控制感在物质主义和幸福感关系中的中介效应研究
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摘要
近年来我国经济飞速发展,人民物质生活水平迅速提升,这种变化为物质主义的兴盛提供了温床。另一方面,随着经济增长和文明的发展,人们开始更多地关注自身的幸福问题。因此,物质主义的兴盛和自身幸福感的状况均是当下国人关心的问题。而西方研究者早己开始物质主义与幸福感关系的研究,发现总体上物质主义和幸福感是负相关的,并且开始探索其内在关系,发现诸多因素在物质主义和幸福感之间起着中介效应。这些研究有助于了解物质主义对我们生活的影响,帮助人们提升幸福感水平,了解人类心理活动特点。与西方相比较,虽然我国现在物质主义有愈演愈烈之势,物质主义相关的研究却很少,对物质主义与幸福感关系的研究也是屈指可数,而探讨其内在关系的研究更是寥寥无几。这种研究状况与我国当下对这方面研究的需求情况不符。另一方面,西方的研究虽然发现了物质主义与幸福感的一些关系,但是东西方文化差异巨大：西方提倡个人主义,处于基督教的宗教文化下；而中国提倡集体主义,民众总体上无宗教信仰。东西方虽然近年来交流频繁、文化交融,但是长久的差异根深蒂固,因此西方的研究结果难以直接套用到中国社会中,故需要在中国人群中进行物质主义和幸福感的关系研究。鉴于国外学者已经发现控制感在物质主义和情绪幸福感中起着中介效应,本研究进一步拓展其研究,验证并发展之,以求获得中国群体中物质主义与幸福感研究的前期资料,并且对其中的中介机制做初期的探索,以期望为国民的幸福提升和国民的价值引导尽绵薄之力。
本研究分为两项研究,研究一为相关研究,通过发放量表调查物质主义、幸福感和控制感分数。研究一使用的工具如下：对物质主义的调查采用Richins和Dawson编制的18项目物质主义量表(Richins & Dawson,1992);对幸福感的调查中,测量情绪幸福感时采用Watson (1988)积极和消极情感量表,测量生活满足感则采用Diener的五项目生活满足感量表；对于控制感的测量,选用了Levenson24项目的内控性、有实力的他人及机遇量表。对于所得到的数据,采用相关分析和层次回归分析的方法,探索各变量间的相关关系和控制感的中介效应。研究一结果表明,中国人群中物质主义和幸福感存在负相关,当控制感在统计上被控制后,物质主义与情绪幸福感和生活满足感之间的相关关系都被大大消弱了。
但是在研究一中,没有对社会期望进行控制。而物质主义作为一种价值观,并非中国传统文化所推崇,为了缓解社会压力,被试可能出现虚假作答。但是已有研究发现,西方的测谎问卷并不适合中国,故而研究二采用了内隐方法对物质主义进行测量。研究材料中,对物质主义的测量采用E-prime编制的内隐联想测验(IAT)。而对幸福感的测量采用Watson (1988)积极和消极情感量表以及Diener的五项目生活满足感量表。对控制感的测量采用Levenson24项目的内控性、有实力的他人及机遇量表。对于所得到的数据,仍采用相关分析和层次回归分析的方法,探索各变量间的相关关系和控制感的中介效应。研究二的结果也表明,物质主义和幸福感存在负相关,当控制感在统计上被控制后,物质主义与情绪幸福感和生活满足感之间的相关关系都被大大消弱了。
China's economy has developed rapidly in recent years, and the people's living standards have improved, so that this change provides a breeding ground for the rise of materialism. On the other hand, with social development and economic growth people began to pay more attention to their own well-being. Therefore, the rise of materialism and the attention to wellbing are both the concern of the people in China naw. Western researchers have already begun the research about the relationship of materialism and well-being, and they found that materialism and well-being are negatively correlated overall. Now they have begun to explore the internal relations, and found that many factors play the role of mediator between materialism and wellbeing. These studies help us to understand the impact of materialism on our lives, help people to improve the level of wellbeing, understanding the characteristics of human mental activity. Compared with the West, though the materialism intensifies in China, there are not many studies about materialism, and there are less studies about the relations between materialism and wellbeing, then the studies of the internal relations are very few. This situation dose not match the demand of these studies in China. On the other hand, though the Western studies have found some relations between materialism and wellbing, we are not sure that the results match China for the huge cultural differences between East and West:the West is a western-style democratic society, the culture promote individualism, and the mainstream culture is the Christian religious culture; while the culture of China advocates collectivism,and most Chinese have no religious faith. In recent years,there are many exchanges between cultures, but the long-term differences are deep-rooted, so the findings about the West is difficult to directly apply to the Chinese society, and we have to investigate the relations between materialism and wellbeing in the Chinese population. In view of that foreign scholars have found that the sense of control plays the role of mediator between materialism and affect wellbeing, this study will validate and further expand this research in order to obtain the early information about materialism and wellbing in the Chinese population. We also want to investigate the mediating mechanism in the hope of contributing to the improving of national wellbing and correcting the national values.
