非接触感应耦合电能传输与控制技术及其应用研究
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摘要
新型非接触感应耦合电能传输技术(Inductively coupled power transfer,简称ICPT)利用电磁感应耦合原理从静止的原边电源向一个或者多个副边用电负载提供无接触电能传输,ICPT技术消除了传统的点到点供电方式所带来的固有缺陷,如导线裸露、插头磨损、接触电火花等,具有安全、环保、免维护或少维护等优点,在厂矿、装配车间、各种易燃易爆环境、水下环境、人体内植式电子装置供电等各种特殊条件下电气设备的安全供电,及移动电气设备的安全供电,如电动汽车等方面拥有广阔的应用前景。随着各个领域对非接触感应耦合电能传输的需求越来越迫切,感应耦合电能传输技术已经成为目前的一个研究热点。本文对非接触感应耦合电能传输技术作出了系统的研究,主要包括以下方面。
论文首先介绍了非接触感应耦合电能传输技术起源,系统基本构成及工作原理,对ICPT技术系统的应用领域作出了详细的介绍,阐述了ICPT技术在国内外的研究现状,对ICPT系统的关键技术问题进行了归纳,介绍了论文的主要研究内容。
对典型ICPT系统的磁路模型及等效电路模型作出了分析,获得了基于磁通交链的T型电路及基于互感原理的互感电路模型；基于互感等效电路模型,建立了原副边相互分离的等效电路；以互感理论为基础,深入分析了多负载ICPT系统的等效电路模型,分别对单一原边线圈多负载拾取线圈及多原边线圈多负载拾取线圈两种不同的系统结构进行了研究,分析了两种不同结构的多负载ICPT系统之间的参数关系。分析了ICPT系统的电功率参数传输模型,对系统的传输功率及电压电流增益系数等参数进行了分析,研究了系统中各电路参数的变化对系统传输功率的影响。
以增强系统的传输功率性能为目的,对ICPT系统的谐振补偿理论作出了研究。结合ICPT系统的电路模型,对静态补偿的基本拓扑及系统输出电能特性进行了研究,完成了静态电路谐振补偿的补偿参数设计,通过仿真实验验证了静态补偿对传输功率性能的提升；提出了一种基于动态可控电抗器的谐振补偿方法,通过动态调节可控电抗器的导通角来改变组合式补偿支路的容抗数值,从而保证了原边电源侧输出电压与输出电流之间的零相角条件,减小对系统电源的VA值容量需求,对动态补偿支路的参数进行了优化,通过Orcad/Pspice所构建的电路仿真模型对动态谐振补偿的有效性作出了验证。对ICPT系统在不同的原边电源类型及不同的补偿拓扑方式下系统的功率传输特性计算分析与仿真验证。
在ICPT系统中,为增加系统的功率密度,减小装置体积与重量,需要向原边线圈注入高频交变电流。系统负载所能接收的传输功率与原边线圈电流大小呈正比,对原边逆变电路的研究属于感应耦合电能传输技术领域中的重要内容。论文对适用于大中功率电能变换的一次侧换流拓扑进行了系统的研究,研究了推挽谐振式电能变换器在变负载条件下的原边电流恒流性能,提出了一种具有原边恒流特性的一次侧电能变换电路拓扑,设计了电路参数,能在ICPT系统负载变化时保持原边线圈电流的稳定,以一次侧谐振槽的体积与重量为优化目标,对电路参数进行优化；电路仿真结果显示,本文所提出的一次侧原边恒流型电路变换拓扑在全负载范围内具有优良的原边恒流特性。
论文研究了ICPT系统的传输功率模型,针对ICPT系统中一次侧与二次侧不存在常规的信息反馈通道的特点,重点研究了在系统负载侧进行传输功率控制的方法。结合本文所提出的原边恒流型一次侧电能变换拓扑,提出了一种采用动态切换电抗器对ICPT系统二次侧电路进行动态解谐来控制系统向负载传输功率的方法,该方法能在ICPT系统二次侧实现对传输功率的控制,同时保证了ICPT系统最大传输功率性能,采用基于模糊逻辑的控制器来对动态电抗器的导通角进行控制,基于Matlab/Simulink的系统仿真结果显示动态解谐传输功率控制方法的有效性。为了抑制参数摄动对系统输出的影响,采用广义状态空间平均法,推导出ICPT系统的参数不确定性模型,构建了μ综合控制器对系统输出进行鲁棒控制,取得了较好的效果。针对多负载ICPT系统,研究了采用功率开关管电路的传输功率控制方法,消除了系统负载之间的相互干扰,能实现对负载输出侧电能参数的精确控制,电路仿真实验验证了开关管传输功率控制电路的有效性。
考虑到电动汽车的广阔应用前景,对电动汽车非接触充电系统及充电控制模式作出了研究,对比分析了相对静止式非接触充电模式及相对运动式非接触输电模式。对适合电动汽车非接触感应耦合充电系统的线圈结构与耦合特性作出了研究,提出了电动汽车非接触式感应耦合充电系统的关键参数设计流程。提出了电动汽车非接触充电控制系统结构,针对锂电池组充电特性,研究了PWM恒压恒流充电模式,对电动汽车非接触式充电的分段充电控制算法作出了详细分析。设计了多负载非接触感应耦合充电系统,对PWM恒流与恒压两种充电模式进行了仿真实验,仿真结果显示所设计系统具有较好的电能传输性能。
论文最后总结了全文的主要工作和创新性点,并指明了下一步研究工作方向。
Recently, inductively coupled power transfer (ICPT) systems are designed to deliver power efficiently from a stationary primary source to one or more secondary pick-ups across relatively large air gaps via electromagnetic coupling. ICPT systems have better performance than traditional power transmission method, such as no sparking, maintenance free or less maintenance, dustproof and waterproof. They can be widely used in contactless battery charge for electric vehicles, material handing systems, robot manipulator, compact electronic devices, transport and traffic, in-body medicine electric equipment, under water, mining wells and so on. As there are more and more demands of in kinds of fields, ICPT technology has been a popular research project.
