企业国际化战略控制能力研究
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摘要
21世纪是经济全球化深入发展的时期。企业国际化是企业顺应经济全球化潮流,利用经济全球化机遇,迎接经济全球化挑战的重要战略选择。可以说,任何企业都必然要面对国际化问题。国家“十一五”规划纲要中提出,实施“走出去”战略,形成一批拥有自主知识产权和知名品牌、国际竞争力较强的优势企业,发展具有较强竞争力的大公司大企业集团。在二○○四年中国企业高峰会上,国资委主任李荣融强调指出,大公司大企业集团是一个国家经济发展的支柱,加快培育一批具有国际竞争力的大公司大企业集团,是事关中国经济和社会发展全局的一项重大战略。企业实施国际化经营战略,充分利用国际国内两个市场,优化资源配置,拓宽发展空间,是企业发展成为具有国际竞争力的大公司大企业集团的必由之路。
西方学者的企业国际化研究从20世纪70年代已经开始,并取得了丰富的研究成果。但是,这些研究主要以欧美等发达国家的企业为对象,其成果对处于国际化初期的我国企业指导作用十分有限。企业国际化主要研究一个国内企业怎样发展为一个跨国公司。国外现有的企业国际化理论存在一个比较大的缺陷——缺乏战略因素的考虑,在企业国际化的研究中,引入战略因素具有重要的理论价值企业国际化经营中要进入的是复杂的、不确定性极大的充满不同风险的全球市场,周密的战略实施对于企业国际化的成功非常重要,是企业国际化过程中必须高度重视的问题。
在企业的国际化发展中,外部的市场环境仅仅是提供了进行跨国发展的机会,企业自身的能力才是建立国际竞争优势的基础。战略管理学家安索夫指出:企业要适应环境,一个很重要的方面就是要能够对自身所处的环境以及末来的变化趋势有所认识,特别是对环境中不确定事件的分析和应付能力尤为重要。哥本哈根商学院尼古莱·J·福斯教授提出了“企业与企业经营战略中的能力观”。在我国,对中国企业国际化的研究仍很肤浅。有关中国企业国际化的研究现状表明,国内的相关研究多是从企业跨国经营的角度入手,或是纯粹地从战略到战略,只研究我国企业国际化战略本身,而不研究其国际化战略的管理与控制,再从国内外企业国际化经营的实际情况来看,企业由于忽视战略控制问题而造成国际化失败的案例并不少见。对当今居于世界500强的大企业而言,每一家的成长史都不是一帆风顺的,它们几乎都经受过挫折。企业在成长过程中失去控制力从而导致企业面临困境甚至死亡的例子非常多,2001年世界500强排名第16位的美国安然公司倒闭即是典型的一例。
论文针对现有企业国际化研究中的不足,在综合吸收国内外相关研究成果的基础上,引入战略控制能力的新视角,重新思考企业国际化战略实施与控制整合在企业国际化战略中的定位,建立描述企业国际化战略控制能力的综合理论框架和思路,强调企业国际化战略控制能力的构建及整合优势不应该是对企业既定国际化战略的被动适应,而应发展成为企业赢得国际化可持续及国际竞争优势的能力。本论文的主要工作集中在以下几点:
(1)对企业国际化战略控制进行了综合分析,并结合企业国际化理论、能力理论和战略管理的最新发展研究,提出了国际化战略控制能力的研究视角,对其概念及其内涵进行了界定。
(2)对企业国际化战略控制能力的机理与内核进行了论述,从企业资源论、企业能力论、企业知识论等多角度探讨企业国际化战略控制能力的演化机制,并对国际化战略风险控制、战略控制系统、国际化战略控制能力之间的动态转化机制作了剖析。
(3)构建了企业国际化战略控制能力关键要素概念模型,从5个维度即全球资源配置能力、国际市场运作能力、全球化反应能力、国际化组织变革能力和跨文化融合能力来考察分析企业的国际化战略实施与控制力度,旨在构建一个具有实用性和可操作性的国际化战略控制模型,为企业国际化战略的实施与控制提供有效的分析工具。
(4)建立了描述企业国际化战略控制能力评价的研究思路和理论框架,客观评价一个企业的国际化战略控制能力,对分析影响企业国际化战略发展的决定因素和制约瓶颈,进而明确企业未来努力方向,维持国际竞争优胜地位,实现国际化战略目标有着重大的实践指导意义。
(5)探讨了企业国际化战略控制能力构建的提升路径,并对企业国际化战略发展的外部性进行了论述,提出了构建中国大企业国际化战略发展的外部支撑体系。
最后,选取中国大企业国际化的典型案例对本文的国际化战略控制能力要素概念模型进行了实证分析。
The 21st century is the fast development period of Economic globalization. Internationalization is enterprises' important strategic choice in order to be in line with the trend of economic globalization, to take advantage of the opportunity and meet the challenge from economic globalization. Any enterprise would face internationalization problem. Internationalization operation strategy is the only way that any enterprise tends to become big firms towards the world.
