature, and tunable THz wave radiation. Among the key technologies of THz generation by the nonlinear optical difference frequency, developing novel difference frequency pumping sources is the most important. With the development of THz sources and THz detectors, how to construct an integrated optical circuit for THz generation, propagation, manipulation and measurement is becoming a brand-new study focus. Photonic crystals (PCs), as a kind of new artificial material, would play an important role in the design of THz functional components. The main contents are summarized as follows:
1. Based on the lasing threshold equation of a diode-end-pumped Nd:YAG laser, the relationship between the transmission ratios of the output mirror corresponding to the two wavelengths is calculated. A simultaneous dual-wavelength continuous wave (cw), quasi-cw or linearly polarized wave diode-end-pumped Nd:YAG laser operating at 1319nm and 1338nm is demonstrated. To the best of our knowledge, our experimental results achieve the highest level in the domestic domain. The simultaneous dual-wavelength laser provides an experimental basis for generating highly coherent THz wave radiation of 3.23THz by nonlinear optical difference frequency method.
2. A diode-end-pumped Nd:YAG crystal, type-I critical phase matching LBO crystal intra-cavity frequency doubled, simultaneous multi-wavelength red laser at 659.5nm, 664nm and 669nm is firstly realized. Using the dual-wavelength red laser at 659.5nm and 669nm and choosing the proper difference frequency crystal, it is hopeful for us to realize high frequency THz wave radiation of 6.73THz. This is the second experimental project for generating THz waves.
3. Based on the theory of nonlinear optical frequency conversion, the phase-matched angle, walk-off angle, acceptance angle and effective nonlinear coefficient of difference-frequency in GaSe and ZnGeP2 crystals are calculated under different phase-matched conditions. The optimum phase-matched conditions corresponding to different THz wave bands are summarized through comparing the whole calculated results. The calculated results provide a theoretical basis for using optical difference-frequency method in the nonlinear crystals to generate tunable THz waves.
4. Based on plane wave expansion method, the complete band gaps of two-dimensional (2D) THz PCs with typical structures are optimized through varying structural parameters. Two kinds of lattice structures that are very promising for the materials of THz components are found. Using finite difference time domain method, the electromagnetic field distribution of THz wave is simulated in a THz 2D PC splitter and by plane wave expansion method the dispersion relation and defect modes are achieved in a THz rotated PC waveguide.
5. A woodpile three-dimensional (3D) PC with face-centered-tetragonal (fct) symmetry is one of the most popular 3D PCs because of its favorable band gap characteristics. Based on the woodpile fct lattice structure, we propose a novel woodpile THz lattice structure with comparatively decreased symmetry, better band gap properties and easy fabrication by varying some structure parameters. Compared with the woodpile THz fct PC, the novel woodpile THz PC has a wider range of filling ratios to gain higher quality complete PBGs, which makes the manufacturing process more convenient. The novelty of the new woodpile PC has gained approvals from the international peers.
