双转子活塞发动机基础理论研究
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摘要
传统活塞式发动机主要包括往复活塞式发动机和旋转活塞式发动机，其中往复活塞式发动机经历了150余年的改进和优化，具有功率覆盖面广、转速范围宽、经济性好等特点，是目前汽车、飞机、轮船等各类移动装备的主要动力源。近年来，单人飞行器、无人机等高紧凑性新型移动平台蓬勃发展，对发动机的功率密度提出了越来越高的要求，而传统活塞式发动机的功率密度受机构限制，存在着诸多固有缺陷，基本没有大幅度提高的可能，这极大限制了新型移动平台的发展。另外，能源短缺和环境污染的形势越来越严峻，传统活塞式发动机在被用作新能源发动机时存在着经济性差、效率不高、动力不足、容易爆燃等一系列技术难题，能够良好适应新能源的发动机亟需得到研究。因此，在世界发动机技术变革的新起点上，瞄准未来需求，抓住机遇尽快研制出既能有效利用新能源又具备高功率密度潜力的新型发动机刻不容缓。
论文研究来源于部委级重大项目，针对传统活塞式发动机存在的不足，在差速式发动机的基础上进行拓展和改进创新，发明了一款双转子活塞发动机。双转子活塞发动机具有作功密度高、排量大、动态扩容等优良特性，理论上具备高功率密度发动机和新能源发动机的应用潜力。本文将对双转子活塞发动机的若干基础理论和其关键创新机构部分—功率传输装置进行系统深入地研究，为进一步制作双转子活塞发动机工程试验样机提供理论依据和技术指导。主要内容如下：
（1）研究了全系列N（N为正整数）叶片活塞双转子活塞发动机的结构组成和工作原理。对双转子活塞发动机与传统活塞式发动机在气体膨胀力的传递方式、工作腔容积变化规律、活塞线速度、作功密度等方面进行了详细比较。进行了双转子活塞发动机的总体方案设计，研究了消除双转子活塞发动机扭转惯性力的设计方案和实现双转子活塞发动机可靠密封、冷却等的结构方案，研究了双转子活塞发动机的六冲程方案和实现多级膨胀减压设计的方案。采取模块化的设计思路，将双转子活塞发动机功率传输装置的基本结构分成动力缸组件和差速运动机构两大部分进行设计，并通过创新结构设计和机构设计，使双转子活塞发动机与传统活塞式发动机相比，在获取高功率密度等性能方面具有三大技术优势：第一是主轴每转发动机作功至少16次，作功次数随某一特定参数成平方倍增加，且任意时刻至少有两个以上的均匀间隔的工作腔处于作功冲程；第二是对称和平衡的机械结构设计，纯力矩输出动力，传动特性良好；第三是完成发动机工作循环不需要复杂气门机构的参与。
（2）建立了实现双转子活塞发动机高功率密度的基础设计理论，并且针对传统发动机设计尤其是改进过程中用“燃烧”适应“机构”的局限性，提出用“机构”适应“燃烧”的新思想指导双转子活塞发动机的设计过程：第一步是得到符合高效率燃烧、新能源使用、新工作循环模式等要求的工作腔容积变化规律，第二步是根据工作腔容积变化规律得到两个转子各自的运动规律，第三步是通过机构构型综合、运动学设计、机构试验研究等综合确定能约束转子按指定规律运动的机构布置。“机构”适应“燃烧”理论同样适用于其他新型活塞式发动机的设计。
（3）建立了动力缸组件的数学模型，并对其进行了详细的设计与分析。得出了动力缸组件各部件间的基本数学关系。建立了双转子活塞发动机各冲程判别条件和充分进、排及膨胀作功条件。完成了双转子活塞发动机的指示性能指标、有效性能指标以及瞬时流量、排量的数学计算。进行了动力缸组件理想工作过程和工作腔容积变化规律的设计计算。利用绝热估计对转子上所述的气体输出转矩进行了详细的求解分析。分析结果表明：理论上，双转子活塞发动机的进、排气口所占角度都应等于叶片固定角，进、排气口间隔角应等于叶片间夹角的最小值；作用在转子上的气体输出转矩是一个纯扭矩，且在作功冲程还未结束前就会降低到零；合理设计工作腔的容积变化规律从而有效提高气体合力矩的输出功是非常必要的。
（4）针对N叶片活塞转子的动力缸组件，发明了与之配套使用的定轴齿轮类、摆线类、凸轮类等十余套差速运动机构。差速运动机构是一类不仅可以被用于发动机、也可被用于泵、压缩机等领域的新型组合机构。差速运动机构是单自由度机构，具备一个输入构件和两个输出构件，且输入构件作匀速旋转运动，输出构件之间的相对运动是符合特定规律的运动。建立了差速运动机构的机构构型综合与分析方法，差速运动机构由非匀速运动机构和周期性拓展机构组合而成，差速运动机构能够约束动力缸组件中的两个转子作周期性的差速运动，从而导致工作腔的容积周期性地增大或减小，发动机的工作循环利用周期性变化的容腔完成。总结了形成新型差速运动机构的技术途径，建立了差速运动机构的运动学分析和运动学设计理论，完成了多套适应各类需求的双转子活塞发动机三维样机模型设计。
（5）完成了基于摆线和基于凸轮的两套双转子活塞发动机的设计与样机制作。研究了一系列的关键技术参数，分析了容积变化次数、叶片活塞数目、齿数比、凸轮槽瓣数、摆线瓣数之间的关系。对基于内摆线、外摆线的各类双转子活塞发动机进行了运动学分析、仿真及比较研究。对摆线类发动机进行了运动学综合和传动质量分析。完成了双转子活塞发动机的参数设计方法研究，给定压缩比、叶片活塞数目、叶片固定角即可设计出具有瞬时停歇规律的功率传输装置。对摆线类发动机和凸轮类发动机进行了“机构”适应“燃烧”的参数化设计，通过差速运动机构的构型综合、摆线类发动机的函数综合、凸轮类发动机的凸轮槽设计可实现转子按指定规律运动，从而产生适合“燃烧”的工作腔容积变化规律。完成了双转子活塞发动机机构试验样机的研制，进行了机构样机运转试验，分析并解决了叶片活塞间憋气和相互碰撞等问题。
