谐波对电能计量影响的研究
摘要
电能是国民经济和人民生活的主要能源，对国家的发展起着举足轻重的作用。电能计量数据涉及到发电、供电与用电三方经济利益，同时也是许多技术指标计算的重要依据。目前，随着电力电子装置等非线性负荷的大量应用，电网中电压、电流波形往往偏离正弦波形而发生畸变，因此谐波对电能计量影响的研究受到各方的普遍关注。基于这一课题已有的研究成果，本文从谐波对电能计量准确性影响和对电能计量合理性影响两方面进行了研究分析。
论文首先论述了电能计量在经济结算和技术指标计算上的重要性，阐述了电力系统中谐波存在的普遍性及谐波的严重危害，由此说明研究谐波条件下电能计量的重要意义。
通过查阅大量的国内外文献资料，论文在介绍了感应式和电子式两类电能表结构的基础上，详细说明了感应式和采用数字乘法器的电子式电能表的计量原理。在谐波对电能计量准确性影响的理论分析中，结合这两类表的计量原理，对只有电流波形畸变和存在谐波功率两种情况，做了详细的分析和论述。通过谐波下线性负载和非线性负载消耗电能的推导，指出在现行电能计量方式下，电能计量中存在的不合理之处。
进行理论分析的同时，利用实时数字仿真系统(RTDS)进行了大量的仿真实验。实验结果表明，感应式电能表对于基波和谐波总电能的计量有着较大误差；而电子式电能表则能准确反映出被测电能值。但不管是哪种类型的电能表，在现行计量方式下，计量的准确性与合理性之间都存在着矛盾。
针对电能计量上存在的问题，对现行电能计量方式和电费计算方式提出了改进建议。
The electric energy is the main energy of the national economy and people's lives, it plays a very important role to the development of the country. The measurement data involves the tripartite economic benefits of generating electricity, supplying power and using. It is also important bases that a lot of technical indicators are calculated. At present, with a large amount of application in non-linear loads, such as electric and electronic devices etc. The voltage, electric current wave form is often deviated from sine wave. So the harmonic receives the general concern of each side to the research of measuring influence of electric energy. On the base of the existing research results of subject, the influence of harmonic is analyzed correctly in this text from electric energy measure accuracy and electric energy measure rationality two angles. A lot of work have been done in this paper, explain it as follows in detail.
The importance of electric energy measurement is explained at first in economic balance and the technical indicator calculating, at the same time the fact that the universality and serious harm of harmonic in the power system is described in the paper. It indicates the important meaning of study electric energy measurement with the situation of harmonic.
Through consulting a large number of domestic and foreign language materials , the structure of induction and electron type electric energy meter is introduced, and their operation principle is explained specially in detail. The measuring accuracy influenced by the harmonic is analyzed from the theory particularly, combining the measurement principle of these two kinds of meters, under the condition of that there is only the voltage or the electric current wave form distortion or existing harmonic power. It points out the irrationality of electric energy measurement under current electric energy measuring standard through the expression formula of the electric energy consumed by linear loads and non-linear loads.
A large number of simulation experiments are carried on utilizing the Real-Time Digital Simulation (RTDS). The experimental data indicates that induction electric energy meter has heavy error to the total energy value of base and all harmonic energy; and the data also explains electron type electric energy meter can reflect accurately the total value. But no matter every electric energy meter of kind, contradiction of measurement accuracy and rationality exists under current electric energy measuring standard.
Suggestion of improving the standard of electric energy measurement and electric rate calculating is offered at the end of the thesis.
论文首先论述了电能计量在经济结算和技术指标计算上的重要性，阐述了电力系统中谐波存在的普遍性及谐波的严重危害，由此说明研究谐波条件下电能计量的重要意义。
通过查阅大量的国内外文献资料，论文在介绍了感应式和电子式两类电能表结构的基础上，详细说明了感应式和采用数字乘法器的电子式电能表的计量原理。在谐波对电能计量准确性影响的理论分析中，结合这两类表的计量原理，对只有电流波形畸变和存在谐波功率两种情况，做了详细的分析和论述。通过谐波下线性负载和非线性负载消耗电能的推导，指出在现行电能计量方式下，电能计量中存在的不合理之处。
进行理论分析的同时，利用实时数字仿真系统(RTDS)进行了大量的仿真实验。实验结果表明，感应式电能表对于基波和谐波总电能的计量有着较大误差；而电子式电能表则能准确反映出被测电能值。但不管是哪种类型的电能表，在现行计量方式下，计量的准确性与合理性之间都存在着矛盾。
针对电能计量上存在的问题，对现行电能计量方式和电费计算方式提出了改进建议。
The electric energy is the main energy of the national economy and people's lives, it plays a very important role to the development of the country. The measurement data involves the tripartite economic benefits of generating electricity, supplying power and using. It is also important bases that a lot of technical indicators are calculated. At present, with a large amount of application in non-linear loads, such as electric and electronic devices etc. The voltage, electric current wave form is often deviated from sine wave. So the harmonic receives the general concern of each side to the research of measuring influence of electric energy. On the base of the existing research results of subject, the influence of harmonic is analyzed correctly in this text from electric energy measure accuracy and electric energy measure rationality two angles. A lot of work have been done in this paper, explain it as follows in detail.