This study is divided into two studies. Study 1 is a correlation research, we will distribute questionaires to survey the scores of materialism, wellbeing and sence of control.The tools study 1 use are as follows:the investigation of the materialism using Richins and Dawson 18-items materialism scale (Richins & Dawson,1992);the investigation of wellbiing using Watson (1988) positive and Negative Affect Scale to measure emotion welllbeing and Diener's five-item life satisfaction scale to measure life satisfaction;and the investigation of the sence of control using Levenson's Locus of Control Scale. Then we use correlation analysis and hierarchical regression analysis to explore the correlation between each variables and the mediating effect of sense of control. The results of study 1 show that there is a negative correlation between materialism and wellbing in the Chinese population,and when we controlled the sense of control statistically, the relation between materialism and well-being have been reduced significantly.
In Sudy 1, the social expectations had not been controlled.But as a kind of values, materialism dosen't been praised in the Chinese traditional culture, so the participants may give us the false answers. And the studies have found that western questionnaires to control desirable responding are not suitable for Chinese, therefore study 2 use Implicit attitude Test(IAT) to measure materialism. We use E-prime to write IAT program to measure materialism. Watson (1988) positive and Negative Affect Scale and Diener's five item life satisfaction scale are used to measure wellbing. And Levenson 24 items Locus of Control Scale is used to measure the sence of control. Then we use correlation analysis and hierarchical regression analysis to explore the correlation between each variables and the mediating effect of sense of control. The results of Study 2 also shows that there is a negative correlation between materialism and wellbing, and when we controlled the sense of control statistically, the relation between materialism and emotional well-being and life satisfaction have been reduced significantly.
本研究分为两项研究,研究一为相关研究,通过发放量表调查物质主义、幸福感和控制感分数。研究一使用的工具如下：对物质主义的调查采用Richins和Dawson编制的18项目物质主义量表(Richins & Dawson,1992);对幸福感的调查中,测量情绪幸福感时采用Watson (1988)积极和消极情感量表,测量生活满足感则采用Diener的五项目生活满足感量表；对于控制感的测量,选用了Levenson24项目的内控性、有实力的他人及机遇量表。对于所得到的数据,采用相关分析和层次回归分析的方法,探索各变量间的相关关系和控制感的中介效应。研究一结果表明,中国人群中物质主义和幸福感存在负相关,当控制感在统计上被控制后,物质主义与情绪幸福感和生活满足感之间的相关关系都被大大消弱了。
但是在研究一中,没有对社会期望进行控制。而物质主义作为一种价值观,并非中国传统文化所推崇,为了缓解社会压力,被试可能出现虚假作答。但是已有研究发现,西方的测谎问卷并不适合中国,故而研究二采用了内隐方法对物质主义进行测量。研究材料中,对物质主义的测量采用E-prime编制的内隐联想测验(IAT)。而对幸福感的测量采用Watson (1988)积极和消极情感量表以及Diener的五项目生活满足感量表。对控制感的测量采用Levenson24项目的内控性、有实力的他人及机遇量表。对于所得到的数据,仍采用相关分析和层次回归分析的方法,探索各变量间的相关关系和控制感的中介效应。研究二的结果也表明,物质主义和幸福感存在负相关,当控制感在统计上被控制后,物质主义与情绪幸福感和生活满足感之间的相关关系都被大大消弱了。
China's economy has developed rapidly in recent years, and the people's living standards have improved, so that this change provides a breeding ground for the rise of materialism. On the other hand, with social development and economic growth people began to pay more attention to their own well-being. Therefore, the rise of materialism and the attention to wellbing are both the concern of the people in China naw. Western researchers have already begun the research about the relationship of materialism and well-being, and they found that materialism and well-being are negatively correlated overall. Now they have begun to explore the internal relations, and found that many factors play the role of mediator between materialism and wellbeing. These studies help us to understand the impact of materialism on our lives, help people to improve the level of wellbeing, understanding the characteristics of human mental activity. Compared with the West, though the materialism intensifies in China, there are not many studies about materialism, and there are less studies about the relations