Reciprocating piston engine and rotary piston engine are the two main traditionalpiston engines. After a hundred years’ effort to now, reciprocating piston engine iswidely used in cars, airplanes, ships and other forms of transportation because of itsefficiency and wide power range. Recently, one-man flight vehicle, and unmaned airvehicles, and other new high-compact transportations have a promising future, but thereare no engines available with the desirable attributes. Conventional piston engines havebeen developed to a near-perfect state with further improvement becoming ever moredifficult and costly to achieve. These engines always suffer from systematic losses suchas complex and costly valve systems, a high level of vibration and small power densitycaused by their mechanisms. In addition, by realizing the crisis of global fuels shortageand the need of a future engine with higher power density higher efficiency, peoplehave been devoted to exploring or reconsidering other engine designs.
This work is supported by national pre-research foundation. Based on an olddifferential engine concept, it aims to invent an engine named by Twin-Rotor PistonEngine (TRPE). With advantages of multiple power storkes per revolution of the outputshaft, high volumetric output and variable compression ratio, This engine has thepotentiality to solve the above crisis in theory. Some basic theory and powertransmission device of TRPE are studied in this paper, which provides an importanttheoretical basis and technical guidance for the further production of the experimentalprototype. To sum up, the main results in this paper contain the following areas:
(1) The structure and work principle of TRPE with N vane pistons are studied.Analysis and comparison with traditional engine in some aspects such as combustiongas force transmission, volume change of working chamber, power frequency, piston’svelocity, and power density are introduced.The overall design of TRPE is proposed.Layout of eliminating the inertia force and sealing the working chamber of TRPE isdesigned. Power transmission device of TRPE is composed of a Power Cylinde Module(PCM) and a Differential Velocity Mechanism (DVM). TRPE is expected to have threekey technical advantages for attaining higher power density than any available pistonengine: the first is sixteen or more power strokes per revolution of the output shaft andmore than two symmetrical working chambers exporting power at any time; the secondis symmetrical structure and well balanced kinetics; the third is performing thefour-stroke cycle without using the valve mechanism.
(2) Basic design theory of realizing high power density of TRPE is built. A newtheory of “mechanism” adapt to “combustion” is introduced and used for guiding thedesign procedure of TRPE: The first step is getting a change law of working chamber volume which fit the new energy and cycle. The second step is getting the motion of thetwo rotors based on the first step. The third step is choosing the suitable mechanismwhich can restrict the two rotors’ motion follow the special pattern after mechanismsynthesize, kinetic design, experiment test, etc.
