半周期对称SHEPWM技术的开关角求解方法
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摘要
作为现代电力电子技术中的核心之一,PWM(Pulse Width Modulation)技术在近几十年获得了深入的研究和广泛的应用,涉及静止无功补偿、有源电力滤波、统一潮流控制、超导储能、高压直流输电、电气传动、新型UPS以及可再生能源的并网发电等各个电力领域。
本论文以半周期对称SHEPWM技术为研究对象,较为系统及深入的研究了该技术的开关角特性、初值获取方法、直流电压波动时开关角的迭代解法及基于神经网络方法的开关角解法。
本文第二章通过与1/4周期对称SHEPWM方法对比,研究了半周期对称SHEPWM方法的开关角特性,并通过仿真证明,半周期对称SHEPWM波形既具有1/4周期对称SHEPWM波形质量最优的特点,又能同时控制特定谐波的幅值和相位,并扩大了开关角的解的范围,为进一步优化输出波形提供更多的选择。在此基础上,提出一种结合移相角控制原理和半周期对称SHEPWM方法的复合控制方法,使D-STATCOM在补偿无功功率的同时,能够补偿负载电流的部分谐波分量。验证了半周期对称SHEPWM方法同时控制谐波幅值和相位的理论有效性。
在迭代求解半周期对称SHEPWM方法开关角的过程中,合适的开关角初值能加快迭代收敛的速度。但是,相同开关频率下,半周期对称SHEPWM方法的独立开关角比1/4周期对称SHEPWM方法多一倍,不容易获得能够收敛的开关角初值。本文第三章提出以1/4周期对称SHEPWM方法的最优解作为半周期对称SHEPWM方法的开关角迭代初值,不仅能保证足够快的迭代速度,也能使开关角的解的总谐波畸变率和谐波失真度尽可能小。通过比较在收敛精度相同的条件下,经验性初值、基于三角载波比较法的开关角初值、基于重心重合理论的开关角初值和基于1/4周期对称SHEPWM方法的初值在不同调制目标时的迭代收敛速度,证明了基于1/4周期对称SHEPWM方法的初值最适用于半周期对称SHEPWM方法的开关角求解。
绝大多数对SHEPWM方法的研究都以电压源换流器(VSC)直流侧电压恒定为前提,然而实际上,交流电网的三相不平衡可引起VSC直流侧电压的波动,直流电压波动又会导致VSC输出电压中含有寄生谐波。本文第四章提出结合改进开关函数法和半周期对称SHEPWM方法的改进半周期对称SHEPWM方法。该方法消除VSC直流电压波动时输出电压中的寄生谐波,改善了VSC的输出性能。同时给出了采用改进半周期对称SHEPWM方法求取开关角的方法。仿真试验证明了此方法的有效性,并表明基于1/4周期对称SHEPWM方法的不同的开关角初值虽然都能达到调制目标,但影响输出相电压的不平衡度,选择不平衡度较小的初值得到的波形的总谐波畸变率较小,波形质量更好。
采用传统的迭代算法获取改进半周期对称SHEPWM方法的开关角是一个复杂的迭代计算过程,每个开关角需要单独求解,计算量大。同时,与1/4周期对称SHEPWM方法中的开关角不同,半周期对称SHEPWM方法的每个开关角受多个参数影响,简单的函数拟合不能满足精度要求。本文第五章采用BP神经网络方法实现对半周期对称SHEPWM方程组的拟合,达到了较好的拟合效果。由于无需考虑迭代次数的影响,选取1/4周期对称SHEPWM方法中THD较小的那组解作为初值以获得足够多的训练样本。在设计神经网络的过程中,采用粒子群算法获得BP网络初始权值和阈值,采用BP子网系统提高拟合精度,然后设计12因素、11水平的正交表,通过正交试验表设计BP网络的测试样本,检验所设计网络的泛化能力。通过仿真验证了子网系统具有比原型网络更高的训练精度。
最后,利用实时数字仿真系统验证了本文提出的半周期对称SHEPWM技术的开关角求解方法的正确性和有效性。
As one of the most basic core contents in modern Power Electronic techniques, Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technique is studied deeply and used widely in the last decades, it can be applied in the area of united power flow controller, superconducting magnetic energy storage, static var compensation, electric drive, high voltage direct current transmission, grid-connected of renewable source, active power filter, novel uninterrupted power supply, and so on.
By taking half-wave symmetry SHEPWM as the research object, this paper discusses the characteristics of switching angles, how to obtain initial values, iterative algorithm of switching angles under DC ripple of VSC and Neural Network algorithm of switching angles.
This paper compared half-wave symmetry SHEPWM with non-symmetrical SHEPWM and quarter-wave symmetry SHEPWM, then concluded that half-wave symmetry SHEPWM had best waveform characteristics of all. The half-wave symmetry waveform did not contain even-order harmonic and DC component naturally compared to non-symmetrical waveform, and could control harmonic phasing and amplitude at the same time compared to quarter-wave symmetry waveform at the same frequency. Then this paper presented D-STATCOM controller based on half-wave symmetry SHEPWM and phase-shift strategy and tested this controller by simulation. D-STATCOM could compensate both harmonic current and reactive power under this controller. The results improved validity of half-wave symmetry SHEPWM method.