between materialism and wellbeing, then the studies of the internal relations are very few. This situation dose not match the demand of these studies in China. On the other hand, though the Western studies have found some relations between materialism and wellbing, we are not sure that the results match China for the huge cultural differences between East and West:the West is a western-style democratic society, the culture promote individualism, and the mainstream culture is the Christian religious culture; while the culture of China advocates collectivism,and most Chinese have no religious faith. In recent years,there are many exchanges between cultures, but the long-term differences are deep-rooted, so the findings about the West is difficult to directly apply to the Chinese society, and we have to investigate the relations between materialism and wellbeing in the Chinese population. In view of that foreign scholars have found that the sense of control plays the role of mediator between materialism and affect wellbeing, this study will validate and further expand this research in order to obtain the early information about materialism and wellbing in the Chinese population. We also want to investigate the mediating mechanism in the hope of contributing to the improving of national wellbing and correcting the national values.
This study is divided into two studies. Study 1 is a correlation research, we will distribute questionaires to survey the scores of materialism, wellbeing and sence of control.The tools study 1 use are as follows:the investigation of the materialism using Richins and Dawson 18-items materialism scale (Richins & Dawson,1992);the investigation of wellbiing using Watson (1988) positive and Negative Affect Scale to measure emotion welllbeing and Diener's five-item life satisfaction scale to measure life satisfaction;and the investigation of the sence of control using Levenson's Locus of Control Scale. Then we use correlation analysis and hierarchical regression analysis to explore the correlation between each variables and the mediating effect of sense of control. The results of study 1 show that there is a negative correlation between materialism and wellbing in the Chinese population,and when we controlled the sense of control statistically, the relation between materialism and well-being have been reduced significantly.
In Sudy 1, the social expectations had not been controlled.But as a kind of values, materialism dosen't been praised in the Chinese traditional culture, so the participants may give us the false answers. And the studies have found that western questionnaires to control desirable responding are not suitable for Chinese, therefore study 2 use Implicit attitude Test(IAT) to measure materialism. We use E-prime to write IAT program to measure materialism. Watson (1988) positive and Negative Affect Scale and Diener's five item life satisfaction scale are used to measure wellbing. And Levenson 24 items Locus of Control Scale is used to measure the sence of control. Then we use correlation analysis and hierarchical regression analysis to explore the correlation between each variables and the mediating effect of sense of control. The results of Study 2 also shows that there is a negative correlation between materialism and wellbing, and when we controlled the sense of control statistically, the relation between materialism and emotional well-being and life satisfaction have been reduced significantly.
引文
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胡连生(2006).”从物质主义到后物质主义——现代西方社会价值理念的转向.”当代世界与社会主义(2)：41-44.
李静,郭永玉(2008).”物质主义及其相关研究.”心理科学进展16(4)：637-643.
李鹏举,黄沛(2010).”谈“80后”物质主义及其对主观幸福感的影响.”商业时代(008)：17-18
龙立荣(2004).”层级回归方法及其在社会科学中的应用.”教育研究与实验(1)：51-56.
苗元江(2003).心理学视野中的幸福,南京：南京师范大学博士论文.
沈烈荣,刘华山(2007).”成年人控制圈与主观幸福感的关系.”中国临床心理学杂志15(3)：255-257.
陶文昭(2008).”后物质主义及其在中国的发轫.”毛泽东邓小平理论研究6.
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