(3) Design and Analysis of Mathematical model of PCM are done. Basicrelationship of components of PCM is derived. The conditions of intake, compression,combustion, and exhaust are presented. The displacement and the instantaneous flow ofthe engine are deduced. Numerical examples that illustrate the kinematic characteristicswere presented. Expression of the compression ratio of the two engine mechanismswere derived. The instruction and effective performance of TRPE is calculated. The gastorque in a TRPE is modeled using adiabatic approximation with instantaneouscombustion. Mathematical modeling of gas force transmission is built. Differentvariation patterns of the volume change of working chamber are introduced. It'sconcluded that: the vector sum of combustion gas forces acting on each rotor piston inTRPE is a pure torque, and the combustion gas rotates the rotors while compresses thegas in the compression chamber at the same time.The value of gas torque in TRPE willfall to be less than zero before the time when the combustion phase is finish; It isnecessary to design the moment based on the in order to export the maximum of energy.
(4) Some DVMs based on ordinary gear train, cycloid, or cam are invented whichis assembled with corresponding PCM with N vane pistons. DVM is a new combinedmechanism which can be applied in piston engine, pump, compressor, etc. DVM is aone degree-of-freedom mechanism which has one input part and two output parts. Theinput part rotates with the same speed. The relative motion between the two output partsshould follow a special law which in accordance with “combustion”. Synthesization andanalysis method of DVM is built. Method of forming a new DVM is summerized.Kinematic analysis and design of DVM is done. Three3D-models of powertransmission device are designed. DVM is composed of the non-uniform mechanismand the period mechanism, which constrain the two rotors fixed inside the housingrotating with periodical nonuniform velocity. Thus the volume of the working chambersvaries, and opens and closes periodically.
(5) Two prototypes of TRPE had been designed and manufactured. One prototypeis based on cycloid. The other is based on cam. These prototype is intended for highpower density engines and can produce more power strokes per shaft revolution. Somekey technique parameters such as the relationship between the number of vane pistons,the gear ratio, and the number of petals on cam are determined. Kinematic analysis andsimulation of three TRPEs based on epicycloid, hypocycloid, and pericycloidal curveare presented. Kinematic synthesis and transmission quality of TRPE based on cycloidare done. A suitable TRPE which rotor may cease can be designed as the gear ratio, the number of vane pistons, and the angle of vane piston are given. Parametric designmethod of TRPE which follow a special law is presented. The pattern of workingchamber volume adapted to “combustion” can be created by the synthesis of DVM, thefuction synthesis of mechanism based on cycloid, and the cam groove which mayachieve any motion of the rotor. Two prototypes of TRPE mechansim and theircorresponding operation experiment are carried out. The interference and collisionproblem among the vane pistons is analysed and solved.