Scholars in the West started to study the subject in 1970's and have got fruitful achievement. However, all these researches are mainly concerned with enterprises from developed countries, which has surely limited guidance role for Chinese firms' internationalization operation. The research on this subject in China is still very limited. Firms internationalization research concentrates on the question of how a domestic corporation to become a transnational enterprise. During internationalization business means an enterprise would enter into the global market, which is full of complex and uncertainly risks. Therefore, a thorough strategy implementation is vital for its internationalization success, which has already become questions that enterprises must face in the course of internationalization.
This dissertation, based on the generalization and induction of variables existing in contemporary theories of enterprise internationalization, as strategy comprehensive factor has not been raised sufficient attention in firms internationalization theory research, introduces strategic control capabilities as a new perspective on firms internationalization study, a model of strategic-control-capability-five-elements for internationalization is put forward in the meantime. Combining the theory of the positioning school and the theory of the modern resource school, with consideration of the latest progress made in modern enterprise theories, It analyzed the connotation and characteristic of strategic control capabilities, which is considered the essential resource to make firms internationalization sustained development and maintain superior position during international competition the strategy factor. The main content of this research as follows:
(1)It analyses firms internationalization strategy, for which a definition is given. Then, integrating competence-based view of firm, strategic management theory, it puts forward a perspective of strategic control capabilities, whose definition and connotation has been made.
(2)It designs a framework for analyzing strategic control capabilities, and makes an intensive study and discuss on five critical elements of how to constitute internationalization strategic control capabilities.
(3)A measurement system of internationalization strategic control capabilities is advanced. It also goes through the effective factors upon firms internationalization strategic control capabilities, which contribute to firms international sustainable completive advantage.
(4)The mechanism of internationalization strategic control capabilities building and enhancing is examined. From the angle of resources-based view, enterprise competence theory, enterprise knowledge theory, it probes into the evolvement mechanism for internationalization strategic control capabilities.
(5)It inquires into the path of how to boost internationalization strategic control capabilities, and explains the exteriority of firms' internationalization development, then, points out the external supporting system for improving Chinese big firms' internationalization operation.
Finally, it elects the typical case of Chinese big firms' internationalization to do a positive research based on the model of strategic-control-capability-five-elements for internationalization.
西方学者的企业国际化研究从20世纪70年代已经开始,并取得了丰富的研究成果。但是,这些研究主要以欧美等发达国家的企业为对象,其成果对处于国际化初期的我国企业指导作用十分有限。企业国际化主要研究一个国内企业怎样发展为一个跨国公司。国外现有的企业国际化理论存在一个比较大的缺陷——缺乏战略因素的考虑,在企业国际化的研究中,引入战略因素具有重要的理论价值企业国际化经营中要进入的是复杂的、不确定性极大的充满不同风险的全球市场,周密的战略实施对于企业国际化的成功非常重要,是企业国际化过程中必须高度重视的问题。
在企业的国际化发展中,外部的市场环境仅仅是提供了进行跨国发展的机会,企业自身的能力才是建立国际竞争优势的基础。战略管理学家安索夫指出:企业要适应环境,一个很重要的方面就是要能够对自身所处的环境以及末来的变化趋势有所认识,特别是对环境中不确定事件的分析和应付能力尤为重要。哥本哈根商学院尼古莱·J·福斯教授提出了“企业与企业经营战略中的能力观”。在我国,对中国企业国际化的研究仍很肤浅。有关中国企业国际化的研究现状表明,国内的相关研究多是从企业跨国经营的角度入手,或是纯粹地从战略到战略,只研究我国企业国际化战略本身,而不研究其国际化战略的管理与控制,再从国内外企业国际化经营的实际情况来看,企业由于忽视战略控制问题而造成国际化失败的案例并不少见。对当今居于世界500强的大企业而言,每一家的成长史都不是一帆风顺的,它们几乎都经受过挫折。企业在成长过程中失去控制力从而导致企业面临困境甚至死亡的例子非常多,2001年世界500强排名第16位的美国安然公司倒闭即是典型的一例。
论文针对现有企业国际化研究中的不足,在综合吸收国内外相关研究成果的基础上,引入战略控制能力的新视角,重新思考企业国际化战略实施与控制整合在企业国际化战略中的定位,建立描述企业国际化战略控制能力的综合理论框架和思路,强调企业国际化战略控制能力的构建及整合优势不应该是对企业既定国际化战略的被动适应,而应发展成为企业赢得国际化可持续及国际竞争优势的能力。本论文的主要工作集中在以下几点:
(1)对企业国际化战略控制进行了综合分析,并结合企业国际化理论、能力理论和战略管理的最新发展研究,提出了国际化战略控制能力的研究视角,对其概念及其内涵进行了界定。