At first, the dissertation introduced the background, basic configuration and working principle of ICPT technology, the application fields of ICPT systems are presented detailed, and key technologies of ICPT system are analyzed. Lastly, contents of the thesis are presented.
The magnetic model and equivalent electric circuit model are analyzed for typical ICPT system, the T type model and the mutual-inductance model based on magnetism flux chains are derived out. Then, the separated independent equivalent circuits for the primary side and the secondary side are set up with mutual-inductance model. The ICPT system with multi-loads is deeply investigated, including one primary coil structure and multi primary coils structure, the difference of coupling coefficient between the primary winding and the secondary winding for those two ICPT systems is analyzed. The power parameters transfer model is upbuilded by analyzing current and voltage gains of ICPT system.
The resonant and compensation design method is investigated to strengthen the power transfer capability. With equivalent circuit model of ICPT system, compensation topologies with static capacitance are analyzed, parameters of compensate capacitor are deduce out. The computer simulations are carried out, and the simulate results verified the validate of static capacitor compensation in increasing power transfer capability. A dynamic compensation method is proposed to enhance power transfer performance and minimize VA requirement of primary source, a resonant reactor is switched on and off dynamically to satisfy zero phase difference between output current and voltage of primary source. The parameters of dynamic resonant circuit are optimized for minimum volume. The system has been simulated with Orcad/Pspice software and simulate results validate the validity of dynamic compensation method. The power transfer characteristic of ICPT systems with different type of primary source and different compensation topologies are analyzed and validated with simulation results.
VLF alternating current is demand to inject the primary winding of ICPT system for higher power density and less volume, and the power transferred to load is proportional to the primary winding current, therefore, the primary converter topology is a key component for ICPT system. The inversion topologies of ICPT system are analyzed, and those topologies with constant current characteristic are stressed on. Compared to the push-pull resonant topology inverter, a superiority resonant topology composed of LCC resonant tank, is proposed and optimized for less volume, the proposed topology has very well constant current performance and the primary current of ICPT system is keeping constant in all load scale, which is verified with simulation results.
Transferred power model is derived out for ICPT system, as there is no general feedback channels for control information, transferred power regulating methods within the secondary side are stressed. A method for regulating the transferred power to ICPT pickups is investigated, a phase-controlled variable inductor is dynamically switched to detune the resonant circuit according to the actual power requirements of the power pickup, therefore, power transfer capability of the ICPT system is ensured. A fuzzy-logic based controller is built to contol switch-on delay angle for the dynamic-detuned reactor, Simulation results show that with the proposed method, a significant improvement is achieved in regulating transferred power under variable load ratings.
To effectively restrain the effect of parametric perturbations on operating performance for inductively coupled power transfer system, a generalized state-space averaging method is applied. Parametric uncertainties is discussed to generate a linear dynamic system with the perturbed feedback. A μ-synthesis controller is designed to control output voltage, The simulation results show that μ-synthesis control system has a certain dynamic performance and robustness.The switch-mode power controller is used to regulate transfer power for multi-load ICPT systems, simulation results show that the switch-mode controller has virtues of higher precision, and all load can be controlled independently.
As the electric vehicles (EV) would be widely used in the future, research of inductively power transfer technology for EV is carried out; contactless power transfer to static and locomotory EVs are analyzed. Non-contact charging system for EVs, including the coil structures and coupling characteristic of loosely coupled transformer, are investigated, and a design method for key parameters of inductively coupled charging system is brought out. Control system structure for Evs'contactless charging is figured out. Aimed at charge characteristic of lithium batteries, the constant-current and constant-voltage PWM charge for Evs is studied, then step charge control arithmetics are detailed presented. A practical non-contact charging system with multi-load for Evs is designed, the constant-current and constant-voltage PWM charge for EVs are simulated with OrCAD/Pspice package, the simulation results show that the system has better power transfer performance.