论文研究来源于部委级重大项目，针对传统活塞式发动机存在的不足，在差速式发动机的基础上进行拓展和改进创新，发明了一款双转子活塞发动机。双转子活塞发动机具有作功密度高、排量大、动态扩容等优良特性，理论上具备高功率密度发动机和新能源发动机的应用潜力。本文将对双转子活塞发动机的若干基础理论和其关键创新机构部分—功率传输装置进行系统深入地研究，为进一步制作双转子活塞发动机工程试验样机提供理论依据和技术指导。主要内容如下：
（1）研究了全系列N（N为正整数）叶片活塞双转子活塞发动机的结构组成和工作原理。对双转子活塞发动机与传统活塞式发动机在气体膨胀力的传递方式、工作腔容积变化规律、活塞线速度、作功密度等方面进行了详细比较。进行了双转子活塞发动机的总体方案设计，研究了消除双转子活塞发动机扭转惯性力的设计方案和实现双转子活塞发动机可靠密封、冷却等的结构方案，研究了双转子活塞发动机的六冲程方案和实现多级膨胀减压设计的方案。采取模块化的设计思路，将双转子活塞发动机功率传输装置的基本结构分成动力缸组件和差速运动机构两大部分进行设计，并通过创新结构设计和机构设计，使双转子活塞发动机与传统活塞式发动机相比，在获取高功率密度等性能方面具有三大技术优势：第一是主轴每转发动机作功至少16次，作功次数随某一特定参数成平方倍增加，且任意时刻至少有两个以上的均匀间隔的工作腔处于作功冲程；第二是对称和平衡的机械结构设计，纯力矩输出动力，传动特性良好；第三是完成发动机工作循环不需要复杂气门机构的参与。
（2）建立了实现双转子活塞发动机高功率密度的基础设计理论，并且针对传统发动机设计尤其是改进过程中用“燃烧”适应“机构”的局限性，提出用“机构”适应“燃烧”的新思想指导双转子活塞发动机的设计过程：第一步是得到符合高效率燃烧、新能源使用、新工作循环模式等要求的工作腔容积变化规律，第二步是根据工作腔容积变化规律得到两个转子各自的运动规律，第三步是通过机构构型综合、运动学设计、机构试验研究等综合确定能约束转子按指定规律运动的机构布置。“机构”适应“燃烧”理论同样适用于其他新型活塞式发动机的设计。
（3）建立了动力缸组件的数学模型，并对其进行了详细的设计与分析。得出了动力缸组件各部件间的基本数学关系。建立了双转子活塞发动机各冲程判别条件和充分进、排及膨胀作功条件。完成了双转子活塞发动机的指示性能指标、有效性能指标以及瞬时流量、排量的数学计算。进行了动力缸组件理想工作过程和工作腔容积变化规律的设计计算。利用绝热估计对转子上所述的气体输出转矩进行了详细的求解分析。分析结果表明：理论上，双转子活塞发动机的进、排气口所占角度都应等于叶片固定角，进、排气口间隔角应等于叶片间夹角的最小值；作用在转子上的气体输出转矩是一个纯扭矩，且在作功冲程还未结束前就会降低到零；合理设计工作腔的容积变化规律从而有效提高气体合力矩的输出功是非常必要的。
（4）针对N叶片活塞转子的动力缸组件，发明了与之配套使用的定轴齿轮类、摆线类、凸轮类等十余套差速运动机构。差速运动机构是一类不仅可以被用于发动机、也可被用于泵、压缩机等领域的新型组合机构。差速运动机构是单自由度机构，具备一个输入构件和两个输出构件，且输入构件作匀速旋转运动，输出构件之间的相对运动是符合特定规律的运动。建立了差速运动机构的机构构型综合与分析方法，差速运动机构由非匀速运动机构和周期性拓展机构组合而成，差速运动机构能够约束动力缸组件中的两个转子作周期性的差速运动，从而导致工作腔的容积周期性地增大或减小，发动机的工作循环利用周期性变化的容腔完成。总结了形成新型差速运动机构的技术途径，建立了差速运动机构的运动学分析和运动学设计理论，完成了多套适应各类需求的双转子活塞发动机三维样机模型设计。
（5）完成了基于摆线和基于凸轮的两套双转子活塞发动机的设计与样机制作。研究了一系列的关键技术参数，分析了容积变化次数、叶片活塞数目、齿数比、凸轮槽瓣数、摆线瓣数之间的关系。对基于内摆线、外摆线的各类双转子活塞发动机进行了运动学分析、仿真及比较研究。对摆线类发动机进行了运动学综合和传动质量分析。完成了双转子活塞发动机的参数设计方法研究，给定压缩比、叶片活塞数目、叶片固定角即可设计出具有瞬时停歇规律的功率传输装置。对摆线类发动机和凸轮类发动机进行了“机构”适应“燃烧”的参数化设计，通过差速运动机构的构型综合、摆线类发动机的函数综合、凸轮类发动机的凸轮槽设计可实现转子按指定规律运动，从而产生适合“燃烧”的工作腔容积变化规律。完成了双转子活塞发动机机构试验样机的研制，进行了机构样机运转试验，分析并解决了叶片活塞间憋气和相互碰撞等问题。
Reciprocating piston engine and rotary piston engine are the two main traditionalpiston engines. After a hundred years’ effort to now, reciprocating piston engine iswidely used in cars, airplanes, ships and other forms of transportation because of itsefficiency and wide power range. Recently, one-man flight vehicle, and unmaned airvehicles, and other new high-compact transportations have a promising future, but thereare no engines available with the desirable attributes. Conventional piston engines havebeen developed to a near-perfect state with further improvement becoming ever moredifficult and costly to achieve. These engines always suffer from systematic losses suchas complex and costly valve systems, a high level of vibration and small power densitycaused by their mechanisms. In addition, by realizing the crisis of global fuels shortageand the need of a future engine with higher power density higher efficiency, peoplehave been devoted to exploring or reconsidering other engine designs.