The importance of electric energy measurement is explained at first in economic balance and the technical indicator calculating, at the same time the fact that the universality and serious harm of harmonic in the power system is described in the paper. It indicates the important meaning of study electric energy measurement with the situation of harmonic.
Through consulting a large number of domestic and foreign language materials , the structure of induction and electron type electric energy meter is introduced, and their operation principle is explained specially in detail. The measuring accuracy influenced by the harmonic is analyzed from the theory particularly, combining the measurement principle of these two kinds of meters, under the condition of that there is only the voltage or the electric current wave form distortion or existing harmonic power. It points out the irrationality of electric energy measurement under current electric energy measuring standard through the expression formula of the electric energy consumed by linear loads and non-linear loads.
A large number of simulation experiments are carried on utilizing the Real-Time Digital Simulation (RTDS). The experimental data indicates that induction electric energy meter has heavy error to the total energy value of base and all harmonic energy; and the data also explains electron type electric energy meter can reflect accurately the total value. But no matter every electric energy meter of kind, contradiction of measurement accuracy and rationality exists under current electric energy measuring standard.
Suggestion of improving the standard of electric energy measurement and electric rate calculating is offered at the end of the thesis.
引文
[1] 吴竟昌．供电系统谐波[M]．北京：中国电力出版社．1996．
[2] 周长源．电路理论基础(上)，高等教育出版社．1991：78—112．
[3] 黄健华．基于DSP处理的电力谐波有源控制系统的设计．中山大学硕士学位论文，2002．5，中山大学．
[4] 水利电力部电力生产司组编．电能计量．北京：水利电力出版社．1994．
[5] 攸宝成．电子式多功能电能表培训教材．威胜集团/湖南威胜电子有限公司．1999．
[6] 《中国电力百科全书》编辑委员会．中国电力百科全书用电卷．北京：中国电力出版社，2001．
[7] 邱关源．电路．北京：高等教育出版社，1995．
[8] 赵伟，吕鸿莉，郭蕴蛟．电子式电能表及其在现代用电管理中的应用．北京：中国电力出版社，1999．
[9] 赵伟，庞海波，孟浩文．有关电子式电能表与电能管理的若干问题．电测与仪表．1999，36(07)：4—7．
[10] 耿洪奎．微处理器多功能数字功率计原理与应用．电测与仪表，1987，10：6—10．
[11] 江振寰等译．数字采样实验室功率表．电测与仪表，1988，9：23—26．
[12] 王冠．电力系统谐波分析的元件模型和系统仿真．浙江大学硕士论文，2003．2，浙江大学．
[13] Harmonics, Characteristic Parameters, Methods of Study, Estimates of Existing Values in Network, WG 36-05, Electra No. 77, 1982.
[14] 孙树勤，林海雪．干扰性负荷的供电．北京：中国电力出版社，1996．
[15] 吕润馀．电力系统高次谐波．北京：中国电力出版社，1999．
[16] Ismail E H, Single-switch 3 PWM low harmonic rectifiers, IEEE Trans on Power Electrics, 1996, 11 (2).
[17] Jang Y, A novel robust harmonic injection method for single-switch three phase discontinuous-conduction-mode boost recitfiers, IEEE Trans on Power Electronics, 1998, 13(5).
[18] Grady W M, Survey of active line conditioning methodologies, IEEE trans, 1990, PD-53:1536-1542.
[19] 同济大学数学教研室主编．高等数学(上)．北京：高等教育出版社，1993．
[20] Y. Banghzouz, Owen T. Tan. Harmonic Analysis of Induction Watthour Meter Performance. IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems. Vol. PAS-104, No. 2. p399～406, Feb. 1985
[21] 马晋龙．电子系统谐波对电视机、感应式电度表和通用电机的影响．河北电力技术，1992，4：56—62．
[22] Ayodeji A, Ogundare and Asok kumar. Effect of Harmonic on Watthour Meter Computer Simulation Model. IEEE, 1990, 273-277.