(2)对企业国际化战略控制能力的机理与内核进行了论述,从企业资源论、企业能力论、企业知识论等多角度探讨企业国际化战略控制能力的演化机制,并对国际化战略风险控制、战略控制系统、国际化战略控制能力之间的动态转化机制作了剖析。
(3)构建了企业国际化战略控制能力关键要素概念模型,从5个维度即全球资源配置能力、国际市场运作能力、全球化反应能力、国际化组织变革能力和跨文化融合能力来考察分析企业的国际化战略实施与控制力度,旨在构建一个具有实用性和可操作性的国际化战略控制模型,为企业国际化战略的实施与控制提供有效的分析工具。
(4)建立了描述企业国际化战略控制能力评价的研究思路和理论框架,客观评价一个企业的国际化战略控制能力,对分析影响企业国际化战略发展的决定因素和制约瓶颈,进而明确企业未来努力方向,维持国际竞争优胜地位,实现国际化战略目标有着重大的实践指导意义。
(5)探讨了企业国际化战略控制能力构建的提升路径,并对企业国际化战略发展的外部性进行了论述,提出了构建中国大企业国际化战略发展的外部支撑体系。
最后,选取中国大企业国际化的典型案例对本文的国际化战略控制能力要素概念模型进行了实证分析。
The 21st century is the fast development period of Economic globalization. Internationalization is enterprises' important strategic choice in order to be in line with the trend of economic globalization, to take advantage of the opportunity and meet the challenge from economic globalization. Any enterprise would face internationalization problem. Internationalization operation strategy is the only way that any enterprise tends to become big firms towards the world.
Scholars in the West started to study the subject in 1970's and have got fruitful achievement. However, all these researches are mainly concerned with enterprises from developed countries, which has surely limited guidance role for Chinese firms' internationalization operation. The research on this subject in China is still very limited. Firms internationalization research concentrates on the question of how a domestic corporation to become a transnational enterprise. During internationalization business means an enterprise would enter into the global market, which is full of complex and uncertainly risks. Therefore, a thorough strategy implementation is vital for its internationalization success, which has already become questions that enterprises must face in the course of internationalization.
This dissertation, based on the generalization and induction of variables existing in contemporary theories of enterprise internationalization, as strategy comprehensive factor has not been raised sufficient attention in firms internationalization theory research, introduces strategic control capabilities as a new perspective on firms internationalization study, a model of strategic-control-capability-five-elements for internationalization is put forward in the meantime. Combining the theory of the positioning school and the theory of the modern resource school, with consideration of the latest progress made in modern enterprise theories, It analyzed the connotation and characteristic of strategic control capabilities, which is considered the essential resource to make firms internationalization sustained development and maintain superior position during international competition the strategy factor. The main content of this research as follows:
(1)It analyses firms internationalization strategy, for which a definition is given. Then, integrating competence-based view of firm, strategic management theory, it puts forward a perspective of strategic control capabilities, whose definition and connotation has been made.
(2)It designs a framework for analyzing strategic control capabilities, and makes an intensive study and discuss on five critical elements of how to constitute internationalization strategic control capabilities.
(3)A measurement system of internationalization strategic control capabilities is advanced. It also goes through the effective factors upon firms internationalization strategic control capabilities, which contribute to firms international sustainable completive advantage.
(4)The mechanism of internationalization strategic control capabilities building and enhancing is examined. From the angle of resources-based view, enterprise competence theory, enterprise knowledge theory, it probes into the evolvement mechanism for internationalization strategic control capabilities.
(5)It inquires into the path of how to boost internationalization strategic control capabilities, and explains the exteriority of firms' internationalization development, then, points out the external supporting system for improving Chinese big firms' internationalization operation.
Finally, it elects the typical case of Chinese big firms' internationalization to do a positive research based on the model of strategic-control-capability-five-elements for internationalization.
引文
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