Finally, the main innovations of the dissertation are summarized, and the fields for further research are prospected at the end of the dissertation.
论文首先介绍了非接触感应耦合电能传输技术起源,系统基本构成及工作原理,对ICPT技术系统的应用领域作出了详细的介绍,阐述了ICPT技术在国内外的研究现状,对ICPT系统的关键技术问题进行了归纳,介绍了论文的主要研究内容。
对典型ICPT系统的磁路模型及等效电路模型作出了分析,获得了基于磁通交链的T型电路及基于互感原理的互感电路模型；基于互感等效电路模型,建立了原副边相互分离的等效电路；以互感理论为基础,深入分析了多负载ICPT系统的等效电路模型,分别对单一原边线圈多负载拾取线圈及多原边线圈多负载拾取线圈两种不同的系统结构进行了研究,分析了两种不同结构的多负载ICPT系统之间的参数关系。分析了ICPT系统的电功率参数传输模型,对系统的传输功率及电压电流增益系数等参数进行了分析,研究了系统中各电路参数的变化对系统传输功率的影响。
以增强系统的传输功率性能为目的,对ICPT系统的谐振补偿理论作出了研究。结合ICPT系统的电路模型,对静态补偿的基本拓扑及系统输出电能特性进行了研究,完成了静态电路谐振补偿的补偿参数设计,通过仿真实验验证了静态补偿对传输功率性能的提升；提出了一种基于动态可控电抗器的谐振补偿方法,通过动态调节可控电抗器的导通角来改变组合式补偿支路的容抗数值,从而保证了原边电源侧输出电压与输出电流之间的零相角条件,减小对系统电源的VA值容量需求,对动态补偿支路的参数进行了优化,通过Orcad/Pspice所构建的电路仿真模型对动态谐振补偿的有效性作出了验证。对ICPT系统在不同的原边电源类型及不同的补偿拓扑方式下系统的功率传输特性计算分析与仿真验证。
在ICPT系统中,为增加系统的功率密度,减小装置体积与重量,需要向原边线圈注入高频交变电流。系统负载所能接收的传输功率与原边线圈电流大小呈正比,对原边逆变电路的研究属于感应耦合电能传输技术领域中的重要内容。论文对适用于大中功率电能变换的一次侧换流拓扑进行了系统的研究,研究了推挽谐振式电能变换器在变负载条件下的原边电流恒流性能,提出了一种具有原边恒流特性的一次侧电能变换电路拓扑,设计了电路参数,能在ICPT系统负载变化时保持原边线圈电流的稳定,以一次侧谐振槽的体积与重量为优化目标,对电路参数进行优化；电路仿真结果显示,本文所提出的一次侧原边恒流型电路变换拓扑在全负载范围内具有优良的原边恒流特性。
论文研究了ICPT系统的传输功率模型,针对ICPT系统中一次侧与二次侧不存在常规的信息反馈通道的特点,重点研究了在系统负载侧进行传输功率控制的方法。结合本文所提出的原边恒流型一次侧电能变换拓扑,提出了一种采用动态切换电抗器对ICPT系统二次侧电路进行动态解谐来控制系统向负载传输功率的方法,该方法能在ICPT系统二次侧实现对传输功率的控制,同时保证了ICPT系统最大传输功率性能,采用基于模糊逻辑的控制器来对动态电抗器的导通角进行控制,基于Matlab/Simulink的系统仿真结果显示动态解谐传输功率控制方法的有效性。为了抑制参数摄动对系统输出的影响,采用广义状态空间平均法,推导出ICPT系统的参数不确定性模型,构建了μ综合控制器对系统输出进行鲁棒控制,取得了较好的效果。针对多负载ICPT系统,研究了采用功率开关管电路的传输功率控制方法,消除了系统负载之间的相互干扰,能实现对负载输出侧电能参数的精确控制,电路仿真实验验证了开关管传输功率控制电路的有效性。
考虑到电动汽车的广阔应用前景,对电动汽车非接触充电系统及充电控制模式作出了研究,对比分析了相对静止式非接触充电模式及相对运动式非接触输电模式。对适合电动汽车非接触感应耦合充电系统的线圈结构与耦合特性作出了研究,提出了电动汽车非接触式感应耦合充电系统的关键参数设计流程。提出了电动汽车非接触充电控制系统结构,针对锂电池组充电特性,研究了PWM恒压恒流充电模式,对电动汽车非接触式充电的分段充电控制算法作出了详细分析。设计了多负载非接触感应耦合充电系统,对PWM恒流与恒压两种充电模式进行了仿真实验,仿真结果显示所设计系统具有较好的电能传输性能。
论文最后总结了全文的主要工作和创新性点,并指明了下一步研究工作方向。
Recently, inductively coupled power transfer (ICPT) systems are designed to deliver power efficiently from a stationary primary source to one or more secondary pick-ups across relatively large air gaps via electromagnetic coupling. ICPT systems have better performance than traditional power transmission method, such as no sparking, maintenance free or less maintenance, dustproof and waterproof. They can be widely used in contactless battery charge for electric vehicles, material handing systems, robot manipulator, compact electronic devices, transport and traffic, in-body medicine electric equipment, under water, mining wells and so on. As there are more and more demands of in kinds of fields, ICPT technology has been a popular research project.