Half-wave symmetry waveform has more freedom than quarter-wave symmetry at same switching frequency, so it is more difficult to seek initial value of switching angle. This paper provide that initial values based on quarter-wave symmetry SHEPWM has the best iterative effect. This paper discusses different iteration result of different initial values under different conditions of modulation waveform. These initial values are obtained by experience, by triangular carrier waveform comparing with modulation waveform, by the theory of center of gravity coincidence and by quarter-wave symmetry SHEPWM formulations. Simulation results reported that it is useful for rapid convergence to keep phase of fundamental component zero. In addition, initial value based on triangular carrier waveform with injecting zero sequence harmonics technique and based on quarter-wave symmetry SHEPWM had least number of iteration. Comprehensive consideration, it is best to use initial value based on quarter-wave symmetry SHEPWM.
Usually, DC voltage of VSC is assumed to be constant and the ac network is assumed to be balance. However, voltage punctuations often occur on the DC side due to the unbalanced voltage of power system. This paper presented a half-wave symmetry SHEPWM based on improved switching function modulation used to eliminate these parasitic harmonic. The simulation results presented three conclusions. First, improved half-wave symmetry SHEPWM can effectively cut out all parasitic harmonics in line voltage even though notable double line-frequency ripples on DC side voltage existed. The second result was that different switch angles caused different unbalance of phase voltage. It was best to chose angles causing the smallest unbalance. At last, the improved half-wave symmetry SHEPWM was also effective for a DC bus with a ripple of4th harmonics. Simulation results proved the validity and practicability of the proposed method.
It is a very complex process that using the traditional iterative algorithm for obtaining the switching angle of improved half-wave symmetry SHEPWM method. Because, each switching angle of each phase must be calculated separately. In order to obtain angles as fast as possible, this paper established BP neural network to fit SHEPWM formulations. First, introducing variation factor into PSO algorithm to avoid early maturity phenomenon and overcome a local optimal solution. Then, searching initial weight values and threshold values with PSO algorithm for propose of accelerating training. Because a multiple outputs BP neural network didn't has enough fit precision, this paper used a array of single output BP network to replace of the multiple outputs BP network. Also, the orthogonal test was used to confirm the array BP networks performance during the whole independent variables space with a12factors,11levels orthogonal table. Simulation result provided this method outperforms the traditional multiple outputs network.
At last, this paper validated the methods and solution algorithms on the real time digital simulation experimental platform.
本论文以半周期对称SHEPWM技术为研究对象,较为系统及深入的研究了该技术的开关角特性、初值获取方法、直流电压波动时开关角的迭代解法及基于神经网络方法的开关角解法。
本文第二章通过与1/4周期对称SHEPWM方法对比,研究了半周期对称SHEPWM方法的开关角特性,并通过仿真证明,半周期对称SHEPWM波形既具有1/4周期对称SHEPWM波形质量最优的特点,又能同时控制特定谐波的幅值和相位,并扩大了开关角的解的范围,为进一步优化输出波形提供更多的选择。在此基础上,提出一种结合移相角控制原理和半周期对称SHEPWM方法的复合控制方法,使D-STATCOM在补偿无功功率的同时,能够补偿负载电流的部分谐波分量。验证了半周期对称SHEPWM方法同时控制谐波幅值和相位的理论有效性。
在迭代求解半周期对称SHEPWM方法开关角的过程中,合适的开关角初值能加快迭代收敛的速度。但是,相同开关频率下,半周期对称SHEPWM方法的独立开关角比1/4周期对称SHEPWM方法多一倍,不容易获得能够收敛的开关角初值。本文第三章提出以1/4周期对称SHEPWM方法的最优解作为半周期对称SHEPWM方法的开关角迭代初值,不仅能保证足够快的迭代速度,也能使开关角的解的总谐波畸变率和谐波失真度尽可能小。通过比较在收敛精度相同的条件下,经验性初值、基于三角载波比较法的开关角初值、基于重心重合理论的开关角初值和基于1/4周期对称SHEPWM方法的初值在不同调制目标时的迭代收敛速度,证明了基于1/4周期对称SHEPWM方法的初值最适用于半周期对称SHEPWM方法的开关角求解。
绝大多数对SHEPWM方法的研究都以电压源换流器(VSC)直流侧电压恒定为前提,然而实际上,交流电网的三相不平衡可引起VSC直流侧电压的波动,直流电压波动又会导致VSC输出电压中含有寄生谐波。本文第四章提出结合改进开关函数法和半周期对称SHEPWM方法的改进半周期对称SHEPWM方法。该方法消除VSC直流电压波动时输出电压中的寄生谐波,改善了VSC的输出性能。同时给出了采用改进半周期对称SHEPWM方法求取开关角的方法。仿真试验证明了此方法的有效性,并表明基于1/4周期对称SHEPWM方法的不同的开关角初值虽然都能达到调制目标,但影响输出相电压的不平衡度,选择不平衡度较小的初值得到的波形的总谐波畸变率较小,波形质量更好。
采用传统的迭代算法获取改进半周期对称SHEPWM方法的开关角是一个复杂的迭代计算过程,每个开关角需要单独求解,计算量大。同时,与1/4周期对称SHEPWM方法中的开关角不同,半周期对称SHEPWM方法的每个开关角受多个参数影响,简单的函数拟合不能满足精度要求。本文第五章采用BP神经网络方法实现对半周期对称SHEPWM方程组的拟合,达到了较好的拟合效果。由于无需考虑迭代次数的影响,选取1/4周期对称SHEPWM方法中THD较小的那组解作为初值以获得足够多的训练样本。在设计神经网络的过程中,采用粒子群算法获得BP网络初始权值和阈值,采用BP子网系统提高拟合精度,然后设计12因素、11水平的正交表,通过正交试验表设计BP网络的测试样本,检验所设计网络的泛化能力。通过仿真验证了子网系统具有比原型网络更高的训练精度。
最后,利用实时数字仿真系统验证了本文提出的半周期对称SHEPWM技术的开关角求解方法的正确性和有效性。