[23] Elham B, Makram, Clarence L. White, Adly A. Girgis. A Harmonic Analysis of The Induction Watthour Meterls Registration Error. IEEE, Power Delivery, 1992, 7(3):64-72.
[24] 杨本渤．谐波对电能计量仪器的影响．电测与仪表，1993．11：5—10．21．
[25] 赵学东．电网波形畸变对感应系电度表准确度的影响．电测与仪表，1990．7：26—32．
[26] 林杰．谐波对计量影响的研究．上海计量测试，1999，3：44—46．
[27] 刘玉明．提高电能计量准确性的方法研究．重庆大学工程硕士论文，2002．5，重庆大学．
[28] 全国电压电流等级和频率标准化技术委员会编．电压电流频率和电能质量国家标准应用手册．北京：中国电力出版社，2001．
[29] 齐旭．DSP技术在电力系统谐波电能计量中的应用．华北电力大学硕士论文，2000．12，华北电力大学．
[30] 李长宇，舒乃秋，彭辉等．基于RTDS的谐波对电能计量影响的仿真分析．继电器，2004．5．
[31] 同向前，薛钧义．考虑谐波污染时用户电量的计算．电力系统自动化，2002，26(22)：53—55．
[32] 同向前，余健明，薛钧义．电网谐波电能损耗的计量方法．西安理工大学学报，2002，18(02)：181—184．
[33] 梁志成，马献东，等．实时数字仿真器RTDS及其应用．电力系统自动化，1997，21(10)：61～64．
[34] H．W．Dommel著，李永庄，林集明，曾昭华．译．电力系统电磁暂态计算理论．北京：水利电力出版社，1991．
[35] 许汉平，黄涌，陈坚．电力系统实时数字仿真系统介绍，华中电力，2002，15(03)：10—12，31．
[36] Amplifier CMS 156 User's Manual
[37] RTDS User's Manul Set
[38] 夏道止，沈赞垠．高压直流输电系统的谐波分析及滤波．北京：水利电力出版，1994．
[39] 何仰赞，温增银，汪馥瑛等．电力系统分析．武汉：华中理工大学出版社，1995．
[40] 张卓，骆盛军．对谐波影响下的电能计量方式的探讨．广东电力，2002，15(04)：55—57．
[41] 裴学元．FFE-3型工频基波电子电度表的原理及应用．电测与仪表，1996(1)：3—6．
[42] 杨学昌，邓春，盛新富等．新型基波和谐波电能同时计量电能表．电工电能新技术，1997，2：47—50．
[43] 宋俊寿，颜凤琴．新型多功能三相电能质量检测管理系统．电力系统自动化．1996，20(04)：12—15．
[44] 韩英铎，严干贵，姜齐荣等．信息电力与FACTS及DFACTS技术．电力系统自动化，2000，24(19)：1—7
[45] Javis E J, Emanuel A E, Pileggi D J. Harmonic Pollution Metering: Theoretical Considertions. IEEE Trans on Power Delivery, 2000, 15(1): 19-23.
[46] Emanuel A E. On the assessment of harmonic pollution. IEEE Trans Power Delivery, 1995, 10(3): 1693-1698.
[47] 文俊，涂大石．对负载与谐波及电能计量问题的分析．电测与仪表，2000，37(12)：12—14．
[2] 周长源．电路理论基础(上)，高等教育出版社．1991：78—112．
[3] 黄健华．基于DSP处理的电力谐波有源控制系统的设计．中山大学硕士学位论文，2002．5，中山大学．
[4] 水利电力部电力生产司组编．电能计量．北京：水利电力出版社．1994．
[5] 攸宝成．电子式多功能电能表培训教材．威胜集团/湖南威胜电子有限公司．1999．
[6] 《中国电力百科全书》编辑委员会．中国电力百科全书用电卷．北京：中国电力出版社，2001．
[7] 邱关源．电路．北京：高等教育出版社，1995．
[8] 赵伟，吕鸿莉，郭蕴蛟．电子式电能表及其在现代用电管理中的应用．北京：中国电力出版社，1999．
[9] 赵伟，庞海波，孟浩文．有关电子式电能表与电能管理的若干问题．电测与仪表．1999，36(07)：4—7．
[10] 耿洪奎．微处理器多功能数字功率计原理与应用．电测与仪表，1987，10：6—10．
[11] 江振寰等译．数字采样实验室功率表．电测与仪表，1988，9：23—26．
[12] 王冠．电力系统谐波分析的元件模型和系统仿真．浙江大学硕士论文，2003．2，浙江大学．
[13] Harmonics, Characteristic Parameters, Methods of Study, Estimates of Existing Values in Network, WG 36-05, Electra No. 77, 1982.