This work is supported by national pre-research foundation. Based on an olddifferential engine concept, it aims to invent an engine named by Twin-Rotor PistonEngine (TRPE). With advantages of multiple power storkes per revolution of the outputshaft, high volumetric output and variable compression ratio, This engine has thepotentiality to solve the above crisis in theory. Some basic theory and powertransmission device of TRPE are studied in this paper, which provides an importanttheoretical basis and technical guidance for the further production of the experimentalprototype. To sum up, the main results in this paper contain the following areas:
(1) The structure and work principle of TRPE with N vane pistons are studied.Analysis and comparison with traditional engine in some aspects such as combustiongas force transmission, volume change of working chamber, power frequency, piston’svelocity, and power density are introduced.The overall design of TRPE is proposed.Layout of eliminating the inertia force and sealing the working chamber of TRPE isdesigned. Power transmission device of TRPE is composed of a Power Cylinde Module(PCM) and a Differential Velocity Mechanism (DVM). TRPE is expected to have threekey technical advantages for attaining higher power density than any available pistonengine: the first is sixteen or more power strokes per revolution of the output shaft andmore than two symmetrical working chambers exporting power at any time; the secondis symmetrical structure and well balanced kinetics; the third is performing thefour-stroke cycle without using the valve mechanism.
(2) Basic design theory of realizing high power density of TRPE is built. A newtheory of “mechanism” adapt to “combustion” is introduced and used for guiding thedesign procedure of TRPE: The first step is getting a change law of working chamber volume which fit the new energy and cycle. The second step is getting the motion of thetwo rotors based on the first step. The third step is choosing the suitable mechanismwhich can restrict the two rotors’ motion follow the special pattern after mechanismsynthesize, kinetic design, experiment test, etc.
(3) Design and Analysis of Mathematical model of PCM are done. Basicrelationship of components of PCM is derived. The conditions of intake, compression,combustion, and exhaust are presented. The displacement and the instantaneous flow ofthe engine are deduced. Numerical examples that illustrate the kinematic characteristicswere presented. Expression of the compression ratio of the two engine mechanismswere derived. The instruction and effective performance of TRPE is calculated. The gastorque in a TRPE is modeled using adiabatic approximation with instantaneouscombustion. Mathematical modeling of gas force transmission is built. Differentvariation patterns of the volume change of working chamber are introduced. It'sconcluded that: the vector sum of combustion gas forces acting on each rotor piston inTRPE is a pure torque, and the combustion gas rotates the rotors while compresses thegas in the compression chamber at the same time.The value of gas torque in TRPE willfall to be less than zero before the time when the combustion phase is finish; It isnecessary to design the moment based on the in order to export the maximum of energy.
(4) Some DVMs based on ordinary gear train, cycloid, or cam are invented whichis assembled with corresponding PCM with N vane pistons. DVM is a new combinedmechanism which can be applied in piston engine, pump, compressor, etc. DVM is aone degree-of-freedom mechanism which has one input part and two output parts. Theinput part rotates with the same speed. The relative motion between the two output partsshould follow a special law which in accordance with “combustion”. Synthesization andanalysis method of DVM is built. Method of forming a new DVM is summerized.Kinematic analysis and design of DVM is done. Three3D-models of powertransmission device are designed. DVM is composed of the non-uniform mechanismand the period mechanism, which constrain the two rotors fixed inside the housingrotating with periodical nonuniform velocity. Thus the volume of the working chambersvaries, and opens and closes periodically.
(5) Two prototypes of TRPE had been designed and manufactured. One prototypeis based on cycloid. The other is based on cam. These prototype is intended for highpower density engines and can produce more power strokes per shaft revolution. Somekey technique parameters such as the relationship between the number of vane pistons,the gear ratio, and the number of petals on cam are determined. Kinematic analysis andsimulation of three TRPEs based on epicycloid, hypocycloid, and pericycloidal curveare presented. Kinematic synthesis and transmission quality of TRPE based on cycloidare done. A suitable TRPE which rotor may cease can be designed as the gear ratio, the number of vane pistons, and the angle of vane piston are given. Parametric designmethod of TRPE which follow a special law is presented. The pattern of workingchamber volume adapted to “combustion” can be created by the synthesis of DVM, thefuction synthesis of mechanism based on cycloid, and the cam groove which mayachieve any motion of the rotor. Two prototypes of TRPE mechansim and theircorresponding operation experiment are carried out. The interference and collisionproblem among the vane pistons is analysed and solved.
引文
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