As one of the most basic core contents in modern Power Electronic techniques, Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technique is studied deeply and used widely in the last decades, it can be applied in the area of united power flow controller, superconducting magnetic energy storage, static var compensation, electric drive, high voltage direct current transmission, grid-connected of renewable source, active power filter, novel uninterrupted power supply, and so on.
By taking half-wave symmetry SHEPWM as the research object, this paper discusses the characteristics of switching angles, how to obtain initial values, iterative algorithm of switching angles under DC ripple of VSC and Neural Network algorithm of switching angles.
This paper compared half-wave symmetry SHEPWM with non-symmetrical SHEPWM and quarter-wave symmetry SHEPWM, then concluded that half-wave symmetry SHEPWM had best waveform characteristics of all. The half-wave symmetry waveform did not contain even-order harmonic and DC component naturally compared to non-symmetrical waveform, and could control harmonic phasing and amplitude at the same time compared to quarter-wave symmetry waveform at the same frequency. Then this paper presented D-STATCOM controller based on half-wave symmetry SHEPWM and phase-shift strategy and tested this controller by simulation. D-STATCOM could compensate both harmonic current and reactive power under this controller. The results improved validity of half-wave symmetry SHEPWM method.
Half-wave symmetry waveform has more freedom than quarter-wave symmetry at same switching frequency, so it is more difficult to seek initial value of switching angle. This paper provide that initial values based on quarter-wave symmetry SHEPWM has the best iterative effect. This paper discusses different iteration result of different initial values under different conditions of modulation waveform. These initial values are obtained by experience, by triangular carrier waveform comparing with modulation waveform, by the theory of center of gravity coincidence and by quarter-wave symmetry SHEPWM formulations. Simulation results reported that it is useful for rapid convergence to keep phase of fundamental component zero. In addition, initial value based on triangular carrier waveform with injecting zero sequence harmonics technique and based on quarter-wave symmetry SHEPWM had least number of iteration. Comprehensive consideration, it is best to use initial value based on quarter-wave symmetry SHEPWM.
Usually, DC voltage of VSC is assumed to be constant and the ac network is assumed to be balance. However, voltage punctuations often occur on the DC side due to the unbalanced voltage of power system. This paper presented a half-wave symmetry SHEPWM based on improved switching function modulation used to eliminate these parasitic harmonic. The simulation results presented three conclusions. First, improved half-wave symmetry SHEPWM can effectively cut out all parasitic harmonics in line voltage even though notable double line-frequency ripples on DC side voltage existed. The second result was that different switch angles caused different unbalance of phase voltage. It was best to chose angles causing the smallest unbalance. At last, the improved half-wave symmetry SHEPWM was also effective for a DC bus with a ripple of4th harmonics. Simulation results proved the validity and practicability of the proposed method.
It is a very complex process that using the traditional iterative algorithm for obtaining the switching angle of improved half-wave symmetry SHEPWM method. Because, each switching angle of each phase must be calculated separately. In order to obtain angles as fast as possible, this paper established BP neural network to fit SHEPWM formulations. First, introducing variation factor into PSO algorithm to avoid early maturity phenomenon and overcome a local optimal solution. Then, searching initial weight values and threshold values with PSO algorithm for propose of accelerating training. Because a multiple outputs BP neural network didn't has enough fit precision, this paper used a array of single output BP network to replace of the multiple outputs BP network. Also, the orthogonal test was used to confirm the array BP networks performance during the whole independent variables space with a12factors,11levels orthogonal table. Simulation result provided this method outperforms the traditional multiple outputs network.
At last, this paper validated the methods and solution algorithms on the real time digital simulation experimental platform.
引文
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