[14] 孙树勤，林海雪．干扰性负荷的供电．北京：中国电力出版社，1996．
[15] 吕润馀．电力系统高次谐波．北京：中国电力出版社，1999．
[16] Ismail E H, Single-switch 3 PWM low harmonic rectifiers, IEEE Trans on Power Electrics, 1996, 11 (2).
[17] Jang Y, A novel robust harmonic injection method for single-switch three phase discontinuous-conduction-mode boost recitfiers, IEEE Trans on Power Electronics, 1998, 13(5).
[18] Grady W M, Survey of active line conditioning methodologies, IEEE trans, 1990, PD-53:1536-1542.
[19] 同济大学数学教研室主编．高等数学(上)．北京：高等教育出版社，1993．
[20] Y. Banghzouz, Owen T. Tan. Harmonic Analysis of Induction Watthour Meter Performance. IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems. Vol. PAS-104, No. 2. p399～406, Feb. 1985
[21] 马晋龙．电子系统谐波对电视机、感应式电度表和通用电机的影响．河北电力技术，1992，4：56—62．
[22] Ayodeji A, Ogundare and Asok kumar. Effect of Harmonic on Watthour Meter Computer Simulation Model. IEEE, 1990, 273-277.
[23] Elham B, Makram, Clarence L. White, Adly A. Girgis. A Harmonic Analysis of The Induction Watthour Meterls Registration Error. IEEE, Power Delivery, 1992, 7(3):64-72.
[24] 杨本渤．谐波对电能计量仪器的影响．电测与仪表，1993．11：5—10．21．
[25] 赵学东．电网波形畸变对感应系电度表准确度的影响．电测与仪表，1990．7：26—32．
[26] 林杰．谐波对计量影响的研究．上海计量测试，1999，3：44—46．
[27] 刘玉明．提高电能计量准确性的方法研究．重庆大学工程硕士论文，2002．5，重庆大学．
[28] 全国电压电流等级和频率标准化技术委员会编．电压电流频率和电能质量国家标准应用手册．北京：中国电力出版社，2001．
[29] 齐旭．DSP技术在电力系统谐波电能计量中的应用．华北电力大学硕士论文，2000．12，华北电力大学．
[30] 李长宇，舒乃秋，彭辉等．基于RTDS的谐波对电能计量影响的仿真分析．继电器，2004．5．
[31] 同向前，薛钧义．考虑谐波污染时用户电量的计算．电力系统自动化，2002，26(22)：53—55．
[32] 同向前，余健明，薛钧义．电网谐波电能损耗的计量方法．西安理工大学学报，2002，18(02)：181—184．
[33] 梁志成，马献东，等．实时数字仿真器RTDS及其应用．电力系统自动化，1997，21(10)：61～64．
[34] H．W．Dommel著，李永庄，林集明，曾昭华．译．电力系统电磁暂态计算理论．北京：水利电力出版社，1991．
[35] 许汉平，黄涌，陈坚．电力系统实时数字仿真系统介绍，华中电力，2002，15(03)：10—12，31．
[36] Amplifier CMS 156 User's Manual
[37] RTDS User's Manul Set
[38] 夏道止，沈赞垠．高压直流输电系统的谐波分析及滤波．北京：水利电力出版，1994．
[39] 何仰赞，温增银，汪馥瑛等．电力系统分析．武汉：华中理工大学出版社，1995．
[40] 张卓，骆盛军．对谐波影响下的电能计量方式的探讨．广东电力，2002，15(04)：55—57．
[41] 裴学元．FFE-3型工频基波电子电度表的原理及应用．电测与仪表，1996(1)：3—6．
[42] 杨学昌，邓春，盛新富等．新型基波和谐波电能同时计量电能表．电工电能新技术，1997，2：47—50．
[43] 宋俊寿，颜凤琴．新型多功能三相电能质量检测管理系统．电力系统自动化．1996，20(04)：12—15．
[44] 韩英铎，严干贵，姜齐荣等．信息电力与FACTS及DFACTS技术．电力系统自动化，2000，24(19)：1—7
[45] Javis E J, Emanuel A E, Pileggi D J. Harmonic Pollution Metering: Theoretical Considertions. IEEE Trans on Power Delivery, 2000, 15(1): 19-23.
[46] Emanuel A E. On the assessment of harmonic pollution. IEEE Trans Power Delivery, 1995, 10(3): 1693-1698.
[47] 文俊，涂大石．对负载与谐波及电能计量问题的分析．电测与仪表，2000，37(12)：12—14．