At first, the dissertation introduced the background, basic configuration and working principle of ICPT technology, the application fields of ICPT systems are presented detailed, and key technologies of ICPT system are analyzed. Lastly, contents of the thesis are presented.
The magnetic model and equivalent electric circuit model are analyzed for typical ICPT system, the T type model and the mutual-inductance model based on magnetism flux chains are derived out. Then, the separated independent equivalent circuits for the primary side and the secondary side are set up with mutual-inductance model. The ICPT system with multi-loads is deeply investigated, including one primary coil structure and multi primary coils structure, the difference of coupling coefficient between the primary winding and the secondary winding for those two ICPT systems is analyzed. The power parameters transfer model is upbuilded by analyzing current and voltage gains of ICPT system.
The resonant and compensation design method is investigated to strengthen the power transfer capability. With equivalent circuit model of ICPT system, compensation topologies with static capacitance are analyzed, parameters of compensate capacitor are deduce out. The computer simulations are carried out, and the simulate results verified the validate of static capacitor compensation in increasing power transfer capability. A dynamic compensation method is proposed to enhance power transfer performance and minimize VA requirement of primary source, a resonant reactor is switched on and off dynamically to satisfy zero phase difference between output current and voltage of primary source. The parameters of dynamic resonant circuit are optimized for minimum volume. The system has been simulated with Orcad/Pspice software and simulate results validate the validity of dynamic compensation method. The power transfer characteristic of ICPT systems with different type of primary source and different compensation topologies are analyzed and validated with simulation results.
VLF alternating current is demand to inject the primary winding of ICPT system for higher power density and less volume, and the power transferred to load is proportional to the primary winding current, therefore, the primary converter topology is a key component for ICPT system. The inversion topologies of ICPT system are analyzed, and those topologies with constant current characteristic are stressed on. Compared to the push-pull resonant topology inverter, a superiority resonant topology composed of LCC resonant tank, is proposed and optimized for less volume, the proposed topology has very well constant current performance and the primary current of ICPT system is keeping constant in all load scale, which is verified with simulation results.
Transferred power model is derived out for ICPT system, as there is no general feedback channels for control information, transferred power regulating methods within the secondary side are stressed. A method for regulating the transferred power to ICPT pickups is investigated, a phase-controlled variable inductor is dynamically switched to detune the resonant circuit according to the actual power requirements of the power pickup, therefore, power transfer capability of the ICPT system is ensured. A fuzzy-logic based controller is built to contol switch-on delay angle for the dynamic-detuned reactor, Simulation results show that with the proposed method, a significant improvement is achieved in regulating transferred power under variable load ratings.
To effectively restrain the effect of parametric perturbations on operating performance for inductively coupled power transfer system, a generalized state-space averaging method is applied. Parametric uncertainties is discussed to generate a linear dynamic system with the perturbed feedback. A μ-synthesis controller is designed to control output voltage, The simulation results show that μ-synthesis control system has a certain dynamic performance and robustness.The switch-mode power controller is used to regulate transfer power for multi-load ICPT systems, simulation results show that the switch-mode controller has virtues of higher precision, and all load can be controlled independently.
As the electric vehicles (EV) would be widely used in the future, research of inductively power transfer technology for EV is carried out; contactless power transfer to static and locomotory EVs are analyzed. Non-contact charging system for EVs, including the coil structures and coupling characteristic of loosely coupled transformer, are investigated, and a design method for key parameters of inductively coupled charging system is brought out. Control system structure for Evs'contactless charging is figured out. Aimed at charge characteristic of lithium batteries, the constant-current and constant-voltage PWM charge for Evs is studied, then step charge control arithmetics are detailed presented. A practical non-contact charging system with multi-load for Evs is designed, the constant-current and constant-voltage PWM charge for EVs are simulated with OrCAD/Pspice package, the simulation results show that the system has better power transfer performance.
Finally, the main innovations of the dissertation are summarized, and the fields for further research are prospected at the end of the dissertation.
引文
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