一、从LD端面泵浦固体激光器的激光阈值公式出发,理论计算了腔镜对于两个波长的透过率关系,实现了LD端面泵浦Nd:YAG 1319nm/1338nm双波长激光连续、准连续及线偏振稳定输出。这两条非常接近的谱线为进一步通过非线性光学差频方法获得高重复频率、高相干性3.23THz的THz波提供了实验基础,实验结果达到国内领先水平;
二、实现了LD端面泵浦Nd:YAG LBO内腔倍频连续和准连续多波长红光稳定输出。将659.5nm/669nm双波长红光作为差频泵浦光,选择合适的差频晶体,有望实现6.73THz的高频率THz波输出。这是利用非线性光学差频方法产生THz波的第二套实验方案;
三、基于非线性光学频率变换理论,计算模拟出在不同相位匹配条件下,GaSe和ZnGeP2晶体差频的相位匹配角、走离角,允许角和有效非线性系数,总结出对应输出不同THz波长的最佳相位匹配方式。计算结果为利用非线性光学差频方法产生THz辐射源的实验研究提供了深入和全面的理论基础;
四、利用平面波展开法,通过改变二维THz光子晶体的结构参数,对二维THz光子晶体完全带隙进行了优化,分析出两种适合工作在THz波段的二维光子晶体结构;采用时域有限差分法和平面波展开法,计算出THz波在二维光子晶体“T”型分束波导,45度旋转波导中传输的电磁场分布以及缺陷模;
五、Woodpile面心立方四角结构是三维光子晶体中被研究最广泛的结构之一。基于该结构,通过改变其中某些结构参数,设计出一种新颖的、对称性较低的,具有良好完全带隙特性的,制备工艺相对容易并可工作于THz波段的三维woodpile结构。该三维woodpile结构的新颖性得到国际同行的认可。
The generation of terahertz (THz) waves is one of the key technologies in the THz study field. The methods of THz generation are divided into electronics and photonics. The nonlinear optical difference frequency method is one of the main methods to generate all-solid-state, low cost, compactable, room-temperature, and tunable THz wave radiation. Among the key technologies of THz generation by the nonlinear optical difference frequency, developing novel difference frequency pumping sources is the most important. With the development of THz sources and THz detectors, how to construct an integrated optical circuit for THz generation, propagation, manipulation and measurement is becoming a brand-new study focus. Photonic crystals (PCs), as a kind of new artificial material, would play an important role in the design of THz functional components. The main contents are summarized as follows:
1. Based on the lasing threshold equation of a diode-end-pumped Nd:YAG laser, the relationship between the transmission ratios of the output mirror corresponding to the two wavelengths is calculated. A simultaneous dual-wavelength continuous wave (cw), quasi-cw or linearly polarized wave diode-end-pumped Nd:YAG laser operating at 1319nm and 1338nm is demonstrated. To the best of our knowledge, our experimental results achieve the highest level in the domestic domain. The simultaneous dual-wavelength laser provides an experimental basis for generating highly coherent THz wave radiation of 3.23THz by nonlinear optical difference frequency method.
2. A diode-end-pumped Nd:YAG crystal, type-I critical phase matching LBO crystal intra-cavity frequency doubled, simultaneous multi-wavelength red laser at 659.5nm, 664nm and 669nm is firstly realized. Using the dual-wavelength red laser at 659.5nm and 669nm and choosing the proper difference frequency crystal, it is hopeful for us to realize high frequency THz wave radiation of 6.73THz. This is the second experimental project for generating THz waves.
3. Based on the theory of nonlinear optical frequency conversion, the phase-matched angle, walk-off angle, acceptance angle and effective nonlinear coefficient of difference-frequency in GaSe and ZnGeP2 crystals are calculated under different phase-matched conditions. The optimum phase-matched conditions corresponding to different THz wave bands are summarized through comparing the whole calculated results. The calculated results provide a theoretical basis for using optical difference-frequency method in the nonlinear crystals to generate tunable THz waves.
4. Based on plane wave expansion method, the complete band gaps of two-dimensional (2D) THz PCs with typical structures are optimized through varying structural parameters. Two kinds of lattice structures that are very promising for the materials of THz components are found. Using finite difference time domain method, the electromagnetic field distribution of THz wave is simulated in a THz 2D PC splitter and by plane wave expansion method the dispersion relation and defect modes are achieved in a THz rotated PC waveguide.
5. A woodpile three-dimensional (3D) PC with face-centered-tetragonal (fct) symmetry is one of the most popular 3D PCs because of its favorable band gap characteristics. Based on the woodpile fct lattice structure, we propose a novel woodpile THz lattice structure with comparatively decreased symmetry, better band gap properties and easy fabrication by varying some structure parameters. Compared with the woodpile THz fct PC, the novel woodpile THz PC has a wider range of filling ratios to gain higher quality complete PBGs, which makes the manufacturing process more convenient. The novelty of the new woodpile PC has gained approvals from the international peers.
引文
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